Human fallopian tube

Fallopian tube anatomy

The fallopian tubes stretch from the uterus to the ovaries and measure about 8 to 10 cm (4 to 6
inches) in length. The ends of the fallopian tubes lying next to the ovaries feather into ends called
fimbria (Latin for "fringes" or "fingers"). Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria and
interior of the fallopian tubes. The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second catching the
egg at ovulation and moving it through the tube to the uterine cavity. Other cells in the tube's
inner lining or endothelium nourish the egg and lubricate it's path during its stay inside the
fallopian tube. Once inside the fallopian tube, the egg and sperm meet and the egg is fertilized. If
an egg doesn't become fertilized within 24 to 36 hours after ovulation, it will deteriorate and be
removed by the body's immune system like any other dead cell in the body.
Segments of the fallopian tube
The fallopian tube is not just a passive pipe or a conduit, but an active organ with its separate
locations performing separate functions. Starting from the ovarian end (fimbria) and proceeding
toward the uterus, these are the:

Fimbrial segment - faces the ovary

Infundibular segment - funnel shaped segment behind the fimbria

Ampullary segment - wide middle segment

Isthmic segment - narrow muscular segment near the uterus

Interstitial segment - passes through the uterine muscle into the uterine cavity

Role of the fallopian tubes in fertilization and implantation

A muscular ligament called the fimbria ovarica joins the fimbrial end of the tube and the ovary.
At the time of ovulation, the fimbria ovarica contracts to pull the fimbrial end of the tube even
closer to the ovary. The beating cilia cells of the fimbria capture the egg and draw it into the
fallopian tube. Muscular contractions of the tube and the cilia of its inner lining move the egg
and sperm toward the uterus. The interstitial segment of the tube acts like a muscle sphincter and
prevents the egg from being released into the uterus until it is ready for implantation. During its
week-long journey through the fallopian tube, a fertilized egg is nourished by cells lining the
tubal lumen while the egg divides many times. When the outer membrane of the egg breaks

apart, allowing the embryo to "hatch", it is able to implant itself into the uterine lining or
endometrium. Implantation usually occurs about 1 week after ovulation.

Aourta

The aorta (/ert/; from Greek - aort, from - aeir "I lift, raise")[1] is the
largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending
down to the abdomen, where it bifurcates into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries).
The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation.
In anatomical sources, the aorta is usually divided into sections. One way of classifying a part of
the aorta is by anatomical compartment, where the thoracic aorta (or thoracic part of the aorta)
runs from the heart to the thoracic diaphragm. The aorta then continues as the abdominal
aorta (or abdominal part of the aorta) diaphragm to the aortic bifurcation. Another system divides
the aorta with respect to its course and the direction of blood flow. In this system, the aorta starts
as the ascending aorta (or ascending part of the aorta), taking a superior course from the heart,
but then making a hairpin turn, the aortic arch or arch of aorta. The part after this hairpin turn
takes aninferior course and is known as the descending aorta (or descending part of the aorta).
The aorta ends by dividing into two major blood vessels, the common iliac arteries and a smaller
midline vessel, the median sacral artery.
The aorta supplies all of the systemic circulation, which means that the entire body, except for
therespiratory zone of the lung gets its blood from the aorta. Broadly speaking, branches from
the ascending aorta supply the heart, branches from the aortic arch supply the head, neck and
arms, branches from the thoracic descending aorta supply the chest (excluding the heart and the
respiratory zone of the lung) and branches from the abdominal aorta supply the abdomen. The
pelvis and legs get their blood from the common iliac arteries.

Kidney
The kidneys are organs that serve several essential regulatory roles in most animals,
including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in the urinary system and also
serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acidbase
balance, and regulation of blood pressure (via maintaining salt and water balance). They serve
the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove wastes which are diverted to the urinary
bladder. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium, and they
are also responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneys also
produce hormones including calcitriol, erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin.
Located at the rear of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneum, the kidneys receive blood
from the paired renal arteries, and drain into the pairedrenal veins. Each kidney excretes urine
into a ureter, itself a paired structure that empties into the urinary bladder.
Renal physiology is the study of kidney function, while nephrology is the medical specialty
concerned with kidney diseases. Diseases of the kidney are diverse, but individuals with kidney
disease frequently display characteristic clinical features. Common clinical conditions involving
the kidney include the nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, renal cysts, acute kidney
injury, chronic kidney disease, urinary tract infection, nephrolithiasis, andurinary tract
obstruction. Various cancers of the kidney exist; the most common adult renal cancer is renal cell
carcinoma. Cancers, cysts, and some other renal conditions can be managed with removal of the
kidney, or nephrectomy. When renal function, measured by glomerular filtration rate, is
persistently poor, dialysis and kidney transplantation may be treatment options. Although they
are not severely harmful, kidney stones can be painful and a nuisance. The removal of kidney
stones involves ultrasound treatment to break up the stones into smaller pieces, which are then
passed through the urinary tract. One common symptom of kidney stones is a sharp pain in the
medial/lateral segments of the lower back.

Human pancreas
Anatomy of the pancreas:
The pancreas is an elongated, tapered organ located across the back of the abdomen, behind the
stomach. The right side of the organ (called the head) is the widest part of the organ and lies in
the curve of the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine). The tapered left side extends
slightly upward (called the body of the pancreas) and ends near the spleen (called the tail).
The pancreas is made up of two types of glands:
exocrine
The exocrine gland secretes digestive enzymes. These enzymes are secreted into a network
of ducts that join the main pancreatic duct, which runs the length of the pancreas.
endocrine
The endocrine gland, which consists of the islets of Langerhans, secretes hormones into the
bloodstream.
Functions of the pancreas:
The pancreas has digestive and hormonal functions:
The enzymes secreted by the exocrine gland in the pancreas help break down
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and acids in the duodenum. These enzymes travel down the
pancreatic duct into the bile duct in an inactive form. When they enter the duodenum, they
are activated. The exocrine tissue also secretes a bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in
the duodenum.
The hormones secreted by the endocrine gland in the pancreas are insulin and glucagon
(which regulate the level of glucose in the blood), and somatostatin (which prevents the
release of the other two hormones).

Scalp hair and follicles

The human hair follicle is an intriguing structure, and much remains to be learned about hair
anatomy and its growth. The hair follicle can be divided into 3 regions: the lower segment (bulb
and suprabulb), the middle segment (isthmus), and the upper segment (infundibulum). The lower
segment extends from the base of the follicle to the insertion of the erector pili muscle (also
known as the arrector pili muscle). The middle segment is a short section that extends from the
insertion of the erector pili muscle to the entrance of the sebaceous gland duct. The upper
segment extends from the entrance of the sebaceous gland duct to the follicular orifice. (See the
image below.)[1, 2]

Anatomy of the hair follicle.

The histologic features of the hair follicle change continuously and considerably during the hair
growth cycle, thereby making follicular anatomy an even more complex entity.
The size of hair follicles varies considerably during the existence of the follicles. Anagen hairs
vary in size from large terminal hairs, such as those on the scalp, to the small vellus hairs that
cover almost the entire glabrous skin (except palms and soles). Under hormonal influences, the
vellus hair follicles in the male beard area usually thicken and darken at puberty. In predisposed
individuals, the terminal hairs on the adult scalp can undergo involutional miniaturization
(become vellus).
Although vellus hairs greatly outnumber terminal hairs, the latter are more important. Therefore,
the discussion of hair anatomy in this article focuses on terminal hairs.

The follicular life cycle can be divided into 3 phases: anagen, catagen, and telogen. The anagen
phase is the phase of active growth, the catagen phase marks follicular regression, and the
telogen phase represents a resting period.
In the human scalp, the anagen phase lasts approximately 3-4 years, while the catagen phase lasts
about 2-3 weeks, and the telogen phase lasts approximately 3 months. Approximately 84% of
scalp hairs are in the anagen phase, 1-2% are in the catagen phase, and 10-15% are in the telogen
phase.
Techniques for studying hair microanatomy include the following:

Hair clipping - Performed close to the surface of the scalp

Gentle hair pull
Aggressive hair pluck (trichogram)
Scalp biopsy - Possible use of light microscopy or scanning electron microscopy to study
scalp tissue

Conclusion

Objectives
When you have finished this lab you should be able to:
1. Give the defining characteristics of each of the four major tissue types.
2. Describe the differences among the types of epithelial tissues you will study
and identify them.
3. Describe the differences among the types of connective tissues and identify
them.
4. Identify the three types of muscular tissue and describe the differences among
them.
5. Identify the parts of neurons and supporting cells described in this lab and
explain their function.
6. State where each of these tissues is found and what its function is.
7. Be able to identify slides of the pancreas and thyroid glands and relate their
structure to function.

Reference