Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AND
QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION
Compiled By: Prof. Dr. M. Shamim Z. Bosunia
19th June 2014
REINFORCING STEEL
Note:
MS
CTD
TMT
: Mild Steel
: Cold Twisted Deformed
: Thermomechanicaly Treated
Ductility
Ductility of rebar is expressed as the ratio of ultimate
deformation at collapse to deformation at yielding. The
ductility of a mild steel rebar under the monotonic tensile
loading is given by
= u /y
Where , u and y are ductility factor, ultimate strain and
yield strain of the rebar's respectively. This makes
elongation a good indicator of ductility and is used as a
parameter to characterize the rebar for ductility.
Section of Concrete
ASTM (USA)
BDS EN (Bangladesh)
BS (UK)
EN (European)
BIS (Indian)
ISO (international)
ASTM C150
Specification for Portland Cement
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V
A
LA
BDS EN 197-1:2003
Clinker
BF Slag
Silica
Fume
Minor
additional
constituents
a)
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-5
and CEM
CSH + Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 + Water
CSH
Strength Development
Water
Needed for two purposes:
Chemical reaction with cement
Workability
Only 1/3 of the water is needed for chemical
reaction
Extra water remains in pores and holes
Results in porosity
Good for preventing plastic shrinkage cracking and
workability
Bad for permeability, strength, durability.
Durability
Durability is the ability of a Material or Structure to withstand its
design service conditions for its design life without significant
deterioration.
The Environment
Type and quality of constituent materials
Cement content and W/C ratio of concrete
Workmanship especially in compaction and curing
Cover to embedded steel
Shape and size of the member
Durable Concrete
Low permeability
Resistance to sulfate attack
Chloride attack on reinforcement
Resistance to Alkali Silica reaction
Low heat of hydration
High workability
Low
effective alkali
content
Performance of
Composite Cement
High
chemical resistance
(sea water, chloride diffusion,
Lower
sulphate attack)
early strength
Lower
heat of
hydration
Low
permeability,
dense structure
High
long term strength
Concrete
FINE AGGREGATE
Sand must be cleaned, washed and of definite gradation.
TEST for Sand:
Fineness Modulus (FM)
Salinity
Bulking
Testing for impurities
For Good Concrete works FM must be 2.5 or above.
Workability
Consolidation
The vibratory action permits use of a stiffer mixture containing a
larger proportion of coarse and a smaller proportion of fine
aggregate. The larger the maximum size aggregate in concrete with a
well-graded aggregate, the less volume there is to fill with paste and
the less aggregate surface area there is to coat with paste; thus less
water and cement are needed. Concrete with an optimally graded
aggregate will be easier to consolidate and place. Consolidation of
coarser as well as stiffer mixtures results in improved quality and
economy. On the other hand, poor consolidation can result in porous,
weak concrete with poor durability.
Corrosion in Concrete
Corrosion in Concrete
Electro
Micrograph
showing
Corrosion in Poor Concrete
Hardened Concrete
Chemical Resistance
Portland cement concrete is resistant to most natural
environments; however, concrete is sometimes exposed to
substances that can attack and cause deterioration. Concrete in
chemical manufacturing and storage facilities is especially
prone to chemical attack. The effect of sulfates and chlorides is
discussed above. Acids attack concrete by dissolving cement
paste and calcareous aggregates.
CONSOLIDATION METHOD
TAMPING
VIBRATION
Mold size
Dia. x Ht.
in (mm)
4X8
(100x200)
Tamping Rod
(mm)
Dia.
Length
10
300
25
Vibrator
insertions per
Layer
Approx
Depth of Layer
One-half depth
of specimen
One-half depth
of specimen
6X12
(150x300)
16
500
25
8
12
FINE AGGREGATES:
Sylhet Sand of F.M 2.50
Local Sand of F.M 1.25
COARSE AGGREGATES:
20 mm (3/4 inch) down, well-graded stone chips used
12 mm (1/2 inch) down, well-graded stones chips used
20mm (3/4 inch) down, well-graded brick chips used
EXCEPTIONS are:
i. Railing
ii. Dropwall Fins
For such Exceptions 12 mm (1/2 inch) down graded stone
chips will be used.
CURING TIME
Standard Curing Time: 28 days
Use of SCMs might lengthen curing time
METHODS OF CURING:
Horizontal Surface by ponding of water
Other Surfaces: by wrapping moist jute fabric and
sprinkling water on them frequently with a hose
pipe
**Note: Date of Casting must be marked on Structure
to confirm curing period
All Beam and Slab Rebars should be extended into the support
upto Development Length
50 x Dia of Main Bar (min.)
CLEAR COVER = 75 mm
3 - LEG STIRRUP :
4 - LEG STIRRUP :
Conceal Beam:
-Dont use any Conceal Beam in any Slab.
-It does not have the effective function like standard beam.
27x27 Column
Ag=729 in2
As= 14 in2
Comparing these two sections 15% Less cost is required for the larger
column of 27x27 .
But the lateral stiffness of the larger column is improved by 36% against
the 25x25 column against Earthquake and Wind load.
Column Shuttering :
- All Columns shall be Cast at
full height.
Kicker :
No kicker will be provided for
Column, Retaining wall, Lift core , UGWR & OHWT
Shear Groove:
Shear Groove must be provided for
Column, Retaining wall, Lift core, UGWR & OHWT
OHWT Column:
Column height at OHWT will be up to Top slab of Reservoir.
Beam-Column Joint:
Top bar of Beam must be extended into Column
to a length
40db from column face at beam-column joint.
Casting:
At least a clear gap of 3-days will be given
in between two consecutive layers of concrete casting
(column on footing/pile-cap, second layer of column on
first layer, etc.).
In case of slab, two consecutive segments of slab may
be cast with a gap of at least 2-days provided laborers
do not need to walk over the previous casting
Casting Duration:
12 working hours with same set of Labors.
Sanitary Holes :
Keep Holes of all Outlets in Toilet & Kitchen before Casting Slab.
Put 12" Long same Rebar which are to be Cut in the Slab at
both sides.