Beruflich Dokumente
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Topic A
Hossein Afshar, Seyed Mojtaba Mousavi Nainian, Mehrzad Shams, Goodarz Ahmadi
Abstract
If the hydrodynamic diameter of a channel is comparable with the mean free path of the gas molecules moving
inside the channel, the fluid can no longer be considered to be in thermodynamic equilibrium and a variety of
non-continuum or rarefaction effects can occur. To avoid enormous complexity and extensive numerical cost
encountered in modeling of nonlinear Boltzmann equations, the Navier-Stokes equations can be solved considering
the concepts of slip flow regime and applying slip velocity boundary conditions at the solid walls.
In this study, a new slip boundary condition according to the kinetic theory of gases is introduced. Navier-Stokes and
energy equations for fluid flow in a microchannel in no-slip and slip flow regimes are solved. Temperature and
velocity profiles are evaluated and the effect of rarefaction parameters on heat transfer in the microchannel is
discussed.
I. Introduction
Lc
(1)
Slip Flow
Transitional Flow
-1-
nd
Topic A
Ts Tw =
(8)
T + 1 Pr n w
T =
III.Methodology
According to the definition of Knudsen number (eq.1), if
the characteristic length is comparable to the mean
free path of the molecules, assumption of equilibrium
will not be valid any more. The non-equilibrium
exchange in momentum and energy between
molecules is done in Knudsen layer which height is
about a mean free path of the molecules (Struchtrup et
al. (2007)) so the molecules move toward the wall form
out of the Knudsen layer where equilibrium conditions
are valid and then reflect. Distance between the
centers of molecules from the wall is equal to radius of
molecules, so slip occurs in a molecular radius from
the wall (figure 1).
ui , ei
II.Governing Equations
In two dimensional incompressible fluid flow, continuity
and momentum equations are as follows:
u v
+
=0
(2)
x y
u
2u 2u
u
p
u
+v
=
+ 2 + 2
x
y
x
y
x
v v
v
v
p
+v
=
+ 2 + 2
x
y
y
y
x
2
Knudsen Layer
us , es
Figure 1: Knudsen layer and slip surface near the
wall
(3)
(4)
Energy equation:
c p (u
T
T
2 T 2T
+v
)= k( 2 + 2 )
x
y
x
y
(5)
(6)
n
4 T s w
v
nd
Topic A
1
n s and EAC
2
equal to unity, a non-linear equation for velocity and
temperature slip is obtained.
1
Ts u s =
Ti u i + Tw (1 v )u i + Tw v u w
(13)
2
Equation (13) can be sloved by an itertive procedure to
obtain velocity and temperature slip instead of using
equations (6) and (8) as boundary conditions.
Reordering equation (8) leads to have temperature of
molecules adjacent to the wall.
2 T 2 Ti Ts
Ts T w =
(14)
T + 1 Pr
Ts is the temperature of gas molecules adjacent to the
wall, Ti is the temperature of gas molecules a distance
of mean free path (Knudesn layer thickness) from the
wall. So Ts can be written explicitly in terms of
temperature of incoming molecules and wall
temperature.
2 (2 T )Ti + Pr T ( + 1)TW
Ts =
(15)
( + 1) T Pr + 2 (2 T )
Combining equations (13) and (15) lead to temperature
and velocity slip in term of wall and flow in equilibrium
conditions.
These relations can be used instead of conventional
boundary conditions that use gradients, and can
accelerate the numerical convergence.
Note that in equation (15), the second grid point in
numerical simulation should be placed in a distance of
mean free path from the wall.
If temperature effect on tangential velocity slip whould
be neglected, then velocity profile in the microchannel
due to analytical solution can be written as equation
(16).
2
2 v
H 2 dp y y
Kn
u( y) =
+2
(16)
2 dx H H
v
Kn=0
Kn=0.01
IV.Results
Slip flow in a short microchannel with 4 micrometers
height and 100 micrometers long (Figure 2) is
investigated.
Air flow enters the microchannel uniformly with velocity
of 0.3 m/s, Temperature of 300K and in the exit; it is
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nd
Topic A
Kn=0
Kn=0.01
x/L=1/70
x/L=3/70
x/L=2/70
x/L=1/70
x/L=1/70
x/L=2/70
x/L=2/7
x/L=3/70
x/L=3/70
-4-
nd
Topic A
Lc
u
v
Cp
v
us
ui
ur
uw
Ts
ei
er
ew
s
ns
m
C
R
M
L
H
: Knudsen number
: Mean free path of the molecules
: Characteristic length
: Fluid velocity in x direction
: Fluid velocity in y direction
: Dynamic viscosity
: Fluid Temperatue
: Fluid density
: Fluid specific heat
: Tangential momentum accommodation
coefficient
: Velocity of fluid molecules adjascent to the
wall
: Tangential velocity of incident molecules
which come from out of the Knudsen layer
: Velocity of reflected molecules from the wall
: Velocity of the wall
: Energy accommodation coefficient
: Temperature of fluid molecules adjascent to
the wall
: Specific heat
: Energy of incident molecules
: Energy of reflected molecules
: Energy of wall molecules
: Momentum flux of molecules adjacent to
the wall
: Molecular number density
: Weight of molecules
: Mean thermal velocity
: Gas constant
: Molar weight of the gas
: Length of the microchannel
: Height of the microchannel
References
Afshar H., Shams M., Nainian S.M.M, Ahmadi G.,
Microchannel Heat Transfer and Dispersion of Nanoparticles
in Slip Flow Regime with Constant Heat Flux, International
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