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RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
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AR-TB-RT-001
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1 OF 36
Date
01 June, 2002
Radiographic Examination
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0
Date:01/06/02
Name
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Name
A.M.A. Hassanein
Signature
CONTENTS
AR-TB-RT-001
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Date
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AR-TB-RT-001
RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
PROCEDURE
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S/N
SUBJECT
SCOPE
PURPOSE
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Date
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TEBBIN PLANT
AR-TB-RT-001
RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
PROCEDURE
REFERENCES
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES
PROCEDURE
ATTACHEMENTS
SCOPE:
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1.1
2
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Date
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To specify the minimum requirements for radiography of welds employing gamma ray
techniques.
PURPOSE:
2.1
RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
PROCEDURE
AR-TB-RT-001
REFERENCES:
3.1
3.2
ASME B & PV Code Section VIII, Div 1, applicable edition, for acceptance criteria.
3.3
ASME Boilers & Pressure Vessels Code Section I, applicable edition / addenda, for
acceptance criteria.
3.4
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3.5
ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section IX, applicable edition, for acceptance
criteria for Welders/welding operators performance qualifications.
3.6
3.7
DEFINITIONS:
4.1
4.2
IQI
RESPONSIBILITIES:
5.1
The NDE Examiner shall be responsible for conducting and reporting the results of
examination in accordance with the ASME B & PV applicable code section and/or
Clients Specifications, whichever is more restrictive.
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PROCEDURE:
6.1
Personnel Qualifications:
6.1.1
6.1.1 When the written practice is revised, the certification of NDE personnel remains
valid to the requirements of the previous revision until the expiry date of the
personnel qualification certificate; then, recertification to the requirements of the
new revision is required.
6.1.2 Subcontractors personnel involved in Radiographic Examinations shall be
qualified in accordance with the requirements of subcontractors written practice
which shall be reviewed and accepted by ARESCO NDE Level III or Quality
Control Manager.
6.1.3 Radiographic film interpretation shall be done by a Level II or Level III NDE
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personnel.
6.1.4 The certification of personnel shall be checked by the Quality Control Manager or
NDE Level III prior to work commencement.
6.2 Equipment:
6.2.1 The exposure equipment shall be the remote control type projector that is
suitable for containing the respective type and size of radioisotope, and shall be
complete with a collimator, and operating accessories.
6.2.2 Each source shall be accompanied by monitoring equipment and source decay
Charts. Survey/ monitoring equipment meters shall be calibrated at least
annually and following any repair, a copy of the calibration certificate shall
accompany the meter at all times. Each projector shall be available with
sufficient warning signs / together with rope / tape barrier materials to ensure
safety of unclassified personnel.
6.3 Materials:
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6.3.1 All radiographic film shall be selected from those used in Industrial
Radiography, such as:
6.3.1.1Low speed, high contrast, small grain e.g. Agfa Gevaert D4, Kodak M,
or similar.
6.3.1.2Medium speed, high contrast, small grain e.g. Agfa Gevaert D7, Kodak
AA or AX, or similar.
6.3.2 The chemicals used in film processing technique shall be compatible to the film
selected, and shall conform to the manufacturers recommendations in respect
of preparation, time and temperature. Standard Guide for Controlling the
quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing, SE-999, or Part III of
Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing, SE-94 shall be used as a guide for
processing film.
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All other materials used in the production of radiographs, e.g. lead intensifying
screens, shall be of a recognized commercial quality, in good condition and free
from defects.
6.4 Surface Condition:
6.4.1 Welds that are to be radiographed shall be prepared to the extent necessary to
ensure that the resulting image is free from any irregularities, e.g. weld ripples,
spatter, grinding or chipping marks, etc. that may mask or cause confusion in
interpreting the final radiograph.
6.5 Method:
6.5.1 This procedure is to cover methods to be employed for radiographic
examination of welds in pressure vessels, structural steel, boiler external piping
(including fittings, flanges, tees, elbows, valves, etc.) using Iridium 192, subject
to the following limitations:
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Single-Wall Viewing:
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Double-wall Viewing:
For materials and welds in components 3.5 in. (89 mm) or less in
nominal outside diameter, a technique may be used in which the
radiation passes through two walls and the weld (material) in both walls
is viewed for acceptance on the same radiograph. For double-wall
viewing, only a source side penetrameter shall be used. If the geometric
unsharpness requirements cannot be met, then single-wall viewing shall
be used.
A
For welds, the radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the
weld at an angle sufficient to separate the images of the source side
and the film side portions of the weld so that there is no overlap of
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ARESCO Symbol.
Client identity.
Contractor identity.
Weld number or reference.
Repair reference e.g. R1, R2, R3, etc. ,RW or RS, as necessary.
Date of radiograph.
6.8 Identification:
6.8.1 Each weld shall be uniquely identified, with the same reference identification
appearing on each film, together with adequate indicators for ease of identifying
individual areas, or defects in the weld. Markers shall not be removed until the
weld has been accepted.
6.8.2 Welds in curved surfaces having diameters of greater than 3.5 in. (89 mm), shall
have continuous lead marker number bands wrapped around the circumference
of the weld with the zero being marked on the pipe or fitting, with paint stick,
marker, or crayon, for reference purposes.
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6.8.3 Welds in curved surfaces having diameters of 3.5 in. (89 mm) or less, shall have
individual exposures identified by a lead marker letter, e.g.
first exposure A, second exposure B, etc. in order that all areas of the
weld can; be identified and radiographic coverage can be proven. Each
location shall be marked on the curved surface part, with paint stick, marker,
or crayon, for reference purposes.
6.9 Location Markers:
6.9.1 Location markers shall be placed on the part, not on the exposure
holder/cassette. Their locations shall be permanently marked on the surface of
the part being radiographed when permitted, or on a map, in a manner
permitting the area of interest on a radiograph to be accurately traceable to its
location on the part. Location markers shall be placed as follows:
6.9.1.1 Single-Wall Viewing:
Location markers for single-wall viewing exposure shall be placed as per
ASME Code Sec. V, Article 2, T-275.1
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6.10.2 The Image Quality Indicator shall be selected for the normal single wall
thickness. Allowance shall be made for reinforcement, if applicable, but will
disregard backing strips or rings etc.
6.10.3 The Image Quality Indicator shall be located on the source side of the weld
under examination, however, where inaccessibility prevents hand placing of IQI
on source side, then the indicator shall be placed on the film side, with an
identifying lead marker F placed adjacent to the indicator. Dimensions of the
marker shall be similar to those of the identity markers.
6.10.4 Image Quality Indicators (wire type) shall be placed at 90 to the weld at the
furthest point of radiographic interest on the radiograph, except where
panoramic exposure techniques are utilised. Then at least three indicators shall
be placed equal distant around the circumference of the weld.
6.10.5 Location of IQI and other markers shall not interfere with interpretation.
6.11Sensitivity:
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= Density
= Light intensity incident on the film.
= Light intensity transmitted through the film.
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6.12.2 The limitations of density shall be considered as 2.0 - 4.0 for this procedure
unless stated otherwise in the Client specifications and Code.
6.12.3 Density values shall be measured on dry radiographs using a calibrated
Densitometer (T-262).
6.12.4 If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by
more than -15% or +30% from the density through the body of the hole
penetrameter or adjacent to the designated wire of wire penetrameter, within the
min./max. Allowable density ranges, then an additional penetrameter shall be
used.
6.13Geometric Unsharpness:
6.13.1 To determine the geometric Unsharpness, i.e. penumbra, which should not
exceed 0.07 in. (1.8 mm) for Code Section I and ASME B31.1, the following
formula shall be used to assess the requisite source to object distance, object to
film distance, etc. and shall operate within practical limits but become less
relevant as the source to object distance/ thickness ratio increases:
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Ug = Ft/d
Where Ug
F
t
d
= Geometric Unsharpness
= Size of source facing the film
= Specimen thickness at the point of contact with the film
(source side of object - film distance)
= Source to object distance
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undertaken, but in no case shall be less than the requirement of Code Section V,
Article 2, T-275.
6.15Scattered Radiation:
6.15.1 A lead marker B with minimum dimension of in. (13 mm) in height and 1/16
in. (1.6 mm) in thickness shall be attached to the back of the film cassette, the
image of which shall be considered to indicate back scattered radiation.
6.15.2 If the image of the B is evident then adequate precautions in the form of lead
shielding, or adjustment in geometry shall be employed prior to the exposure, to
avoid such back scattered radiation.
6.16Screens:
6.16.1 Lead intensifying screens shall be used for all radiography performed to this
procedure; except when restricted by the referencing Code section. They shall
be 0.005 in. (0.125 mm) thick, and placed in immediate contact with the front
and back of the film in the cassette.
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6.16.2 The screens shall be clean and free from all defects and contaminants that could
make any indication on the resultant radiograph, or affect the quality.
6.17Film Control:
6.17.1 Only film that has been stored correctly and within the manufacturers expiry
date shall be used for radiography.
6.18Quality:
6.18.1 All radiographs shall be free of the following defects that may interfere with the
satisfactory interpretation of the weld image:
6.18.1.1 Physical damage such as scratches, static, tears, crimps, pressure or
similar handling marks.
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6.20.1 The film shall be handled in such a manner that the emulsion is not damaged,
and fingerprints, or other marks do not cause damage to the
film, before, during, or after processing.
6.20.2 All radiographs shall be held in interleaving folders, on which all relevant data is
recorded.
6.21Film Viewing:
6.21.1 Interpretation:
Only qualified personnel shall interpret radiographs, such interpretation to be in
accordance with the acceptance criteria stated in the referencing Code section
and the appropriate specification as advised by the Client.
6.21.2 Conditions:
Radiographs shall be viewed in subdued lighting such that no reflections are
caused from the film.
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The viewer shall be sufficient to view the areas of interest on the radiograph
with an even diffused light to the maximum density recurred, and any extraneous
areas of illumination shall be masked to avoid glare or distraction.
6.21.3 Radiograph Handling:
During viewing of radiographs, handling shall be carried out so as to avoid
damage and finger prints. It is recommended that film should be handled edge
on between the fingers, and that films are viewed singly, each being returned to
its folder after interpretation.
6.21.4 Storage:
Once radiographs have been accepted, they shall be stored, usually in line or
drawing number sets, or numerically in sets, and consigned to the
manufacturers original packing (film box) for reference and storage, with
concern to temperature and relative humidity.
Radiographs shall be stored in an area for long life protection.
6.22Acceptance Standards
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6.22.1 ASME B & PV Code Section I, applicable edition, for acceptance criteria.
6.22.2 ASME B & PV Code Section VIII, Div 1, applicable edition, for acceptance
criteria.
6.22.3 ASME B31.1, applicable edition, for acceptance criteria.
6.22.4 ASME B & PV Code Section IX, applicable edition, for acceptance criteria for
Welders / welding operators performance qualifications.
6.22.5 Clients specification requirements for acceptance criteria.
,
Note: In case of conflict between Code requirements and Clients specification
requirements for acceptance criteria, Code requirements shall prevail.
6.23Documentation:
6.23.1 Reports:
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Each set of radiographs for each weld shall be documented on report form and
as required by the client shall be interpreted to the relevant specification and
sentenced with regard to acceptance criteria.
7 ATTACHMENTS:
7.1 Table-1 Geometric Relationships
7.2 Radiographic Examination Report
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7.1 Table 1
Geometric Relationships
Minimum Source to Object
distance
mm ( Inch )
41
( 1.60 )
6.4
( 0.25 )
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82
123
164
205
246
287
328
369
410
451
492
( 3.20 )
( 4.80 )
( 6.50 )
( 8.10 )
( 9.70 )
( 11.30 )
( 13.00 )
( 14.60 )
( 16.20 )
( 17.80 )
( 19.40 )
3.2 x 3.2
3.2 x 3.2
3.2 x 3.2
3.2 x 3.2
3.2 x 3.2
3.2 x 3.2
3.2 x 3.2
3.2 x 3.2
3.2 x 3.2
3.2 x 3.2
3.2 x 3.2
(0.125 X 0.125)
(0.125 X 0.125)
(0.125 X 0.125)
(0.125 X 0.125)
(0.125 X 0.125)
(0.125 X 0.125)
(0.125 X 0.125)
(0.125 X 0.125)
(0.125 X 0.125)
(0.125 X 0.125)
(0.125 X 0.125)
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12.7
19.1
25.4
31.8
38.1
44.5
50.8
57.2
63.5
69.9
76.2
( 0.50 )
( 0.75 )
( 1.00 )
( 1.25 )
( 1.50 )
( 1.75 )
( 2.00 )
( 2.00 )
( 2.50 )
( 2.75 )
( 3.00 )
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RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
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Client :
Project :
Part Examined:
Material:
Reference Procedure:
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Job No :
Drawing No.:
Surface Condition:
Acceptance Criteria:
Technique Description
Min. Source to-Object Distance:
Radiographic Source:
Source Size:
Sensitivity Requirements :
Density Requirements :
Density Variation Requirements :
No. of Films / Cassette :
Film Size:
IQI Type : Wire
AR-TB-RT-001
Source Energy :
Film Brand
:
Film Designation:
Film processing :
Manual
Automatic
Lead Screens
: Front
Back
None
Hole
Technique Description
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Other
Legend
C
IP
LF
P
LP
CP
Crack
Incomplete penetration
Lack of fusion
Isolated Porosity
Linear porosity
Cluster porosity
UC
RC
RU
EP
HL
TI
Undercut
Root concavity
Root undercut
Excessive penetration
High-low
Tungesten inclusion
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WH
BT
SI
SL
Wormhole
Burn through
Slag inclusion
Slag line
ACC
REJ
RS
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Accept
Reject
reshoot
EVALUATION
Weld
No.
Welder
No.
Thickness
Mm
IQI
Location
Arrangement
Location
Discontinuities
Judgement
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Name
Interpreted By
Approved By
Authorized Inspector
Qualification
AR-TB-RT-001
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Date
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Signature
Date