3 - Minerals PDF

Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Minerals
Presentation Contents
CE 312 Engineering Geology and Seismology
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Basic Definition
Minerals Chemistry
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Professor (Asst.), Tenure Track
Earthquake Engineering Center

UET Peshawar, KP
PAKISTAN
E-Mail: naveed.ahmad@nwfpuet.edu.pk
The Chemistry of Minerals

Main Drivers
Physical Properties of
Minerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fracture
and Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
September 22, 2014
Minerals Resources of
Pakistan
Q&A
Minerals
What is a Mineral?
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

A mineral is a naturally occurring substance,
Solid and stable at room temperature,
Representable by a chemical formula,
Usually abiogenic, and
Has an ordered atomic structure.
A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally

crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological
processes (IMA, 1995).
It is different from a rock,
It is an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals, and
It does not have a specific chemical composition.
The exact definition of a mineral is under debate,
Especially with respect to the requirement of a valid species be

abiogenic, and
To a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure.

CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology
Course Instructor
Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Q&A
Minerals
Minerals Occurrence
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

There are about 4,900 known mineral species;
Over 4,660 of these have been approved by the International

Mineralogical Association.
The silicate minerals compose over 90% of the Earths crust.
The diversity and abundance of mineral species is controlled

by the Earths chemistry.
Silicon and oxygen constitute approximately 75% of the Earths

crust.
Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical

properties.
Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure

distinguish various species, and
These properties in turn are influenced by the minerals
geological environment of formation.
Course Instructor
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Q&A
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Changes in the temperature, pressure, and bulk composition of

a rock mass cause changes in its mineralogy;
A rock can maintain its bulk composition,
But as long as temperature and pressure change, its

mineralogy can change as well.
Minerals can be described by various physical properties,
Which relate to their chemical structure and composition.
Common distinguishing characteristics include
Crystal structure and habit, hardness, lustre, diaphaneity,

colour, streak, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, parting, and
specific gravity.
More specific tests for minerals include reaction to acid,

magnetism, taste or smell, and radioactivity.
Course Instructor
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Q&A
Minerals
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

A rock is either an aggregate of one or more minerals, or not

composed of minerals at all.
In rocks, some mineral species and groups are much more
abundant than others;
These are termed the rock-forming minerals.
Overall, around 150 minerals are considered particularly

important.
Most of the Minerals are silicates,
Feldspars, Micas, Amphiboles, Pyroxenes, Olivines, and Calcite
Ores are minerals that have a high concentration of a certain

element, typically a metal.
Gems are minerals with an ornamental value, and are
distinguished from non-gems by their beauty, durability, and
usually, rarity.
Course Instructor
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Q&A
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

The abundance and diversity of minerals is controlled directly

by their chemistry,
In turn dependent on elemental abundances in the Earth.
The majority of minerals observed are derived from the Earths

crust.
Eight elements account for most of the key components of
minerals, due to their abundance in the crust.
Oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium and

potassium.
These eight elements, summing to over 98% of the crust by weight.
Oxygen composes 46.6% of the crust by weight, and silicon accounts
for 27.7%.
The minerals that form are directly controlled by the bulk chemistry of the
parent body.
For example, a magma rich in iron and magnesium will form mafic
minerals, such as olivine and the pyroxenes.
Course Instructor
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Q&A
Minerals
Main Drivers
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Changes in temperature and pressure, and composition alter

the mineralogy of a rock sample.
Changes in composition can be caused by processes such as

weathering or metasomatism (hydrothermal alteration).
Changes in temperature and pressure occur when the host rock
undergoes tectonic or magmatic movement into differing physical
regimes.
Changes in thermodynamic conditions make it favourable for

mineral assemblages to react with each other to produce new
minerals;
It is possible for two rocks to have an identical or a very similar

bulk rock chemistry without having a similar mineralogy.
This process of mineralogical alteration is related to the rock

cycle.
Course Instructor
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Q&A
Minerals
Major Physcial Properties
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

A mineral can be identified by several physical properties.

Some of the minerals can only be classified by more complex
optical, chemical or X-ray diffraction analysis.
Physical properties applied for classification include,
Crystal structure and habit,

Hardness,
Lustre,
Diaphaneity,
Colour,
Streak,
Cleavage and fracture, and
Specific gravity.
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Colour and Streak
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Colour and Streak - Pseudochromatic
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Cleavage, Parting, Fracture and Tenacity
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Mohs Scale of Hardness

Devised by an Austrian
mineralogist Friedrich Mohs
in 1822.
A ability of a mineral to
scratch another.
Place ten minerals in order:
from soft (1) to hard (10)
A m i n e r a l c a n s c r a t c h
minerals with low number
but not minerals with high
number.
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Specific Gravity
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Specific gravity refers to the density of a mineral i.e. mass per unit
volume.
The specific gravity of a mineral can be measured in a laboratory,
provided the crystal is not too small.
The specific gravity is given by the relation,
W1
W1 W2
where W1 is the weight of the mineral grain in air, and W2 is the

weight in water.
The specific gravity of a mineral is estimated as
Low
2.2 4.0, included silicates, carbonates, sulphates and halides
Medium
4.5 7.5, include metallic ores such as sulphides and oxides
High
> 8.0, include native metallic elements such as pure copper, gold and
silver
Course Instructor
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Q&A
Minerals
Miscellaneous
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Transperancy
How clearly an object can be seen through a crystal.

Transparent, Subtransparent, Translucent, Subtranslucent, Opaque
Reaction with Acid
A drop of cold 10% dilute HCl put on certain minerals causes reaction.
In calcite CaCO3, bubbles of carbon dioxide make the acid froth (foam),
and
In some sulphide ores, hydrogen sulphide is produced.
Tenacity
How the mineral deforms when it is crushed or bent.

Brittle, Flexible, Elastic, Malleable, Sectile, Ductile.
Magnetism
Its a very conspicuous property of minerals.

Magnetite exhibits this property strongly.
Taste
Halite, NaCl, is table salt; its potassium-bearing

counterpart, sylvite, has a pronounced bitter taste.
Course Instructor
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Q&A
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Tectosilicates
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Phyllosilicates
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Inosilicates
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Cyclosilicates
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Sorosilicates
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Orthosilicates
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Native Elements
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Sulfides
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Oxides
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Halite
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Carbonates
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Sulfate
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Phosphate
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Spatial Trend
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Overview
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Pakistan is endowed with significant mineral resources and

emerging as a very promising area for exploration of mineral
deposits.
Basic Definition
Based on available information, countrys more than 600,000

sq-kms of outcrop area demonstrates varied geological
potential for metallic/non-metallic mineral deposits.
Minerals Chemistry
Exploration by government agencies as well as by

multinational mining companies and various regional
geological surveys, conducted have confirmed potential for
metallic minerals,
Copper, gold, silver, platinum, chromites, iron, lead and zinc.
Industrial minerals: multi-coloured granite, marble and other

dimensional stones of high quality.
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems

Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Overview
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

The major production is of coal, rock salt, and other

industrial and construction minerals.
The value addition is mainly concentrated in five principal
minerals,
Limestone, coal, gypsum, sulphur, crude oil, and natural

gas
The current contribution of mineral sector to the GDP is

about 0.50%
It is likely to increase considerably on the development
and commercial exploitation for,
Saindak and Reco Diq copper deposits, Duddar Zinc lead,

Thar coal and Gemstone deposits
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Major Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Major Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Major Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Major Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Major Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Major Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Major Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
Pakistan
Course Instructor
Q&A
Minerals
Q&A
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
Main Drivers
Many Thanks for Your Attention

Questions & Answers

Minerals
Colour and Streak
and Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Major Classes
See You in The Next Class

Course Instructor
Pakistan
Q&A

3 - Minerals PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

3 - Minerals PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Minerals

Dr. Naveed Ahmad

CE 312 Engineering Geology and Seismology

Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Earthquake Engineering Center

The Chemistry of Minerals

September 22, 2014

Dr. Naveed Ahmad

A mineral is a naturally occurring substance,

Solid and stable at room temperature,

Representable by a chemical formula,

Usually abiogenic, and

Has an ordered atomic structure.

A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally

It is an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals, and

It does not have a specific chemical composition.

The exact definition of a mineral is under debate,

Especially with respect to the requirement of a valid species be

To a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure.

Dr. Naveed Ahmad

There are about 4,900 known mineral species;

Over 4,660 of these have been approved by the International

The silicate minerals compose over 90% of the Earths crust.

The diversity and abundance of mineral species is controlled

Silicon and oxygen constitute approximately 75% of the Earths

Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical

Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure

Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Changes in the temperature, pressure, and bulk composition of

A rock can maintain its bulk composition,

But as long as temperature and pressure change, its

Minerals can be described by various physical properties,

Which relate to their chemical structure and composition.

Common distinguishing characteristics include

Crystal structure and habit, hardness, lustre, diaphaneity,

More specific tests for minerals include reaction to acid,

Rocks, Ores, Gems

Dr. Naveed Ahmad

A rock is either an aggregate of one or more minerals, or not

These are termed the rock-forming minerals.

Overall, around 150 minerals are considered particularly

Feldspars, Micas, Amphiboles, Pyroxenes, Olivines, and Calcite

Ores are minerals that have a high concentration of a certain

The Chemistry of Minerals

Dr. Naveed Ahmad

The abundance and diversity of minerals is controlled directly

In turn dependent on elemental abundances in the Earth.

The majority of minerals observed are derived from the Earths

Oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium and

Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Changes in temperature and pressure, and composition alter

Changes in composition can be caused by processes such as

Changes in thermodynamic conditions make it favourable for

It is possible for two rocks to have an identical or a very similar

This process of mineralogical alteration is related to the rock

Major Physcial Properties

Dr. Naveed Ahmad

A mineral can be identified by several physical properties.

Crystal structure and habit,

Colour and Streak

Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Colour and Streak - Pseudochromatic