CE5510 Advanced Structural

Concrete Design
2 Design for Action Effects
2.
Part 1 Bending & Axial Load

Professor Tan Kiang Hwee

Department of Civil Engineering
National University of Singapore

Action Effects

Flexure (Bending) My Mx
p
Compression/Tension
N
Shear V
Torsion T

T
My weight

Mx
V

Tan K H, NUS

z
y
x

BENDING with or without AXIAL FORCE

Method of strain compatibility
p
y & force equilibrium
q

3 basic requirements:
Compatibility
Strains (deformations) at various locations are related
to one another

Material Laws
Stress-strain relations (aka constitutive relations)

Equilibrium
Externally applied forces/moments = Internal resisting
forces/moments

Tan K H, NUS

Uni-axial Bending
w
w
SLS

steel
yielding

cracking

Assumptions :
Plane sections remain plane
Perfect bond between concrete
& reinft.
g of concrete is
Tensile strength
neglected after cracking
Tan K H, NUS

1 - Elastic,
uncracked

ULS
3 -Inelastic,
cracked

2 - Elastic,
cracked

Uniaxial bending
g
c
x

n.a.

Ts
Tc

Elastic,
uncracked

<0.4fc

n.a.

Tan K H, NUS

Elastic,
cracked

>0.4fc
n.a.

C
T

Inelastic,
cracked
k d

cu
Mn

n.a.

Ultimate

Compatibility: ~ c
Material laws: ~
Equilibrium: F = 0 ; M = M
Tan K H, NUS

Serviceability Limit State

b

= As/bd
= As/bd
n = Es/Ec

As
h

d
As

Section
Strain compatibility:

c/
/ s = x/(x-d)
/( d)
c/s = x/(d-x)
Tan K H, NUS

Strain

x/3

C
C

n.a.

fs
Stress

Material laws:

fc = Ec c
fs = Es s
fs = Es s

fc

b
As

= As/bd
= As/bd
n = Es/Ec

As

Section
Stress resultants:

C = bxfc/2
C=ffsA
C
As=nf
nfcAs(x-d)/x
(x d )/x
T=fsAs=nfcAs(d-x)/x
x/d
Tan K H, NUS

Strain

x/3

fs

fc

fs

C
C
na
n.a.
T

Stress

Equilibrium:

C + C = T
M = C(d - x/3) + C(d-d)

= [(+)2n2 + 2(+d/d)n]1/2 - (+)n

Ultimate limit state

If width of compression
zone decreases in the
direction
i
i
off extreme
compression fibre, fcd
should be reduced by
10%.
Tan K H, NUS

fcd = cc fck / c

cu (0/00) = 3,5 for fck 50 MPa

cu (0/00) = 2,6 + 35[(90-fck)/100]4 for fck 50 MPa

Example
p RC Box Girder
Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the box
girder shown.
g
1200

50

120 mm
1000 mm2

120

800
250
50

Tan K H, NUS

2000 mm2
5000 mm2

fck = 30 MPa
MP
fyk = 500 MPa

cu= 0.0035
x=200
00
mm

Mu

160
s mm

s1
s2

0.567fck

C1
Cs
C2

Ts1
Ts2

s=0.0035x150/200 = 0.0263>y=(fy/m)/Es = (500/1.15)/(200,000) = 0.0217

s1> y ; s2 > y
C1 =0.567x30x1200x120x10-3 = 2449 kN
C2 =0.567x30x240x40x 10-3 = 163 kN
Cs =1000x435x 10-3 = 435 kN
Ts1=2000x435x 10-3 = 870 kN
Ts2 =5000x435x 10-3 = 2175 kN
C1+C
C2+C
Cs- Ts1- Ts2 = 2 0
OK
Tan K H, NUS

Mu= [2449x140 + 163x60

+ 435x150 + 870x300
+ 2175x550] kNmm
= 1875 kNm

Example Isolated LL-beam

beam

Tan K H, NUS

200 mm

600 mm

A simply-supported beam with

an inverted L-section is
subjected to vertical loads as
shown. The beam is free to
deflect vertically and laterally
between its supports.
Determine the design
moment of resistance of the
L-section. The reinforcement
consisted of four uniformly
spaced steel bars of equal
di
diameter,
t
with
ith a ttotal
t l area off
2250 mm2. Assume vertical
loads to pass through shear
centre of section.
section

M
50 mm
300 mm 300 mm
Material properties:
fck = 40 MPa;
fyk =500 MPa; and
Es = 200 GPa.

T = Asfyk/s=978.8 kN

60
00 mm

150
g

300 mm

C = T gives
(450 g) (0.567fck)
= 9788000

g = 191.8 mm
M
T

50 mm

300 mm 300 mm

Tan K H, NUS

Check s >yk
(= 0.00217)
Mn= 978.8 x (550 191.8/3)
=978.8 x 486.1 = 475.7 kNm

What if beam is prevented from deflecting

y
laterally?

n.a.
My = 491.4 kNm

x
Mz = ?
Tan K H, NUS

Effect of p
prestressing
g
dps
Aps
As

ds

cu

fcd
0.8x

M
P
cu(dps/x-1)

pe
ce

pps = ppe + ce + cu (dpps - x)/x

where pe = fpe/Eps = P/ApsEps
ce = fce/Ec = P[1/Ac + eo2/I]/Ec
s = cu (ds - x)/x
Tan K H, NUS

Apsfps
Asfs

N = 0
M = M

Example
p PC Box Girder
Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the
prestressed concrete box girder shown. The effective prestess
in the tendons is 1100 MPa.
MPa
Ac = 374,400 mm2
I = 30.8 x 109 mm4
1200
yt = 356 mm
50
120 mm
fck = 30 MPa
1000 mm2
fyk = 500 MPa
yt
Es = 200 GPa
c.g.c.
fpk = 1860 MPa
120
800
1000 mm2
fp0.1k = 1580 MPa
250
Eps = 195 GPa
GP
4600 mm2
fpe = 1100 Mpa
50
Assume bi-linear
relations for steel.
steel
Tan K H, NUS

cu= 0.0035

50
1000
mm2
56

n.a.
c.g.c.

1000 mm2

250
200
250

4600 mm2

x = 300
mm

0.567fck

240
mm

ce + pe
s

Cs

C1
C2

Tp

50

Ts

Stress in concrete at c.g.s. due to P (= 1100 kN)

fce = P/Ac + Peo2/I = 1100x103/374,400 + 2500x103x1442/(30.8x109)
= 4.62 MPa

Strain components in tendons

pe = fe/Eps = 1100/195,000 = 0.00564
Ecm = 22(fck + 8)0.3 = 22 x (30 + 8)0.3 = 32.8 GPa
ce = fce/Ecm = 4.62/32,800 = 0.000141
f p 0 .1 k / s 1580 / 1 . 15
500 300
ps pe ce cu

0
.
00812

0 . 00705

300
E
195
,
000

ps
Tan K H, NUS

cu= 0.0035

50
1000
mm2
56

n.a.
c.g.c.

1000 mm2
4150 mm2

250
200
250

x = 300
mm

0.567fck

240
mm

ce + pe
s

50

Cs

C1
C2

Tp
Ts

Steel strains
f yk / s 500 / 1.15
435
300 50
0.0035

0.00217
0.00292( comp )
300
E
200
,
000
200
,
000

s
'
s

f yk / s
750 300
s 0.0035
0.00217
0.00525
300
E

s
all steel have yielded.

Tan K H, NUS

cu= 0.0035

50
1000
mm2
56

n.a.
c.g.c.

1000 mm2
4150 mm2

250
200
250
50

x = 300
mm

Forces

C1 0.567 30 1200 120 10 3 2449 kN

C2 0.567 30 240 120 10 3 490kN
Cs 1000 (500 / 1.15) 10 3 435kN
T p 1000 (1580 / 1.15) 10 3 1374 kN

Ts 2 4600 (500 / 1.15) 10 3 2001kN

Check for Equilibrium

F 2449 490 435 1374 2001 1kN

Tan K H, NUS

0.567fck

240
mm

ce + pe
s

Cs

C1
C2

Tp
Ts

Ult. moment capacity

(taken about n.a.)
M = 2449x240 + 490x120
+435x250 + 1374x200
+ 2001x450 kNmm
= 588 + 58.8 + 109
+ 275 + 9001
= 1931 kNm
kN

Exercise PC Girder
Calculate the ultimate
moment of resistance of the
PC girder shown.
Ac = 290,000 mm2
yt = 356 mm
fck = 40 MPa
fyk = 500 MPa
Es = 200 GPa
GP
fpk = 1860 MPa
fpp0.1k = 1580 MPa
Eps = 195 GPa
fpe = 1100 MPa
Aps = 100 mm2 /strand
Tan K H, NUS

350
200
150

100

2H16

500
150
200

12-12.9
strands
2H20

150
100

100 150 100

Effect of axial load

N
e c2 =

0.0035

0.002

0.002

0.002

0.002

cu2 =
0.0035

0.0035

M = Ne

Tan K H, NUS

e=0

increasing

x =

decreasing
N = N
M = M

N-M ((Column)) Interaction Diagram

g
N

No

Compression failure

N
M

Balanced
failure

Nb

e
M = Ne
No

Tan K H, NUS

Tension
failure

Example
p

Tan K H, NUS

450 mm

27
75 mm

N
50
mm

A reinforced concrete short

column,, hexagonal
g
in crosssection, contains six 25 mm
diameter longitudinal bars
and is subjected to an
eccentric compression
load. Given that fck = 30
MPa; fyk = 500 MPa and Es =
200 GPa,
GP calculate
l l t th
the
design ultimate load N that
the column can carry at an
eccentricity e = 275 mm
eccentricity,

275 mm

50
0
mm
m

450 mm

Tan K H, NUS

Biaxial Bending
g
M

z
y
Mz
My

Mz due to

wind load

My

due to
gravity load

Mz

tan

M
y

M My Mz
2

Tan K H, NUS

yC
zC

My

M My Mz
2

Mz

tan

M
y

z
Mz
n

C ( Ci ) T j
i

Tan K H, NUS

M y T j z j Czc
j 1

M z T j y j Cy
C c
j 1

C>0 comp.
comp
T>0 tension

My/bh2fck

Increasing
g

b
As/4

As/4

As/4

As/4

As/Acfcu

My

h
Mz

Tan K H, NUS

Mz/b2hfck

So,
Example Biaxial bending

A concrete beam has a 250 mm square section and is reinforced by

4T28 steel bars, one bar being placed at 50 mm from each edge in
each
h corner off th
the section.
ti
E
Evaluate
l t th
the fl
flexurall strength
t
th off th
the
section if it is subjected to biaxial bending moments of equal
magnitude about axes parallel to the edges. The material properties
are: fyk = 500 MPa, fck = 30 MPa, and Es = 200 GPa.

50

Tan K H, NUS

250

fcd = 0.9x0.567fck
= 0.51fck
x=148

0.8x

Cs
C
Ts1

s1
s2

Ts2

Ans:

Tan K H, NUS

Biaxial bending with axial loading

z
ey

ey

Mz
N

ez

My

ez

er e y ez
2

e.g. corner columns

Tan K H, NUS

ez
1 M y

tan tan
Mz
ey
1

x er

C
y

x
08
0.8x

N C Tj

M y Nez Czc T j zi
j

M z Ne y Cyc T j yi
j
Tan K H, NUS

Tj

N-My-Mz
i t
interaction
ti
diagram for
rectangular
section

ey
er

N
ez
Note:

M M
k

When Pn is small,
My + Mz 1
(i a straight
(i.e.
t i ht line)
li )
When Pn is large,
Mnx2 + Mny2 1
(i.e. a circle)

Mz=Ne
Ney
My=Nez
Tan K H, NUS

Exercise (Exam 2010)

A corner column in a multi-storey building is to be designed with a cross-sectional shape as
shown in Fig. Q-1. At ultimate limit state, the column is to carry bi-axial bending moments,
My and Mz, of equal magnitude
magnitude, about two orthogonal axes,
axes y and z,
z besides an axial load N.
N
Determine the maximum value of My or Mz, if no tension is allowed in any part of the
section. Assume fck = 30 MPa; fyk = 500 MPa; Es = 200 GPa; c = 1.5; s = 1.15. The
section has eight 25 bars placed around the periphery, with a cover of 50 mm to each bar.
y

200

axis of
symmetry

z
200
200

200

200
Fig. Q-1

Tan K H, NUS

All
dimensions
are in mm.

Further Reading
Nilson, A.H.,
Nilson
A H Darwin
Darwin, D
D. & Dolan
Dolan, C
C.W.,
W Design
Design of
Concrete Structures, 14e in SI Units, Ch 3.
Wight,
g J.K. & MacGregor,
g J.G., Reinforced Concrete:
Mechanics & Design, 5 ed., Ch 4.
Martin, L. & Purkiss, J., Concrete Design to EN 1992, ,
Ch 6
6.

Tan K H, NUS