Scientific Misconduct

9/17/2012

Scientific Misconduct
what it is and how to avoid it
Presented by:
Imami Nur Rachmawati
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Session Overview
What It Is
Terminology
Legal Implications
Four Types of Plagiarism
How to Avoid It
Methods
Proper Quotations
Proper Citations
Q & A Time!

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Scientific Misconduct

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Terminology-Research misconduct
Fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in
proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or
in reporting research result
Fabrication: making up data or results & recording or
reporting them
Falsification: manipulating research materials,
equipment, or processes, or changing, or omitting data or
results such that the research is not accurately
represented in the research record
Plagiarism is the appropriation of anothers ideas,
processes, results or words without giving appropriate
credit
Research misconduct does not include honest error or
difference opinion
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Fabrication
Membuat data yg sebenarnya tidak ada
menjadi ada
Contoh
John Darsee
William Summerlin
Woo Suk Hwang

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Falsification
Mengubah data
Fabrikasi & falsifikasi

sering dilakukan bersama

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Kesalahan yg jujur
Scientific misconduct
honest error
Akibat: ketidaktahuan peneliti, bukan
ketidakjujuran yg disengaja
Kurang pemahaman metodologi
Penggunaan uji statistik yg keliru
Kesalahan interpretasi

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Terminology: Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone else's
work and attempting to "pass it off" as your own.
This can apply to anything, from term papers to
photographs to songs, even ideas!
Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words,
ideas, images, sounds, or the creative
expression of others as your own.

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Terminology: Copyright
Di Indonesia, masalah hak cipta diatur dalam Undangundang Hak Cipta, yaitu, yang berlaku saat ini,
Undang-undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002. Dalam
undang-undang tersebut, pengertian hak cipta adalah
"hak eksklusif bagi pencipta atau penerima hak untuk
mengumumkan atau memperbanyak ciptaannya atau
memberikan izin untuk itu dengan tidak mengurangi
pembatasan-pembatasan menurut peraturan
perundang-undangan yang berlaku" (pasal 1 butir 1).

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Klasifikasi Plagiarism
Berdasarkan aspek yg dicuri: plagiarism ide,
isi/ data, kata, kalimat, paragraf, total
Berdasarkan kesengajaan: sengaja atau tidak
sengaja
Berdasarkan proporsi yg dibajak: ringan
(30%), sedang (30-70%), total (>70%)

angka kepantasan
Berdasarkan pola: kata demi kata, mosaik
Auto-plagiarism/ self-plagiarism

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Tipe Plagiarisme: Copying

The most well-known and,
sadly, the most common
type of plagiarism is the
simplest: copying
you
copy someone else's work
and put your name on it,
you have plagiarized.

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Copying: An Example
"Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it
is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is
understandable, since parents are in positions of control
and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy
side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as
undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to
think of parents in these terms. At this young age, the
parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - not dumb, ugly, or weak."
Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do
about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.

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Copying: An Example
This one is pretty straightforward. If a writer had
copied, word for word, the text from Dr.
Zimbardo's book and not acknowledged in any
way that it was Dr. Zimbardo's work, the writer
would have committed plagiarism.

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Tipe: Patchwork Plagiarism

The second most common type of
plagiarism: patchwork plagiarism.
This occurs when the plagiarizer
borrows the "phrases and clauses
from the original source and
weaves them into his own writing
without putting the phrases in
quotation marks or citing the
author.

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Patchwork: An Example
With regard to children, they are totally insensitive
to their parents' shyness. Rare is the child who
labels a parent shy. It is easy to understand this,
since the parents are in positions of control and
authority in their own homes and may not
necessarily show their shy side to their children.
Moreover, since shyness is viewed as unfavorable
by most children, it may be threatening for them to
think of their parents in that light. During the
formative years, the parent is idealized as allknowing and all-powerful -- not dumb, ugly, or
weak.

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Patchwork: An Example
Now, had the "author" of this passage put the colored
phrases in quotation marks and added a citation after
the quotation, like (Zimbardo 62), the "author" would
have been safe. Without the quotation marks and the
proper citation, the "author" has committed plagiarism.

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Tipe: Paraphrasing Plagiarism

This occurs when the plagiarizer paraphrases or
summarizes another's work without citing the
source. Even changing the words a little or using
synonyms but retaining the author's essential
thoughts, sentence structure, and/or style without
citing the source is still considered plagiarism.

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Paraphrasing: An Example
Children are completely insensitive to their
parents' shyness and rarely label their
parents as shy. Because the parents are the
authority and controlling figures in the
home, they may not feel shy and therefore
not show their shy side. Moreover, during
the formative years, parents are seen as
omnipotent and omniscient and not stupid,
unattractive, or pathetic; it may be
frightening for children to view their parents
in terms of shyness.

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Paraphrasing: An Example
Now, had the "author" of this paragraph used footnotes
or parenthetical citations to acknowledge Dr.
Zimbardo's work, he or she would have been in the
clear. However, since the "author" acts like these ideas
are his or her own, and does not acknowledge Dr.
Zimbardo, it's plagiarism.

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Tipe plagiarisme
Intentional

Unintentional

Copying a friends work

Buying or borrowing
papers
Cutting and pasting
blocks of text from
electronic sources
without documenting
Media borrowing
without documentation
Web publishing without
permissions of creators

Careless
paraphrasing
Poor documentation
Quoting excessively
Failure to use your
own voice

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Excuses
Its okay if

Everyone does it!

I dont get caught!

I was too busy to
write that paper!
(Job, big game, too
much homework!)

This assignment
was BORING!
Ive got to get
into
??? U.!

My parents
expect As!

My teachers
expect
too much!
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Rationale for academic integrity

(as if it were necessary!)
When you copy you cheat yourself.
You limit your own learning.
The consequences are not worth the
risks!
It is only right to give credit to authors
whose ideas you use
Citing gives authority to the
information you present
Citing makes it possible for your
readers to locate your source
Education is not an us vs. them
game! Its about learning to learn!
Cheating is unethical behavior
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Is your academic
reputation valuable
to you?

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Real life consequences:

Damaged the reputation of two prominent historians, Stephen
Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Kearns left television position and stepped down as Pulitzer
Prize judge for lifting 50 passages for her 1987 book The
Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys (Lewis)
Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987 campaign for the
Democratic presidential nomination. (Sabato)
Copied in law school and borrowed from campaign
speeches of Robert Kennedy
Boston Globe journalist Mike Barnicle forced to resign for
plagiarism in his columns (Boston Columnist . . .)
Probe of plagiarism at UVA--45 students dismissed, 3
graduate degrees revoked
CNN Article AP. 26 Nov. 2001
Channel One Article AP. 27 Nov. 2002
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Possible school consequences

0 on the assignment
Parent notification
Referral to administrators
Suspension or dismissal
from school activities-sports and extracurricular
Note on student record
Loss of reputation among
the school community

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Is this important?
What if:
Your architect cheated his way through math
class. Will your new home be safe?
Your lawyer paid for a copy of the bar exam to
study. Will the contract she wrote for you
stand up in court?
The accountant who does your taxes hired
someone to write his papers and paid a standin to take his major tests? Does he know
enough to complete your tax forms properly?

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Common Knowledge
NO!
Facts that are widely
known, or
Information or judgments
considered common
knowledge
Do NOT have to be
documented.

Do I have
to cite
everything?

Hooray for
common
knowledge!
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Examples of common knowledge

Soekarno was our first president
The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941
If you see a fact in three or more sources,
and you are fairly certain your readers
already know this information, it is likely to
be common knowledge.
But when in doubt, cite!

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No need to document when:

You are discussing your own
experiences, observations, or reactions
Compiling the results of original
research, from science experiments, etc.
You are using common knowledge

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Whats the big deal?

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Avoiding Plagiarism
Avoiding plagiarism is quite simple. The best method for
avoiding it is to simply be honest; when you've used a
source in your paper, give credit where it's due.
Acknowledge the author of the original work you've used.

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Use these three strategies

Quoting
Paraphrasing
Summarizing
To blend source materials in with your own,
making sure your own voice is heard.

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Quoting
Quotations are the exact words of an author, copied
directly from a source, word for word. Quotations must
be cited!
Use quotations when:
You want to add the power of an authors words to
support your argument
You want to disagree with an authors argument
You want to highlight particularly eloquent or powerful
phrases or passages
You are comparing and contrasting specific points of
view
You want to note the important research that
precedes your own
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Proper Quotations
In order to properly quote your sources, you should
consult the style manual that would be appropriate for
the research. In most cases, your professor will tell you
which style manual would be preferred. If your
professor doesn't indicate which manual to use, be
sure to ask.

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APA or Chicago Quotations

Indirect: Some researchers note that "children are
totally insensitive to their parents' shyness"
(Zimbardo, 1977, p.62).
Direct: Zimbardo (1977) notes that Children are
totally insensitive to their parents shyness (p. 62).
Paraphrasing: Some researches have observed that
children seem oblivious to their parents bashfulness
(Zimbardo, 1977).

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Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of an
author, putting his/her thoughts in your own words.
When you paraphrase, you rework the sources
ideas, words, phrases, and sentence structures
with your own. Like quotations, paraphrased
material must be followed with in-text
documentation and cited on your Works-Cited
page.
Paraphrase when:
You plan to use information on your note cards and wish
to avoid plagiarizing
You want to avoid overusing quotations
You want to use your own voice to present information
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Summarizing
Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) of one or
several writers into your own words, including only the
main point(s). Summaries are significantly shorter than the
original and take a broad overview of the source material.
Again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to
their original sources.
Summarize when:
You want to establish background or offer an overview of a
topic
You want to describe knowledge (from several sources)
about a topic
You want to determine the main ideas of a single source

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As you take notes:

Include any direct quotes or unique phrases in
quotation marks or mark with a big Q and
make sure the speakers /writers name is
identified.
Make sure you note a paraphrase with the
writers name and mark it with a big P
Include page numbers and source references
so you can go back and check for accuracy as
you write.

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Q & A Time!

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Resources
Presentation URL
http://www.ulm.edu/~lowe/plagiarism.ppt
The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
Book
Mengurai & merajut tesis & disertasi Sastroasmoro
My Email: inrachma@yahoo.com

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