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C4 KEY POINTS
C4 Algebra and functions
Partial fractions: Methods for dealing with degree of numerator degree of denominator, partial
fractions of the form
5 x
A
B
C
2x + 3
A
B
C
+
+
and
+
+
2
x + 2 x 3 ( x 3) 2
x( x 1)(2 x + 1) x x 1 2 x + 1
( x + 2)( x 3)
C4 Coordinate geometry
Changing equations of curves between Cartesian and parametric form
dx
Use of y
dt to find area under a curve
dt
b
a
, using
n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2)
x +
+ ... + x n
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + n C 2 x 2 + ... + n C r x r + ... + x n = 1 + nx +
2!
3!
n!
where nCr =
r!(n r )!
C4 Differentiation
Implicit and parametric differentiation including applications to tangents and normals
Exponential growth and decay
d(a x )
= ax ln a
dx
C4 Integration
ex dx = ex + c
1
x dx = ln | x | +c
cos kx dx =
Use of
ekx dx =
1
1 kx
e +c
k
1 1
ax dx = a . x dx = a ln | x | +c
1
sin kx + c
k
1
k
sin kx dx = cos kx + c
f ( x)
f ( x) dx = ln | f ( x) | +c and
n
f ( x)[f ( x)] dx =
or
ax dx = a ln | ax | +c
sec2kx dx =
[f ( x)]n +1
+c
n +1
1
tan kx + c
k
f ( x ) dx
1
2
ba
n
C4 Vectors
If a = xi + yj + zk, |a| = (x2 + y2 + z2)
If a = xi + yj + zk, the unit vector in the direction of a is [(xi + yj + zk) (x2 + y2 + z2)]
Scalar product:
If OP = p = xi + yj + zk and OQ = q = ai + bj + ck and POQ = , then
p.q = |p||q| cos