Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Journal of Advanced
Research
in Engineering RESEARCH
and Technology IN
(IJARET),
ISSN 0976
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL
OF ADVANCED
ENGINEERING
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 07-18 IAEME
IJARET
IAEME
ABSTRACT
Sanitary landfill is still the most cost-effective and appropriate method for waste disposal in
Iraq. The municipal solid waste has high moisture content of about 49.1% and density of 162.6
kg/m3. The organic fraction reaches about 79%. Based on the studies and reports of study area, the
average waste generation rate was 0.45 kg/capita/day.
The design of the base liner, leachate collection system, and final cover system for the study
area landfill is described in this paper. Since the landfill is located in an arid environment, leachate
generation is low and potential infiltration through the lining system is minimal. A 250 mm diameter
drainage pipes have longitudinal slope 1% to reduce sedimentation and allow adequate flow
capacity. Leachate will be collected through 10mm pipe perforations in four rows, set 900 apart on
the pipe circumference and spaced 300mm center to center. A minimum 500mm thick highpermeability granular drainage blanket (anticipated to be 25 to 100mm in size) placed across the
entire base of the landfill. A leachate collection system is extending over the entire base of a landfill
and, if below ground, extends up its sloping side walls. The drainage layer is consisting of granular
materials at least 300mm thick and has a hydraulic conductivity of at least 1*10-3 m/s. HDPE liner
in bottom liner systems will be exposed to mechanical stress due to loading by the waste body and
also thermal, chemical and biochemical effects during the construction phase, the operating phase
and the post closure period.
Sumps were sized to handle a weekly flow from the maximum average monthly drainage
collected from the drainage layer. Two leachate collection and storage pit having a capacity of 520
m3 with dimensions of 10m x 20m x 2.6m. A storm water management unit within a space of 520
m3. This is meant to be a storage facility for the storm water collected during the monsoon month
and can be used for landfill operations and maintenance of green belt during the dry months. Two
evaporation pond of dimension 100m*100 m*2m with slope (not limit to) 53o (2/1.5) at permanent
landfill.
7
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 07-18 IAEME
Key words: Leachate, Collection, Landfill, Drainage Layer, Storage Pit, Sump.
1. INTRODUCTION
More modern landfills in the developed world have some form of membrane separating the
waste from the surrounding ground and in such sites there is often a leachate collection series of
pipes lay on the membrane to convey the leachate to a collection or treatment location, [1].
Leachate is known as the liquid collected at the bottom of the landfill. It is a liquid consisting
of moisture generated from landfill during the waste degradation process. When leachate is produced
and moving inside the landfill, it dissolves and transports soluble heavy metals and acids from the
waste. Leachate has a high content of iron, chlorides, organic nitrogen, phosphate and sulphate.
When this highly contaminated leachate leaves landfill and reaches water resources, it will cause
surface water and ground water pollution [2; 3; 4; 5]. In general, leachate is a result of the
percolation of precipitation, uncontrolled runoff and irrigation water into the landfill, the water
initially contained in the waste and also infiltrating groundwater. It can usually contain both
dissolved and suspended material, [6]. As the liquid moves through the landfill many organic and
inorganic compounds, like heavy metals, are transported in the leachate [7].
The amount of leachate produced is directly linked to the amount of precipitation around the landfill.
The amount of liquid waste in the landfill also affects the quantity of leachate produced. A large
landfill site will produce greater amount of leachate than a smaller site. [8]
There have been several generations of leachate collection systems [1]. Prior to modern
landfill engineering, it consisted only of perimeter drains around the edge of the landfill. This was an
improvement in that it reduced the potential for lateral migration though the sidewalls of the landfill
but was unable to significantly reduce the leachate mound in the landfill and hence the vertical
advective migration (leakage) though the base of the landfill [9]. The second generation of leachate
collection system involved installing what are commonly called French drains or finger drains
which involved gravel drains, often with perforated drainage pipes (with or without a geotextile
wrapping).
For modern MSW landfills, the leachate head in leachate collection systems is normally
required to less than 0.3m, [10]. Thus the service life of the leachate collection system could be
defined as the time it takes before the design head is exceeded.
2. COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN THE STUDY AREA
Organic material forms 50-90% of urban refuse in many cities. The organic fraction in the
study area reaches about 79% includes raw kitchen waste generated in the preparation and
consumption of food: food leftovers, rotten fruit, vegetables, leaves, crop residues and animal excreta
and bones. The bulk quantity of organic wastes is commonly generated by households, restaurants
and markets. Analysis of waste composition of study area appears that the biodegradable organic
content is very high (Table 1).
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 07-18 IAEME
% By mass
% Moisture content
Dry mass* kg
Density kg/m3
Volume** m3
Food wastes
Paper
Glass
Plastics
Textiles
Leather
Garden trim
68
3.4
1.1
4.7
3.2
1.5
5.8
66.1
9.77
0.65
1.79
12.95
11.18
40.41
23.05
3.06
1.09
4.61
2.78
1.33
3.45
262.4
46.1
128
42.67
85.61
295.8
79.56
2.59
0.73
0.08
1.10
0.37
0.05
0.73
Dirt ashes,etc.
12.3
6.48
11.50
50.9
Total =
253.31
0.48
6.15
Moisture content = (
Density = (
100 - 50.9
)100 = 49.1%
100
1000kg
) = 162.6kg / m 3
6.15m 3
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 07-18 IAEME
I= P + R* - R + DUs ET
(2)
Surface runoff, R = C. P
Where:
R = surface runoff (mm/d)
C = runoff coefficient = a.bi
P = rainfall (mm/d)
a: depends on the presence of the final cover, on the kind of materials used and on the slope.
b: depends on soil moisture content in the different months.
10
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 07-18 IAEME
Runoff coefficient,
C = a.bi
Type of soil
Sandy
Clayey
Sandy
Clayey
<5%
0.05-0.10
0.13-0.17
0.08-0.13
0.16-0.20
Slope
5-10%
0.10-0.15
0.18-0.22
0.13-0.18
0.21-0.25
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
>100%
0.15-0.20
0.25-0.35
0.18-0.25
0.27-0.38
Bi
0.29
0.29
0.46
1.20
1.40
1.60
Evapotranspiration (ET)
Potential Evapotranspiration (ETp): Maximal ET from surface covered with a homogeneous, green
crop with optimal water supply.
Potential evapotranspiration is given by Thorntwaite formula, 1932:
ETp = 16(10Ti/IT)a
(3)
Where:
ETp = potential evapotranspiration of the i-month (mm/month)
Ti = monthly average temperature (C)
IT = annual thermal index = (Ti/5)1.514
a = 6.75 x10-7. IT3 7.71x 10-5. IT2 + 1.79 x 10-2. IT + 0.49239
The above equation depend on hypothesis that the number of days in the month (30) days,
and the number of hours of sunrise until sunset (12) hours. So can correct potential
evapotranspiration by the following relationship:
Actual evapotranspiration
ET = ETp (DT/360)
(4)
Where:
ET: Actual evapotranspiration per month (mm/month)
D: Number of days in the month, (30)
T: the average number of hours of sunrise (h/day)
11
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 07-18 IAEME
Season
Summer
Winter
4oC 16oC
50 % 85 %
147 mm/year
As a consequence, for an average precipitation of 147 mm/year the leachate production expected is:
Low compacted landfill: 1 - 2 m / (ha.d)
High compacted landfill: 0.7 - 1 m / (ha.d)
6. LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM
6.1 Hydraulic Calculation of Drainage Systems
A leachate drainage system performs two key functions: to allow the leachate to be collected;
and to minimize through-liner seepage by controlling head. Various solutions are available in the
literature for calculating the head above the liner, depending on the geometry of the leachate drains.
A simple, commonly used method is adapted from [15]:
h
max
= 0 .5 L [
q
]
k
0.5
(5)
Where
hmax is the maximum mound height above the drain (m);
k is the hydraulic conductivity of the drainage media (or waste) (m/year);
q is the percolation rate to the bottom of the landfill (m3/ m2.year); and
L is the spacing between drains (m).
A variety of other methods may be used to estimate the head on the liner, including those
presented by [16; and 17].
Hydraulic calculations can be performed with a leachate discharge rate of 1 mm/d, because this value
covers most of the cases of practical interest. Using this value for steady state calculations longer
periods of higher discharges are covered, too.
Mound model gives mounding height for saw-tooth is given in equation 6:
h max
L c tan 2
tan
=
[
+1
2
c
c
tan 2 + c ] (6)
12
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 07-18 IAEME
Where:
hmax is height of mound [L]
L is drain spacing [L]
c = q/k
q = infiltration rate [L/T]
k = hydraulic conductivity of drainage layer [L/T]
= slope of ground surface between pipes
[17] Used Darcys law in conjunction with the law of continuity to develop an equation to
predict the leachate head on the liner based on anticipated infiltration rates, drainage material
permeability, distance from the drain pipe, and slope of the collection system. McBeans equation is
very cumbersome and requires an iterative solution technique to determine the free surface profile.
Several EPA guidance documents have presented equation 7, [18] for use in predicting the
maximum saturated depth over the liner.
r 2 KS
= L
K r
1
y max
KS
+ 1
S
r
r 2 (7)
+
K
Where:
Ymax = maximum saturated depth over the liner,
L = maximum distance of flow, L.
r = rate of vertical inflow to the drainage layer, LT-1.
K = hydraulic conductivity of the drainage layer, LT-1.
S = slope of the liner, dimensionless
[18] Used the extended Dupuit assumptions for unconfined flow to develop equations (8a, b,
and c) for the steady state saturated depth over a liner.
1
Y max = (R RS + R S )
2
1
2
(1 A 2 R )(1 + A 2 RS ) 2 A 8a
(1 + A 2 R )(1 A 2 RS )
For R<1/4
Y max =
R (1 2 RS
1 2R
) exp
2 R (S 1 )
8b
(1 2 RS )(1 2 R )
For R = 1/4
1
1
2
Y max = (R RS + R S )
2
2A
1
2 RS 1 1
1 2 R 1
exp tan 1
tan
8c
B
B
B
B
For R>1/4
13
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 07-18 IAEME
Where:
R = r/(Ksin2) , unitless
A = (1-4R)1/2 , unitless
B = (4R -1)1/2 , unitless
S = tan, slope of liner, unitless
Ymax = ymax/L, dimensionless maximum head on the linear
ymax = maximum head on the linear, L
L = horizontal drainage distance, L
= inclination of liner from horizontal, degrees
K = Hydraulic conductivity of the drainage layer, LT-1
r = vertical inflow per unit horizontal area, LT-1
[17] developed in 1993 a dimensionless form of the equation recommended by the US EPA,
Equation 6 above. This dimensionless equation has the form shown below in Equation 9. [17]
compared Equation 9 to Equation 8 and found that for values of R less than one the EPA equation
significantly over-predicted Ymax.
Y
max
= R
1
2
(1
+ R )2 1 (9)
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 07-18 IAEME
L = P + S + G + R* - R + DUs + DUw - ET +b
L = I + S + G + DUw +b
L = 0.1 + 0 + 0+ 0.02 +0.01=0.13mm/d
A rough estimation of leachate production may be given as a percentage of rainfall, as a
function of waste density in landfill:
= 0.25 * 147/365 = 0.1 mm/d
As a consequence, for an average precipitation of 147 mm/year the leachate production expected is:
= 0.1 mm/d
from Harr, 1962:
hmax = 18 mm
Mound, 2002:hmax= 21 mm
U.S. EPA, 1989:
ymax= 11mm
Dupuit R< 1/4 Ymax =14 mm
Dupuit R= 1/4 Ymax =13 mm
Dupuit R> 1/4 Ymax =11 mm
McEnroeymax = 17 mm
D = 300 mm from Leachate Collection Pipe Sizing Chart, [18].
The proposed design comprises eight landfill units as per following dimensions:
The first four cells will be connected with leachate collection and storage tank, etc.
Construct a storage facility in an area of 1000m2 to facilitate segregation, process and temporary
storage for waste during the monsoon months. (This could also be used to house a stationary
compactor which will be useful to compact the waste before actually spreading it on the landfill
unit.)
Construct two leachate collection and storage pit having a capacity of 520m3 with dimensions of
10m x 20m x 2.6m. The leachate header pipe of 12" diameter would run along the boundary of
the landfill units to reach the Leachate collection pit.
Construct a storm water management unit on the southern west side of the site within a space of
520m3. This is meant to be a storage facility for the storm water collected during the monsoon
month and can be used for landfill operations and maintenance of green belt during the dry
months.
The first three cells will be connected with leachate collection and storage tank, etc.
A storage facility in an area of 400m2 to facilitate segregation, process and temporary storage
for waste during the monsoon months. (This could also be used to house a stationary compactor
which will be useful to compact the waste before actually spreading it on the landfill unit.)
15
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 07-18 IAEME
A leachate collection and storage pit on the south-west corner of the site having a capacity of
520 m3 with dimensions of 10m * 20m * 2.6m. The leachate header pipe of 300mm diameter
would run along the southern-boundary of the landfill units to reach the Leachate collection pit.
A storm water management unit on the southern west side of the site within a space of 520 m3.
This is meant to be a storage facility for the storm water collected during the monsoon month
and can be used for landfill operations and maintenance of green belt during the dry months.
Leachate collection systems should be operated under unsaturated conditions as long as possible
to extend the service life of leachate collection systems.
2. A filter-separator layer between the waste material and drainage layer minimizes the physical
intrusion of waste material into the upper zone of drainage layer.
3. Management of surface water runoff into the pit by using drainage infrastructure along in pit
hauls roads and a temporary holding facility on the waste surface.
4. Minimum 500mm thick high-permeability granular drainage blanket (anticipated to be 25 to
100mm in size) placed across the entire base of the landfill.
5. A leachate collection system is extending over the entire base of a landfill and, if below ground,
extends up its sloping side walls.
6. The drainage layer is consisting of granular materials at least 300 mm thick and has a hydraulic
conductivity of at least 1*10-3 m/s.
7. The bottom liner has to be profiled to have sufficient gradient to promote efficient drainage to
the drainage pipes. A 250mm diameter drainage pipes have longitudinal slope 1% to reduce
sedimentation and allow adequate flow capacity.
8. Leachate will be collected through 10mm pipe perforations in four rows, set 900 apart on the
pipe circumference and spaced 300mm center to center.
9. Gravity drainage and discharge is much better than pumping and system is inspected regularly
and cleaned out accordingly.
10. HDPE liner in bottom liner systems will be exposed to mechanical stress due to loading by the
waste body and also thermal, chemical and biochemical effects during the construction phase,
the operating phase and the post closure period.
11. In particular, the grain size and shape of the drainage material should not damage the membrane.
12. Therefore it is necessary to construct a durable and effective protective layer between the HDPE
liner and the drainage layer.
16
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 07-18 IAEME
13. In hydraulic terms, for a gravity system, the thickness of the protective layer can influence the
saturated thickness of leachate above the bottom liner. Therefore the protective layer only is as
thick as necessary to provide adequate protection of the HDPE liner.
14. Pipe size is designed based on Mannings equation. Following design chart gives flow versus
slope for range of pipe diameters assuming n = 0.010.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Rowe, R.K., Cooke, A.J., Rittmann, B.E., and Fleming, I.R.,"Modeling Biochemically
Driven Mineral Precipitation in Anaerobic Biofilms", Water Science & Technology, 1999,
39(7):57-64.
Olsson, S., et al., "Metal leaching from MSWI bottom ash as affected by salt or dissolved
organic matter", Waste Management, In Press, Corrected Proof, 2008.
Abdulhussain A. Abbas, G.J., Liu Zhi Ping, Pan Ying Ya, Wisaam S. Al-Rekabi, "Review on
Landfill Leachate Treatments", Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 5(5): 2009,p. 534-545.
Lou, Z., et al., "Size-fractionation and characterization of landfill leachate and the
improvement of Cu+2 adsorption capacity in soil and aged refuse", Waste Management,
29(1):2009, p. 143-152.
Kngsepp, P. and L. Mathiasson, "Performance of a full-scale biofilter with peat and ash as a
medium for treating industrial landfill leachate: a 3-year", J. Appl. Sci. Res., 6(11): 2010,
1880-1884, 2010 1884.
Henry, J.; Heinke, G.,''Environmental Science and Engineering'', Prentice Hall, 1996,ISBN 013-120650.
Monroe, M.," Landfill leachate treatment: VSEP offers a revolutionary solution",
www.vsep.com/ company/articles/2.html, 2001,[Accessed 19.12.02]
www.foe.org/site1/ptp/chapter3.html [Accessed 05.12.02]
Rowe, R.K., and Cooke, A.J.,"2DModelling of Clogging in Landfill Leachate Collection
Systems", Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 45(10): 2008,1393-1409.
Rowe, R.K., and Fleming, I.R., "Laboratory Studies of Clogging of Landfill Leachate
Collection & Drainage Systems", Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 41(1): 2004,134-153.
Wadie, AlaaHusaeen, Abbood, JawadKadhim, Hadi, Riyadh Hassan, 2012,"Residential
Solid Wastes Characteristics And Energy Content In Al-Mussaib City In The Middle Of
Iraq", International Conference on Eco-systems and Biological Sciences (ICEBSS'2012),
Penangn (Malaysia)
Qasir, "Refuse Disposal of Baghdad City", M.Sc. Thesis Submitted to College of
Engineering, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq, 1978.
Mohammad, Isam, "An Investigation Into Corrosion Problem of Baghdad Sewer Networks",
Ph. D. Thesis Submitted to Building and Construction Department, University of
Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, 2006,.
Mahmood, Mohammed Mustafa, "Digital Geotechnical Map of Bagdad City Al-Rasafah Side
Using GIS and Remote Sensing Technology", Ph. D. Thesis Submitted to Building and
Construction Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, 2006.
Harr, M.E., "Groundwater and seepage", McGraw Hill, Toronto,Ont, 1962,.
McBean, E.A., Mosher, F.R., and Rovers, F.A.,"Reliability-Based Design for Leachate
Collection Systems", Proceedings Sardinia 93,3rd International Landfill Symposium, Santa
Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy, 1993,Vol.3. pp.433-441.
McEnroe, B.M.,"Maximum Saturated Depth over Landfill Liner", Journal of Environmental
Engineering, 119(2): 1993, 262-270.
17
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 07-18 IAEME
18.
19.
20.
21.
18