"TOMORROW".

Vladimir Evgrafovich quarter of a century has passed since the fligh

t to orbit reusable space rocket complex "Energiya-Buran" and subsequent plantin
g of "Buran", performed brilliantly at the first attempt. Otherwise, as a triump
h, one run can not be named ...
Vladimir BUGROV. This event really was the pinnacle of creativity Soviet rocketspace school-based SP Korolev. Aerospace Technology knows no products in scope a
nd complexity equal to the legendary "Energia-Buran".
Reusable rocket and space systems must return to Earth after each flight costly
materiel and delivery of various cargoes from orbit. Increase in landing weight
required to abandon the parachute descent method in the atmosphere, and use, the
plane (or rather gliding, unpowered) landing at the airfield, which can get to
committing a maneuver in the atmosphere.
"TOMORROW". Reusable system economical disposable?
Vladimir BUGROV. Savings from the use of reusable system may become noticeable o
nly after repeated its use and the maximum number of stored material part. The i
deal system would be reusable aerospace plane, used for take-off, flight and lan
ding under the chassis, wings and other elements of the aircraft, and in orbital
flight - the composition of spacecraft systems. However, the problem of creatin
g an aerospace plane - such as multi-mode engine operating in the atmosphere and
in space, excessive heating during atmospheric flight, and others - have led to
a long search for the optimal variant association with aircraft missile, launch
ed at the beginning of the past, the twentieth century.
"TOMORROW". As far as I know, and Tsiolkovsky F.A.Tsander still dreaming of inte
rplanetary missions, imagine a winged spacecraft that is used not only rocket en
gine, but also lift of the wing.
Vladimir BUGROV.'s Right. Korolev back in 1933, dreaming of interplanetary missi
ons, starting with the installation of a rocket engine on an airframe. And twent
y years later started to build two-stage intercontinental ballistic and cruise m
issiles. Development of cruise missile in a year it sends to Lavochkin OKB. And
already in 1958, the first launch of a cruise missile "The Tempest" (a total of
19, 3 of them failed).
However, in an unspoken competition royal "seven" then won a victory - Korolev d
ecided to deliver loads over long distances profitable ballistic missiles. Work
on "The Tempest", unfortunately, have been discontinued, and she could become a
prototype for the "Buran".
"TOMORROW". Subsequently, interest in the idea to combine the rocket plane showe
d Americans?
Vladimir BUGROV. Indeed, January 5, 1972, U.S. President Richard Nixon approved
a program to create a reusable space transportation system "Space Shuttle". This
was preceded by intense debate in Congress, because the program had many oppone
nts who had not seen in a reusable system of economic benefits.
American project immediately attracted attention of our specialists. And at a me
eting with Minister of leading institutes, chief designers, it was noted that th
e system created by the Americans "Space Shuttle" real strategic threat not resp
onsible.
Soon, however, the staff was KeRC conclusion of the theoretical possibility of t
he American "Space Shuttle", orbiting, make a sudden plunge into the atmosphere
and maneuver side by a distance of up to two thousand kilometers, with the possi
bility of applying the inevitable nuclear attack on our capital. Even if we assu
me that the conclusion that the possibility of such a treacherous attack on Mosc
ow was correct, it is unlikely that our response to this threat could be conside

red adequate, given that flew "Buran" seven years after the "Space Shuttle".
Leadership of the country, it became apparent that the U.S. is creating a system
that does not pose an immediate threat but may threaten the security of the cou
ntry in the future. It is unknown problems "Shuttle" led our future strategy: to
provide similar opportunities for an adequate response to future challenges lik
ely opponent. In February 1976, the government issued a decree on the establishm
ent of our reusable space system.
"TOMORROW". What is the legendary orbiter "Buran"?
Vladimir BUGROV. He had a total complete set of systems supporting the manned sp
ace flight crew of four to ten people, lasting from seven to thirty days, weekda
ys orbits with heights ranging from two hundred to thousands of kilometers.
Constructive basis orbiter - glider, equipped with all the aircraft systems that
provide dynamic operations - automatically controlled glide in the atmosphere a
nd horizontal landing on an airfield in the launch area.
On the outer surface was set in a thermal barrier coating is a special form of r
ings of a material based on carbon fibers and superfine quartz total of over 39,
000 units, capable of withstanding the maximum temperature over a thousand degre
es! In the forward part of the airframe is sealed glazed cabin crew and part of
the apparatus, immediately behind it, in the middle of the hull - unpressurized
cargo bay for drop shipping.
Power supply to the "Buran" was provided with an oxygen-hydrogen electrochemical
generators based on fuel cell converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxyg
en into electricity and water. When designing the power supply for the first tim
e in the world has developed a system of outer storage of hydrogen and oxygen wi
thout loss.
Control system - the most powerful computing complex. ??? ???? ????????? ???????
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