Ministry of Higher Education

Modern Academy
For Engineering & Technology

Microwave
Application of microwave

Prepared By:
Group : 1

Sec : 3

Application of microwaves
1) Medicine.
2)Communication.
3)mobile phone.
4)Food Processing.
5)Military.
6)Chemistry
7)Heating Effect.
8)Radar.
9) Indust.
1- medicine:
A)New weapon against cancer
B)Surgeons Use Microwave Technology To Destroy Tumors A new
minimally-invasive option for treating liver tumors, called microwave
ablation, is now available at UC San Diego Medical Center and Moores
UCSD Cancer Center, the only hospitals in the region to offer this technology
to patients.

2) Communication.
Before the advent of fiber-optic transmission, most long-distance telephone calls
were carried via networks of microwave radio relay links run by carriers such as
AT&T Long Lines. Starting in the early 1950s, frequency division multiplex was used
to send up to 5,400 telephone channels on each microwave radio channel, with as

many as ten radio channels combined into one antenna for the hop to the next site, up
to 70 km away.
Wireless LAN protocols, such as Bluetooth and the IEEE 802.11 specifications, also
use microwaves in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, although 802.11a uses ISM band and UNII frequencies in the 5 GHz range. Licensed long-range (up to about 25 km)
Wireless Internet Access services have been used for almost a decade in many
countries in the 3.54.0 GHz range. The FCC recently[when?] carved out spectrum
for carriers that wish to offer services in this range in the U.S. with emphasis on
3.65 GHz. Dozens of service providers across the country are securing or have
already received licenses from the FCC to operate in this band. The WIMAX service
offerings that can be carried on the 3.65 GHz band will give business customers
another option for connectivity.
Metropolitan area network (MAN) protocols, such as WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access) are based on standards such as IEEE 802.16,
designed to operate between 2 to 11 GHz. Commercial implementations are in the 2.3
GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz ranges.

3) mobile phone
Some mobile phone networks, like GSM, use the low-microwave/high-UHF
frequencies around 1.8 and 1.9 GHz in the Americas and elsewhere,
respectively. DVB-SH and S-DMB use 1.452 to 1.492 GHz, while
proprietary/incompatible satellite radio in the U.S. uses around 2.3 GHz
for DARS.
Microwave radio is used in broadcasting and telecommunication
transmissions because, due to their short wavelength, highly directional
antennas are smaller and therefore more practical than they would be at
longer wavelengths (lower frequencies). There is also more bandwidth in
the microwave spectrum than in the rest of the radio spectrum; the
usable bandwidth below 300 MHz is less than 300 MHz while many GHz
can be used above 300 MHz. Typically, microwaves are used in television
news to transmit a signal from a remote location to a television station
from a specially equipped van. See broadcast auxiliary service (BAS),
remote pickup unit (RPU), and studio/transmitter link

4) Food Processing.
Microwave heating has vast applications in the field of food processing such as
cooking, drying, pasteurization and preservation of food materials. In this article,
various applications of microwave food processing such as microwave cooking,
microwave pasteurization and microwave assisted drying were extensively reviewed.
The advantages and the factors affecting the microwave cooking of food materials
have been reviewed. Microwave pasteurization of fresh juices, milk and various food
products has been elaborately discussed. Microwave pasteurization has the ability to
achieve destruction of microorganisms at temperatures lesser than that of
conventional pasteurization due to significant enhancement or magnification of

thermal effects. Applications of microwave drying include microwave assisted hot air
drying, microwave vacuum drying and microwave freeze drying. Microwave drying
combined with other conventional methods of drying enhances the drying
characteristics of the sole effect of microwave drying. Modeling of microwave
heating of food materials based on Maxwell's equations and Lambert's law equations
have been reviewed along with their applications. Microwave modeling can be used
to predict the temperature and moisture distributions during microwave heating of
food materials. The factors affecting the dielectric property of food material and the
applications of dielectric property measurements were also discussed. Various
solution strategies to overcome non-uniform temperature distribution during
microwave heating of food materials were proposed. It is required to obtain better
end product qualities of food materials by conducting more research at pilot scale
levels. It is also necessary to eliminate hot spots or non-uniform temperature
distribution during microwave heating of food materials.

5) Military.
Developments in microwave technology did not end with
World War II. To this day, microwave technology plays
many critical roles in military systems. Since 1945,
hundreds of different radar systems have been
developed, from tiny units that fit
inside the six-inch nosecones of small
missiles to huge assemblies that
occupy large buildings.
Within weeks of the end of World War II the world
was faced with anotherthe Cold War between
the Soviet Union and the United States. In a series
of moves based on mutual distrust and fear, both
nations escalated their readiness for a battle
many believed imminent. Radar played a major
role in the military readiness of both nations. In
the mid-1950s both nations feared atomic strikes
from the other. To give early warning of a strike
and prevent a sneak attack from the Soviet A type of radar set
Union, the United States built the Distant Early used on the DEW line
Warning Line or DEW Line. This was a series of in the mid 1950s.
large radar stations near the Arctic Circle in Courtesy:
United
Canada and Alaska, the likeliest place of an States Department of
attack. The Soviet Union responded with an air- Defense.
defense network of its own, installing a ring of
radars and surface-to-air missiles called the Berkut system around
Moscow.

6) Chemistry.
Microwave chemistry is the science of applying microwave radiation to chemical
reactions. Microwaves act as high frequency electric fields and will generally heat any
material containing mobile electric charges, such as polar molecules in a solvent or
conducting ions in a solid. Polar solvents are heated as their component molecules are
forced to rotate with the field and lose energy in collisions. Semiconducting and
conducting samples heat when ions or electrons within them form an electric current and
energy is lost due to the electrical resistance of the material. Microwave heating in the
laboratory began to gain wide acceptance following papers in 1986, although the use of
microwave heating in chemical modification can be traced back to the 1950s. Although
occasionally known by such acronyms as 'MEC' (Microwave-Enhanced Chemistry) or
MORE synthesis (Microwave-organic Reaction Enhancement), these acronyms have had
little acceptance outside a small number of groups.

7)

Heating Effect.

Conventional heating usually involves the use of a furnace or oil bath, which heats the walls
of the reactor by convection or conduction. The core of the sample takes much longer to
achieve the target temperature, e.g. when heating a large sample of ceramic bricks.
Microwave heating is able to heat the target compounds without heating the entire furnace
or oil bath, which saves time and energy. It is also able to heat sufficiently thin objects
throughout their volume (instead of through its outer surface), in theory producing more
uniform heating. However, due to the design of most microwave ovens and to uneven
absorption by the object being heated, the microwave field is usually non-uniform and
localized superheating occurs.
Different compounds convert microwave radiation to heat by different amounts. This
selectivity allows some parts of the object being heated to heat more quickly or more slowly
than others (particularly the reaction vessel).
Microwave heating can have certain benefits over conventional ovens:

reaction rate acceleration

milder reaction conditions
higher chemical yield
lower energy usage
different reaction selectivities

8) Radar.
Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude,
direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided
missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish (or antenna)

transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves that bounce off any object in their path. The
object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna that is usually located at
the same site as the transmitter.
Radar was secretly developed by several nations before and during World War II. The term
RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection
And Ranging. The term radar has since entered English and other languages as a common
noun, losing all capitalization.
The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air traffic control, radar astronomy,
air-defense systems, antimissile systems; marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships;
aircraft anticollision systems; ocean surveillance systems, outer space surveillance and
rendezvous systems; meteorological precipitation monitoring; altimetry and flight control
systems; guided missile target locating systems; and ground-penetrating radar for
geological observations. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal
processing and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels.
Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. One
example is "lidar", which uses ultraviolet, visible, or near infrared light from lasers rather
than radio waves.