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Unit
cell
* There are 14 types of unit cell that stems from 7 crystal systems:
Simple cube
Number of atoms per unit cell : 8 (corner atoms) x 1/8 =1 atom / unit cell
Number of atoms per unit cell : 8 (corner atoms) x 1/8 + 6 (face atoms) x
1/2 =4 atoms / unit cell
Number of atoms per unit cell : 8 (corner atoms) x 1/8 + 1 (interior atom) =
2 atoms / unit cell
A sites
B sites
A sites
2 a = 4R
a = 4R/ 2 = 2 2 R
a
2
3 a = 4R
3
a = 4R/ 3
2 a
* SC (close packed direction is any edge of the cube)
a= 2R
a
R=0.5a
l
k d di
ti
a=2R
APF =
atoms
unit cell
APF =
volume
atom
4
(0.5a)3
1
=0.52
3
a3
volume
unit cell
BCC
atoms
volume
4
3
( 3a/4)
2
unit cell
atom
3
APF =
volume
3
a
unit cell
FCC
=0.68
atoms
volume
4
( 2a/4)3
4
unit cell
atom
3
=0.74
APF =
volume
a3
unit cell
THEORETICAL DENSITY,
# atoms/unit cell
= nA
VcNA
Volume/unit cell
(cm3/unit cell)
Avogadro's number
(6.023 x 10 23 atoms/mol)
Example: Copper
2 (0.023467)
Crystrallographic points:
First put the three axes (X,Y,Z) at one of the corners.
Example:
[110]
Equivalent Directions:
Directions along which spacing of atoms is the same are
considered equivalent directions, they create family of
directions.
<100> : [100] [ 100], [010] [010], [001] [001]
Directions having the same indices with out regard to order or sign
are equivalent: [123] is equivalent to [213]
Hexagonal
crystals:
Intercepts: 1 1 1
Reciprocal: 1 1 1
Plane: (111)
Intercept: 1 1
Reciprocal: 1 1 0
Plane : (110)
Intercept: 1
Reciprocal: 1 0 0
Plane: (100)
If the plane passes through the origin, then the origin point
has to be shifted by one lattice parameter to another corner.
Example:
Equivalent planes
Intercept: 1 1
Reciprocal: 1 0 1 0
Intercepts: 1 1 1
Reciprocal: 1 0 1 1
Plane: (101 1)
Example:
[100]
1/2
1/2
r
a
L.D= 1/a = 1/ 2 2 r
L.P= 2r / 2 2 r = 0.71
[110]
1/2
r
1/2
r
1
2r
L.D= 2 / 2 a
L.P= 4r/ 2 2 2 r= 1.0
Length of burgers vector is 2 a /2
2 a
1/2
3 a
L.D= 1 / 3 a
L.P= 2r/ 3 2 2 r= 0.4
1/4
1/4
a
1/4
1
a
1/4
1/2
1/6
= x base x height
1/4
1/2
1/4
a
1/4
P.D = 2/ 2
a2=
2/ 8 2
r2
1/2
1/4
2 a
P.F=2 r2 / 8 2 r2 = 0.56
(111) Plane in fcc is the slip plane because it has the highest atomic
packing density
Example
Nuclei for
crystallites
nucleation
Growth
liquid
nucleation
growth
POLYCRYSTALS
1 mm
SINGLE VS POLYCRYSTALS
Single Crystals
Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of
Engineering Materials,
3rd ed., John Wiley
and Sons, 1989.)
Polycrystals
elongated
200 m