Vehicular Pollution Monitoring Using loT

Abstract: Degradation of air quality in cities is the result of a complex interaction between
natural and anthropogenic environmental conditions. With the increase
in urbanization and industrialization and due to poor control on emissions and little use of
catalytic converters, a great amount of particulate and toxic gases are produced. The
objective of this paper is to monitor air pollution on roads and track vehicles which cause
pollution over a specified limit. Increasing number of automobiles is a serious problem that
has been around for a very long time. This paper proposes use of Internet of Things(IoT)[2]
to address this problem. Here, combination of Wireless Sensor Network and
Electrochemical Toxic Gas Sensors and the use of a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
tagging system to monitor car pollution records anytime anywhere.
Key words: RFID, IOT, vehicles, Toxic Gas Sensors,
Softwares: Arduino, Processing, IoT app.
Hardwares: Arduino, Toxic Gas Sensors.

Introduction
The environmental problems are growing rapidly. Air pollutants from cars, buses and trucks,
particularly ground-level ozone and particulate matter can worsen respiratory diseases and
trigger asthma attacks. Transportation can be responsible for more than 50 percent of
carbon monoxide in the air. This carbon monoxide can play havoc on human health
Air pollution is one of the serious environmental concern of the urban Asian cities including
India where majority of the population is exposed to poor air quality. The health related
problems such as respiratory diseases, risk of developing cancers and other serious
ailments etc. due to poor air quality are known and well documented. Besides the health

affects, air pollution also contributes to tremendous economic losses, especially in the
sense of financial resources that are required for giving medical assistance to the affected
people. The poor are often the most affected segment of the population as they do not have
adequate measures to protect themselves from air pollution.
Most of the Indian Cities are also experiencing rapid urbanization and the majority of the
countrys population is expected to be living in cities within a span of next two decades.
Since poor ambient air quality is largely an urban problem this will directly affect millions of
the dwellers in the cities. The rapid urbanization in India has also resulted in a tremendous
increase the number of motor vehicles. The vehicle fleets have even doubled in some cities
in the last one decade. This increased mobility, however, come with a high price. As the
number of vehicles continues to grow and the consequent congestion increases, vehicles
are now becoming the main source of air pollution in urban India.
Although, the air quality can be improved through a combination of technical and nontechnical measures, legislative reforms, institutional approaches and market-based
instruments, there are certain unique challenges which the country has to face in tackling
the problem of urban air pollution. These include, the transport features which are different
from the developed countries particularly in terms of the types of vehicles commonly used,
the manner in which the road network is operated and sharing of the limited space by
pedestrians and non-motorized modes with modern vehicles in Indian cities.
Vehicles in India are often much older and usually comprise technologies considered as outdated in the developed world. The institutions responsible for managing urban air quality are
also not as well developed as those in the developed countries. The country has however
taken a number of measures for the improvement of the air quality in cities. These include,
right from the improvement in the fuel quality, formulation of necessary legislation and
enforcement of vehicle emission standards, improved traffic planning and management etc.
The non-technical measures taken include, awareness raising regarding the possible
economic and health impacts of air pollution and available measures for improving air
quality, increasing use of cleaner fuels and purchase of vehicles with advance emission
control devices, increasing institutional framework and capacity building for the monitoring
of vehicle emissions.
The document presents a review of the vehicular emission problems in Indian cities, the
various developments that have taken place in the past including the studies conducted for
assessment of the air quality in cities, the legislation and standards adopted for the control
of vehicle emissions, the role of the various concerned agencies, the steps taken for
improvement in the quality of the automotive fuel, the overall impact of these measures and
the future strategy to be adopted for vehicular emission reduction and related issues.
The Internet of Things (loT) is a new concept which have attracted the attention of both
academia and industry. Internet of Things(loT) is implemented as a network of
interconnected objects, each of which can be addressed using unique id and communicates

based on standard communication protocols. This paper proposes loT-based air pollution
monitoring through identification of vehicles causing pollution by emitting smoke in a
specific region. We propose to use wireless sensor network (WSN) and Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) technology for this purpose. The sensor nodes are equipped with gas
sensors and they communicate wirelessly.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been in use for decades. Only recently,
lower cost and increased capabilities made RFID technology to be a commercially vi- able
one. RFID emerges as one of the converging technologies and key catalyst playing a
significant role in this research work. This paper aims to understand the usefulness of RFID
technology to detect vehicles causing air pollution.
Gas sensor technologies are still developing and have yet to reach their full potential in
capabilities and usage. Some technologies are very accurate but also very expensive for
large-scale deployment. On the other hand, with the use of sensor network, low cost
technologies can be used and the problem of false positives can potentially be reduced with
the help of multiplicity in data. Large number of outputs collected from individual sensors
can be compared for a more accurate analysis. Thus, wireless sensor networks offer
powerful new ways to monitor air quality.
This paper presents a framework for anytime anywhere visibility of sensor data from a
remote wireless sensor network based on our earlier work. Active RFID tags, combined with
sensors and actuators, form the proposed wireless sensor network based on IEEE
802.15.4. Remainder of the paper is organized as follows. The proposed framework is
presented in section . Implementation of the framework and integration of various
technologies are described.
In this modern world we are facing a number of transport related problems. By using RFID
technology can effectively used to solve some of the problems like traffic rule violation
control, parking slot arrangement, tollgate management, special zones and traffic signal
management. One RFID module(RFID tag) is placed in the vehicle with owner info, RC book,
insurance details, service details etc. to send vehicle identification to traffic information
database the other RFID MODULE(RFID reader) will be placed with embedded controller. Toll
Gates, Parking areas and also in traffic signal areas the process is same. Data will be
sending to mobile number from which number we will receive the message.
Toll plaza system increasing traffic volume makes congestion commonly around the
tollgates of Highway. So, reform measure of congestion around the tollgates is urgently
required. One of the methods is Toll Collection System. Develop a micro simulation model,
which reproduces the operation states of various tollgate systems: waiting time, passing
time. With this simulator, proposed the optimal operation strategy of highway tollgate by
benefit-cost analysis on the basis of benefit in saving total waiting time and operating cost.
Reduce time for collecting toll at the toll plaza.
RFID tags can be read at much greater distances;

 an RFID reader can pull information from a tag at distances up to 300 feet. As the vehicle
approaches the identification site,
the computerized control unit placed near toll lane receives the identifier signal and
calculates the toll to be debited and electronically debits the toll on the account of the
particular vehicle. This system allows a vehicle to persist past the
scan point without stopping, thus offering maximum convenience to motorists, speeding
up the flow of traffic, and reducing the number of human resources required at highway toll
plazas. Smooth traffic flow at toll gates.
Convenient toll collection without handling cash.
Reduction of management costs.
Convenient and quick service to the vehicle
owners. Stolen vehicles can be detected.

Literature Survey
Studies in different countries conclude that transportation is a major contributor to air
pollution. Cities with high air pollution must address their problems, especially for health
concerns from FME particulate matters, and take necessary steps particularly in the metro
areas with unhealthy.
GSM Based System:
We placed GSM module with embedded unit in the moving vehicle to transmit vehicle
information to different points. The system reads area information and then the details are
transmitted to the specific numbers stored in database (Police station, Owner and Hospital).
Special zone information, it alerts driver about the zone if the driver exceeds the speed limit
automatically the buzzer gets on if he reduce the speed the buzzer got off if not with the
help of split counter the speed reduced automatically.
This information with how much speed the driver was going in the special zones is send
through GSM to the resp., (Police station, Owner). Whenever the vehicle entering in to the
parking area, the reader identifies the vehicle and allots particular slot and also initiates bill
creation at the time of exit. Almost similar concept is followed in Automated Toll gate
system. Whenever the vehicle crosses the traffic signal area, the data from Vehicle tag is
read and based on the traffic density, traffic signal is enabled. By this traffic problem is
managed intelligently. If vehicle insurance is not renewed in time, the traffic police will be
alerted. Figures show on board vehicle system, traffic light controls, toll gate management,
parking slot arrangement.

Technologies
RFID Technologies:RFID is an auto ID device like Barcode, Smart cards. Special feature of this technology is
that there is no need of line of sight reception as required in some other technologies. In
RFID systems the items are marked with tags a person, product or animal. In this work we
are using Active RFID tags because of its low power consumption and have greater range up
to 100m. In RFID systems the items are marked with tags .These tags contain transponders
that emit messages readable by specialized RFID readers. Most RFID tags store some sort
of identification number; for example a customer number or product code. A reader retrieves
information about the ID number from a database, and acts upon it accordingly. RFID tags
are of two general categories, active and passive, depending on their source of electrical
power. Active RFID tags contain their own power source, usually an on-board battery.
Passive tags obtain power from the signal of an external reader. RFID readers also come in
active and passive varieties, depending on the type of tag they read. Then based on their
frequency range of transmission it is classified as LF, HF, VHF and UHF tags.

RFID operating frequency range is 125 - 134 KHz.

RFID tags can also contain writable memory, which can store information for transfer
to various RFID readers in different locations.
RFID cards and readers are becoming low cost.
These aspects are the primary reasons for rapidly growing RFID based authentication
system.
a) An antenna or coil
b) b) A transceiver (with decoder)
c) c) A transponder (RF tag)
electronically programmed with unique information. Automatic vehicle identification tags
can be further broken down into distinct tag types based on the degree to which they can be
programmed and the type of power source.
A basic RFID system consists of three components:
Type I: The information stored in these tags is fixed (readonly), and the tags do not have
any processing capabilities.

Type II: These tags contain an updateable (read/write) area on which the antenna/reader
may encode information such as point of entry, date/time of passage, etc.
Type III: (also called Smart Tags) are used in conjunction with an in-lane RF antenna/reader
to communicate identifying information about the vehicle, customer, and account balance
information to the toll system. Some portions of the tag information are fixed (such as
vehicle and customer data) while others are updateable (such as balance information). The
Smart Tag contains a microprocessor, which maintains account balance information that is
updated each time the smart tag is used.
Automated Toll System using the RFID technology, it contains the RFID tag and the RFID
reader. RFID tends the Radio Frequency Identification; they consist of the tags which can be
either active or passive. Passive RFID tags do not have their own power supply: the minute
electrical current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio-frequency scan provides
enough power for the tag to send a response. Due to power and cost concerns, the
response of a passive RFID tag is necessarily brief, typically just an ID number.
Active RFID tags, on the other hand, must have a power source, and may have longer
ranges and larger memories than passive tags, as well as the ability to store additional
information sent by the transceiver. The technological differences between tag types do not
affect their abilities to collect travel time data; the necessary data (i.e. unique ID numbers)
are transmitted from the transponders to the roadside units regardless of transponder type.
At present, the smallest active tags are about the size of a coin. Many active tags have
practical ranges of tens of meters, and a battery life of up to several years. Radio frequency
identification (RFID) is a method of remotely storing and retrieving data using devices called
RFID tags.
An RFID tag is a small object, such as an adhesive sticker, that can be attached to or
incorporated into a product. RFID tags contain antennae to enable them to receive and
respond to radio-frequency queries from an RFID transceiver. RFID tags can be either active
or passive. Passive RFID tags do not have their own power supply: the minute electrical
current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency scan provides enough power
for the tag to send a response. Due to power and cost concerns, the response of a passive
RFID tag is necessarily. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification
method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or
transponders. The technology requires some extent of cooperation of an RFID reader and an
RFID tag.
IOT Technology

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with
electronics, software, sensors and connectivity to enable it to achieve greater value and
service by exchanging data with the manufacturer, operator and/or other connected devices.

Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to
interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure.
Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services
that goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a variety of
protocols, domains, and applications. The interconnection of these embedded devices
(including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also
enabling advanced applications like a Smart Grid.
Things, in the IoT, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring
implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters,
automobiles with built-in sensors, or field operation devices that assist fire-fighters in
search and rescue. These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing
technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other devices. Current market
examples include smart thermostat systems and washer/dryers that utilize wifi for remote
monitoring.
Besides the plethora of new application areas for Internet connected automation to expand
into, IoT is also expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations that is
aggregated at a very high velocity, thereby increasing the need to better index, store and
process such data.

Applications
According to Gartner, Inc. (a technology research and advisory corporation), there will be
nearly 26 billion devices on the Internet of Things by 2020. ABI Research estimates that
more than 30 billion devices will be wirelessly connected to the Internet of Things (Internet
of Everything) by 2020. As per a recent survey and study done by Pew Research Internet
Project, a large majority of the technology experts and engaged Internet users who
responded83 percentagreed with the notion that the Internet/Cloud of Things,
embedded and wearable computing (and the corresponding dynamic systems ) will have
widespread and beneficial effects by 2025. It is, as such, clear that the IoT will consist of a
very large number of devices being connected to the Internet.
Integration with the Internet implies that devices will utilize an IP address as a unique
identifier. However, due to the limited address space of IPv4 (which allows for 4.3 billion
unique addresses), objects in the IoT will have to use IPv6 to accommodate the extremely
large address space required. Objects in the IoT will not only be devices with sensory
capabilities, but also provide actuation capabilities (e.g., bulbs or locks controlled over the
Internet). To a large extent, the future of the Internet of Things will not be possible without

the support of IPv6; and consequently the global adoption of IPv6 in the coming years will
be critical for the successful development of the IoT in the future.
The ability to network embedded devices with limited CPU, memory and power resources
means that IoT finds applications in nearly every field.[31] Such systems could be in charge
of collecting information in settings ranging from natural ecosystems to buildings and
factories,[30] thereby finding applications in fields of environmental sensing and urban
planning.[32]
On the other hand, IoT systems could also be responsible for performing actions, not just
sensing things. Intelligent shopping systems, for example, could monitor specific users'
purchasing habits in a store by tracking their specific mobile phones. These users could
then be provided with special offers on their favorite products, or even location of items that
they need, which their fridge has automatically conveyed to the phone. Additional examples
of sensing and actuating are reflected in applications that deal with heat, electricity
and energy management, as well as cruise-assisting transportation systems.
However, the application of the IoT is not only restricted to these areas. Other specialized
use cases of the IoT may also exist. An overview of some of the most prominent application
areas is provided here. Based on the application domain, IoT products can be classified
broadly into five different categories: smart wearable, smart home, smart city, smart
environment, and smart enterprise. The IoT products and solutions in each of these markets
have different characteristics.