Reduction division - cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing

organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome
number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants).reduction division
Resting phase - period in the cell cycle in which cells exist in a quiescent state.
S phase - The ensuing S phase starts when DNA replication commences; when it is
complete, all of the chromosomes have been replicated, i.e., each chromosome has two
(sister) chromatids. Thus, during this phase, the amount of DNA in the cell has effectively
doubled, though the ploidy of the cell remains the same. During this phase, synthesis is
completed as quickly as possible due to the exposed base pairs being sensitive to external
factors such as any drugs taken or any mutagens (such as nicotine)
Spindle microtubular fibers along which the chromosomes are distributed during mitosis
and meiosis
Spindle microtubules - Microtubules are fibrous, hollow rods, that function primarily to help
support and shape the cell. They also function as routes along which organelles can move.
Synapsis - the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis
Telophase - the final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell. During telophase,
the effects of prophase and prometaphase (the nuclear membrane
and nucleolus disintegrating) are reversed. Two daughter nuclei form in each daughter cell,
and phosphatases de-phosphorylate the nuclear lamins at the ends of the cell,
forming nuclear envelopes around each nucleus.

Zygote - the initial cell formed when two gamete cells are joined by means of sexual
reproduction. In multicellular organisms, it is the earliest developmental stage of
the embryo. In single-celled organisms, the zygote divides to produce offspring, usually
through Mitosis, the process of cell division.
23. During zygote stage of meiosis I, a remarkable pairing of chromosomes occurs. Look at
the bottom part of figure 4-19. In which mitosis: growth of the body has produced cells
with 4 different types of chromosomes. The black ones came from the sperm nucleus. The
red ones came from the egg nucleus. If one of this nuclei were to undergo meiosis, which
chromosomes would pair during zygotene (which are homologous)---the long black one with
the short black one or the long black one with the long red one?
The long black chromosome and the long red chromosome would pair up.

24. What is the name of the structure that holds homologous chromosomes together after
they have paired during zygotene?
The structure is called synaptonemal complex.
25. During pachytene, crossing over occurs. Do chromosomes actually break during this
process?

No, the chromosomes dont actually break only some parts of the chromosomes break, but
enzymes repair the parts and hooks the pieces together.
26. How does anaphase I of meiosis differ from anaphase of mitosis? Does the number of
chromatids per chromosome change in anaphase I? Does the number of sets of
chromosomes per nucleus change in anaphase I?
In mitosis separase degrades cohesin, releasing centromeres from each other and each
chromosome divides into two chromosomes, each with just ONE chromatid. In meiosis,
homologous chromosomes separate from each other and each still has TWO chromatids.
27. Draw all stages of the cell cycle and meiosis for a nucleus that has just one pair of
homologous chromosomes, and then do the same for a nucleus that has three different
types of chromosomes (six chromosomes in three sets of homologues). Draw all stages (this
is not easy).

28. If a cell undergoes nuclear division but not cell divisions it becomes multinucleate. If has
hundreds of nuclei, it is called a coenoyte.
29. Do prokaryotes undergo meiosis or mitosis? How do their cells divide?
Mitosis and meiosis do not occur. They contain circles of naked DNA that become separated
by membrane growth.
30. Describe the process of division that produces more plastids and mitochondria.
Division of the organelles is accomplished either by infurrowing or by being pulled into two.
Because they contain DNA necessary for their growth and functioning, each daughter cell
must receive at least one mitochondrion and one plastid during cytokinesis.