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Preface ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
1
2.3
3
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.3
Example Output Configuration for the Directional Ground Fault Function ...................................... 13
Analog Outputs ............................................................................................................................... 14
Binary Inputs ................................................................................................................................... 14
3.4
Support....................................................................................................................................................... 23
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Preface
This paper describes how to test the directional ground fault determination function (based on transient
values) for the localization of ground faults in meshed or radial isolated and compensated networks. It
contains an application example that will be used throughout the paper.
The theoretical background of the transient directional ground fault determination function will be explained.
This paper also covers the definition of the necessary Test Object settings as well as the
Hardware Configuration for testing this function.
Finally the Ground Fault test module will be used to test the directional decision of the transient ground fault
determination.
Supplements:
Note:
OMICRON 2014
Testing the steady-state ground fault protection is not described in this document. For further
information regarding this subject, see Example_GroundFault_SteadyState.pdf.
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Application Example
BB A
BB B
110 kV
110kV
600/1
Transient Ground
Fault Relay
IN
110000 V
3
VResidual
da
dn
da
dn
da
dn
100 V 100 V
3
3
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Parameter Name
Parameter Value
Frequency
50 Hz
CT (primary/secondary)
600 A /1 A
90 ms
Transient Ground Fault Settings
2s
Notes
1)
The value of this time depends on the relay type and is fixed (approximately 40 .... 90 ms). For isolated networks, this
parameter typically is deactivated.
2)
Depending on the relay type, this value might be fix. It is typically in the range of 2 4 s.
Note:
OMICRON 2014
In this example, the transient ground fault function indicates the direction of the fault (forward or
reverse), but it does not trip.
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2.1
1.
2.
The transient ground fault current, which is caused by discharging and charging of the power system
components. The peaks of this current can be several times higher than the nominal current of the power
system. It has a frequency range between 500 Hz and 8 kHz for the discharge and 70 Hz and 4 kHz for
the charge of the phase-to-ground capacities of the power system. After the fault inception, it lasts only
for a few periods of the nominal frequency of the power system. Transient ground fault relays can use
this current to determine the direction of a ground fault.
The steady state ground fault current, which is caused by the phase-to-ground capacity of the non-faulty
phases and for compensated networks only by the Petersen coil. The magnitude of the ground fault
current depends on the phase-to-ground capacities and on the network configuration (isolated or
compensated) and therefore, can be much smaller than the magnitude of the nominal current. As it is a
steady-state current, it has the nominal frequency of the network (50 Hz or 60 Hz). This ground fault
current can be used by the directional ground fault determination function (sensitive, permanent or wattmetrical ground fault determination) to determine the direction of the ground fault.
Note:
OMICRON 2014
The following document will only focus on the directional ground fault determination based on
transient values.
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2.2
>
a)
b)
Figure 3 shows typical behavior of the residual voltage and the sum current directly at the fault inception of a
ground fault in a compensated network.
1.
2.
In the faulty feeder, the signs of the residual voltage and the current sum are in opposition. Therefore, the
transient ground fault relay will detect "ground fault forward".
In the non-faulty feeder, the sign of the residual voltage and the current sum are the same. Therefore, the
transient ground fault relay will detect "ground fault reverse".
Note:
OMICRON 2014
This method applies to isolated, compensated, and high impedance grounded networks.
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2.3
100 V
3
110,000 V
3
VA
VB
100 V
3
n
V Residual
da
dn
da
dn
da
dn
VC
VC
VC
+90
180
Secondary
VResidual
VB
+90
180
VResidual
VB
-90
-90
VC
Secondary
180
VC
+90
+90
180
V0
V0
VB
-90
VB
-90
It is possible to either measure the residual voltage at an open delta winding or to calculate the zero
sequence voltage out of the phase voltages.
The measured residual voltage will be:
VResidual
VB V C
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VB V C
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V A 0 kV 0
V B 110 kV -150
110 kV +150
V C
Secondary Voltages
V A 0 V 0
V B 100 V -150
100 V +150
V C
Residual Voltage
VResidual
VB V C
3
100 V 180
1 a
V1
1
2
V 2 1 a
3
1 1
V 0
V0
2
a V A
a VB
1 VC
VB V C
3
57.74 V 180
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3.1
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Note:
3.2
The parameters V max and I max limit the output of the currents and voltages to prevent
damage to the device under test. These values must be adapted to the respective
Hardware Configuration when connecting the outputs in parallel or when using an amplifier.
The user should consult the manual of the device under test to make sure that its input rating
will not be exceeded.
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3.2.1 Example Output Configuration for the Directional Ground Fault Function
VResidual
IA IB IC
Note:
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Depending on the relay type, the three phase-to-ground voltages might be used instead of the
residual voltage.
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The analog outputs, binary inputs and outputs can all be activated individually in the local Hardware
Configuration of the specific test module (see chapter 3.3 ).
3.2.3 Binary Inputs
3
1.
2.
3.
The binary contacts of the directional indicators have to be connected to binary inputs. Any free binary
input can be used.
For wet contacts, adapt the nominal voltages of the binary inputs to the voltage of the respective signal,
or select Potential Free for dry contacts.
The binary outputs and analog inputs etc. will not be used for the following tests.
Reverse Direction
Forward Direction
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3.3
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3.4
This test is performed with the Ground Fault test module. It verifies the directional decision of the transient
ground fault relay by simulating the voltages and currents at a faulty and a non-faulty feeder.
Transient Ground
Fault Relay
VResidual
IN
(-) (-)
Forward Dir.
(+)
Reverse Dir.
(+)
Figure 7: Wiring of the CMC test set for testing the directional decision of transient ground fault relays
Note:
OMICRON 2014
Always check the manual of the relay to make sure that the test set is wired correctly.
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3.4.2
The Ground Fault test module simulates ground faults in a power system that consists of:
2.
Infeed:
Transformer:
3.
Network:
1.
Feeder E
Feeder D
Feeder C
Feeder B
Feeder A
Figure 8: Definition of the network elements of the test module Ground Fault
To test a ground fault relay, the parameters of these elements have to be set.
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Test tab
1.
2.
3.
4.
4
5
6
5.
6.
7.
Dir. line
Feeder
Protection Relay
Dir. busbar
Protected
object;
e.g. line
Feeder
Protection Relay
Transient
Ground Fault
Relay
Busbar
Protected
object;
e.g. line
Transient
Ground Fault
Relay
Busbar
Figure 9: CT connection of transient ground fault relays depending on the CT star point location
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Transformer tab
1.
2.
3
4
ICap - IInd
3.
4.
5.
Network tab
6.
6
7.
8.
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General tab
1.
2.
3
3.
Measurement View
4
6.
7.
8.
Right-click the measurement, and select Add to add more measurements if necessary.
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The time signal view shows analog and binary signals of the test. It can be used to check whether the binary
contacts of the relay reacted as expected. Also the cursors (1) can be used via dragging to measure times
manually.
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3.4.3
Directional Test
The directional test is performed by simulating the same ground faults but changing the relay location. As
shown in Figure 10, the first test is performed with the relay located in the faulty feeder (Feeder A). The
second one is then performed with the relay in a non-faulty feeder (Feeder B). The remaining settings of the
Test view are equal.
The test can always be assessed manually by selecting Manual Assessment on the Home
ribbon.
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Support
When you are working with our products we want to provide you with the greatest
possible benefits. If you need any support, we are here to assist you!
OMICRON electronics GmbH, Oberes Ried 1, 6833 Klaus, Austria, +43 59495
OMICRON 2014
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