Modul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction A. Rate of Reaction A student is able to: ‘state what rate of reaction is, identify observable changes to reactants or products for determining rate of reaction, determine average rate of reaction, determine the rate of reaction at any given time from a graph, solve numerical problems involving average rate of reaction, solve numerical problem involving rate of reaction at any given time. 1. Chemical reaction involves the reactants change to produce products. Reactants --> Products A + B > C + D Reactants are the substances present at the beginning of chemical reactions. Products are the substances formed in the end of chemical reaction 2. Reactions can be fast or slow 3. A fast reaction happens quickly. The reaction is complete in a short time. The rate of reaction is high. 4. A slow reaction happens slowly. It takes long time for the reaction happens slowly. The rate of reaction is low. 5. Then the definition of Rate of Reaction is ... “measure of how quickly a chemical reaction happen” 6. Rate of reaction is inversely proportional to time of the rate of reaction. Rate of reaction 1 time of reaction -O\NOTE : Term used in rate of reaction Types of reaction | Rate of reaction | Time to be completed Fast Reaction High a short time Slow reaction low a long time Page 8 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction Activity 1: Determine the time taken, type of reaction and rate of reaction for the chemical reactions below: | Time | Type of | Rate of No. Chemical Reaction ‘ | taken | reaction | reaction 1. | Rusting of iron happen when iron metal react with oxygen and water to produce rust, iron Low/ , Long | slow (Ill oxide, Fe20s decrease 4Fe + 302 + 2H.0 > 2Fe.03.H20 2. | Magnesium burn in air to produce white solid, magnesium oxide, MgO 2Mg + Op --> 2MgO short | fast high 3. | Magnesium powder dissolve into dilute hydrochloric acid Mg + 2HCI --> MgCl + Ho ou ret high 4. | Reaction between potassium and water 2K + 2H,0 --> 2KOH + Ha shot | fost high 5. | Reaction between Calcium Carbonate (limestone/ marble) and sulphuric acid CaCOs + H,SO4 --> CaSO, + CO, + HL0 short fast high 6. | Precipitation of silver chloride AgNO + HCl --> AgCl + HNOs short | fast high 7. | Photosynthesis process 6CO, + 6H20 —-> CoH 1205 + 602 low/ v tong | slow | yore. 8. | Fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide gas Low/ tong | slow | yo ones CoH 1205 --> 2C2HsOH + 2CO2 Page 9 | ujsiatc: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction The observations for rate of reaction: 1, When the chemical reactions happen, the reactants will decrease with time taken and the products will increase with time taken. 2. The observations that can be observed when reactants change to produce products are: Increase in volume of gas given off ii, Increase in height of precipitate (solid) ili, Change in colour, pH, temperature, or electrical conductivity iv. Decrease in mass of reactant Increase in mass of product vi. Increase or decrease in mass of reaction mixture An observable change is a change that can be observed by our sense. Our five senses is: seeing, hearing, smelling, taste and touching 3. The graph curve for chemical reactions: The reactants decrease per time taken | The products increase per time taken Reactant/ unit Produet / Unit fime/unit (s or minute) time/unit(s or minute) Page 10 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction Activity 2: Draw the curve of graph for chemical reactions below Chemical reactions Graph for reactants Graph for products Reaction between Calcium Carbonate (limestone/ marble) and sulphuric acid CaCO; + H2SO04 --> CaSOq + CO2 + H20 Mass of CaCOs (a) (Label paksi Y) like graph before, at no 3 Volume of CO: (em) (Label paksi Y) like graph before, at no 3 Precipitation of silver(1) chloride AgNOs + HCI --> AgCl + HNOs Magnesium powder dissolve into dilute hydrochloric acid Mg + 2HCI --> MgCl + Hp Fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide gas CoHi20¢ --> 2C.HsOH + 2C0, Concentration of HCI (mol dm-, (Label paksi Y) like graph before, at no 3 | Mass of Mg (2) (Label paksi Y) like graph before, at no 3 reactants (Label paksi Y) like graph before, at no 3 Mass of AgCl (Label paksi Y) like graph before, at no 3 Volume of Ha (ems) (Label paksi Y) like graph before, at no 3 Volume of gas CO. (cm?) (Label paksi Y) like graph before, at no 3 Page 11 | update: Jan 2017 [eflguadura. wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction Exercise 1: 1. The chemical equation shows a reaction between calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. CaCOs + QHCl --> CaCh + CO: + HO Which of the following changes cannot be used to determine the rate of reaction? A Change in the pH of the mixture B Decrease in mass of calcium carbonate C Increase in mass of calcium chloride [exist as solution] D Change in volume of carbon dioxide released 2. Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of a reaction? 1 release of gas per unit time 1 change of colour intensity per unit time ll formation of precipitate per unit time IV __ increase in the mass of reactant per unit time land II only Ill and IV only I, I and Ill only vouwe Il, land IV only 3. The graph shows the volume of gas produced against time for the reaction of sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. Time/ second Page 12 | update: Jan 2011 [ellguadura. wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction The gradient of the graph decreases with time because A catalyst is not used B temperature of reaction decreases C volume of mixture decreases D concentration of hydrochloric acid decreases Measuring of Rate of Reaction 1. Rate of reaction can be measured by two methods: a. Average Rate of Reaction b, Instantaneous Rate of reaction A. Average Rate of Reaction 1. Average Rate of Reaction is the rate of reaction over an interval time 2. The formula: =__change in a quantity of reactant Or =__ change in a quantity of product time taken for the reaction complete time taken for the reaction complete Example 1: The average of rate of reaction 1. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc produces hydrogen gas. The reaction is complete in 50 seconds and the maximum volume of gas produced is 25 em’, What is the average rate of the reaction? Solution: ‘The maximum gas is 25 cm’, Time taken is 50 seconds Used formula =_volume gas produce = 0.5 em*s! time taken Page 13 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction 2. The table shows the total volume of hydrogen gas collected at regular time interval for the reaction between magnesium and nitric acid. Time/ s 0 | 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 Gas volume / cm? | 0 15 | 25 | 30 | 30 What is the average rate of the reaction? Solution : Form the data, there are two times taken is equal to volume. Choose the 90 second because from there, the reaction is completed Used formula =_volume gas produce = 30 = 0.33 cm? st time taken 90 The average rate of reaction in time 3. Table below shows the total volume of gas collected at regular intervals in a reaction. Time/s 0 [30 [60 [90 | 120] 150 | 180 ] 210 Volume of gas/cm? |0 | 2.0 | 3.7 |5.2 |6.4 |7.3 8.6 | 8.6 What is the average rate of reaction in the second minute ? Solution: ‘he question WANTS the interval rate of reaction between second minute. The second minute - the first minute Used formula = (Vat 120s V at 60s) = 6.4-3.7 = 0.045 em? st 1205 - 60s 120 - 60 Page 14 | update: Jan 2017 [ellguadura. wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction 4. Table below shows the total volume of gas evolved at different intervals for the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide. Time (min) 0.0] 10] 15] 20 | 25 | 30 Volume of gas (cm®) 0.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 28.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 What is the average rate of reaction in the second minute? Solutio: Same like the method above. BUT the different is time in minute, NOT SECONDs Used formula = (Vat 2minute ~ Vat 1 minute) minute ~ 1 minute s = 28.0 - 10.0 = 0.3 cm? s! @ 28.0 - 10.0 = 18.0 cm? min? 120 - 60 2-1 B. Instantaneous Rate of Reaction 1, Instantaneous Rate of Reaction is the rate of reaction at any given time. 2. To determine the Instantaneous Rate of Reaction, MUST draw the graph first. 3. Steps to determine Instantaneous Rate of Reaction: i, Draw the graph based on the data given . Draw a tangent to the graph curve at time given by question must ONLY touch at the time at the graph curve. iii, Calculate the gradient of curve = different Y axis different X axis Example 2: 1, An experiment was done to determine the rate of reaction between 100 cm* hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm and excess calcium carbonate chips. The volume of gas evolved during the reaction is recorded every 20 seconds as shown in Table Page 15 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction | Time/s je [50 60 [90 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 [Volume ofgas/em? [0 |2.0 [3.7 /5.2/6.4 [7.3 [86 [86 Based on the data, determine the rate of reaction at (i) 60 seconds (ii) 150 seconds (iii) 210 seconds Solution: (i) 60 seconds From graph, The rate of reaction at 60 seconds = the gradient graph at 60seconds 0.05 cm! s" [jawapan ikut graph pelajar] (i) 150 seconds From graph, The rate of reaction at 150 seconds = the gradient graph at 150seconds = +- 0.04 cm! s* [jawapan ikut graph pelajar] (iii) 210 seconds From graph, The rate of reaction at 210 seconds = the gradient graph at 210seconds 0.00 cm® s* [tangen is equal to horizontal line] Conclusion: 1, Rate of reaction is decrease per time taken. This because, the number of particles of reactants decrease to produce the product. 2. At 210 seconds, rate of reaction is null. Because the reactants already reacted completely. Page 16 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 — Rate of reaction Page 17 | update: ian 2011 [eikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction Exercise 2: 1, An experiment was done to determine the rate of reaction between 50 cm* hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol dm and excess calcium carbonate chips. The volume of gas evolved during the reaction is recorded every 20 seconds as shown in below. Time (s} 0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | 120 | 140 | 160 Total volume | 0.00 | 24.00 | 33.00 | 39.00 | 43.50 | 46.50 | 48.00 | 49.00 | 49.00 of COp gas evolved{ cm: ) (a) Write the chemical equation for this reaction. [1M] +.CaCO3 + 2 HCl > CaCl, + CO2 + H20... (b) Draw the graph of the volume of carbon dioxide gas against time on the graph paper. [4 M] (c) Calculate the rate of reaction at 80 seconds. [2M] 0.19/0.18 cm*s_ [Range answer 0.13 - 0.23] (d) Calculate the average of reaction for this reaction. [2M] 0.35 cm? s1 (e)Calculate the average of reaction in second minute for this reaction. [2M] 0.15 cms s! Page 18 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 — Rate of reaction Page 19 | update: ian 2071 [eikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction () Based on the graph in (b), how does the rate of reaction changes with time? Explain your answer. [2M] Rate of reaction decreases because reactant in reaction reacted completely {explanation [Explanation : at first, rate of reaction - Higher, Then in the middle - decrease last - reaction stop} (g) Suggest two ways to increase the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. [2M] 1. Used CaCOs in powder 2. Used high concentration of HCI 2. Table below shows the data obtained by a student in an experiment to investigate the rate of hydrogen peroxide dissociation using manganese (IV) oxide as a catalyst. Time (min) 0.0 0.5 1.0 LS 2.0 25 3.0 3.5 4.0 45 Volume of “9.00 | 18.00 | 31.00 | 39.00 | 43.00 | 46.00 | 48.00 | 49.00 | 50.00 | 50.00 oxygen (cms) (a) Write the chemical equation for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. [1M] 2 H2O2 --- > 2 H2O + Oz (b) (i) Using the data in table above, draw a graph of the volume of oxygen gas against time in the graph paper provided below. [3 M] (ii) Based on the graph in (e\(i), calculate the rate of reaction at 90 seconds and show the tangent on the graph in (e) (ii). [2 M] 0.18 - 0.25 cms" | 11 - 15 em? min-1 Page 20 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 — Rate of reaction Page 21 | update: ian 2017 [eikauadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction (iii) Calculate the average of reaction for this reaction. [2M] 12.5 cm? min? (iv) Calculate the average of reaction in third minute for this reaction. [2M] 5m? min’ B. factors that affecting of Rate of Reaction A student is able to: + design experiment to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction, + give examples of reactions that are allected by size of reactant, concentration, temperature and catalyst, + explain how each factor affects the rate of reaction, describe how factors affecting the rate of reaction are applied in daily life and industrial processes, + solve problems involving factors affecting rate of reaction, ‘There are 5 factors that affect the rate of reaction a. Size of reactant (in solid) b. Concentration of reactant (the solution) c. Temperature of reaction (in solution) d. Catalyst ¢, Pressure (External pressure of a gascous in a reaction mixture) Page 22 | update: Jan 2011 [eflguadura. wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction a, Size of Reactant (SOLID) 1, Some chemical reactions involve reactants in the solid state. 2. When a pi surface area of the reactant is bigger. The more surface area exposed for of solid reactants is broken up into smaller pieces, the total collision to take place between the particles of reactants. 3. Then, the rate of reaction is higher. 4. Example, the reaction between Hydrochloric acid, HCl and calcium carbonate, CaCOs. Size of calcium carbonate, CaCO; | Granules (Big size) | Powder (small size) Total surface area | Smaller Larger Time taken | Long ‘Short 5. The graph for volume of cz bon dioxide gas per time taken for granule and powder calcium carbonate, CaCOs. Volume of Carbon dioxide, CO2/ cm* powder Granule time/s Page 23 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction b. Concentration of reactant 1, Concentration refers to “the quantity of solute, in given of volume of solution, which is 1 dm”. 2. Concentration can be determined used the formula: Concentration in mol dm-* Concentration in g dm =_Number of moles of solute (mol) =_mass of solute (g) volume of solution(dm®) volume of solution (dm) Example: Hydrochloric acid 1.0 moldm> 2.0 g mol 3. When used more reactants, the reactants become more concentrated. 4. The number of particles in reactant is increase. Then collisions to take place between the particles of reactants also increase. 5. Then the rate of reaction became higher. 6. Example, time taken for the formation of precipitation of sulphur, S (yellow solid) from the reaction between of sodium thiosulphate (VI), NayS.Os with sulphuric acid, H2SO, used different concentration. Concentration of sodium thiosulphate (VI), Na2S203 | Concentrated | Dilute Number of particles Many less Time taken Short Long 7. The graph for concentration of sodium thiosulphate (VI), NayS.Os per time taken Concentration / mol dm® Times Page 24 | update: Jan 2017 [eflgguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction 8. The graph for concentration of sodium thiosulphate (VI}, NaxS.Os per 1/time taken Concentration / mol dm? 1/Time /s* c. Temperature of mixture 1, When the reactants absorb the heat energy, the temperature of the reaction mixture is increase. 2. The particles of reactants gain more kinetic energy and move faster. 3. More collisions take place between the particles. The rate of reaction is higher. 4. When cooling the mixture, it will slow down the particles. Fewer collisions take place between the particles. 5. Example, time taken for the formation of precipitation of sulphur, S (yellow solid) from the reaction between of sodium thiosulphate (VI), NasS,Os with sulphuric acid, H)SO, used different temperature. Temperature of sodium thiosulphate (VI), NazS20. | High | Low Kinetic energy High | Low Time taken Short | Long 6. The graph for temperature of sodium thiosulphate (VI), NaxS,Os per time taken Temperature / °C Time/s Page 25 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction 7. The graph for temperature of sodium thiosulphate (VI), NazSOs per 1/time taken Temperature / °C 1/Time/s* d. Catalyst 1, Definition of catalyst is substance that changes the rate of chemical reactions. 2. Properties of catalyst i, Does not change of amount of products formed in a reaction. ii, Unchanged chemically at the end of the reactions. However, ean changes physically. For examples, granules could become powder. iii, Not “used up” in the reaction. The amount of catalyst is the same before and after the reaction. iv. It is speeifie. Different chemical reactions, different catalyst used. v. Only small amount of catalyst is needed to catalyse a reaction. vi. Less effective when impurities. 3. When a reaction happens, the catalysts prepare the alternative path by lower the activation energy. 4. More collisions take place between the particles. The rate of reaction is higher. 5. Example, the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, HO, to produce oxygen gas. Page 26 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction | Presence of catalyst, Manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2 | Presence | Absent | | Time taken | Short | Long | 6. The graph for volume of oxygen gas per time taken (with present and absent catalyst) Volume of oxygen gas, O2/ cm* With catalyst Without catalyst Chemical Reaction time/s 7. The example of chemical reactions uses catalyst: Catalyst Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide 2H202 jy -- > 2H20 «+ Or) Manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2 Lead (II) oxide, PbO Lead (IV) oxide, PbO. Decomposition Potassium chlorate (V) 2KCIOs 1g) -- > 2KCliy + 30216 Reaction of zinc, Zn and hydrochloric acid Zi + ZHCliaq) > ZNClojaq) + Hoye Manganese (IV) oxide, MnOz Copper (II) oxide, CuO Zinc Oxide, ZnO Silicon (IV) oxide, SiO» Copper (I) sulphate, CuSO; Copper (II) chloride, CuCh Copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NOs)2 e. Pressure (External pressure of a gaseous in a reaction mixture) 1, Pressure ONLY changes the rate of reversible reaction that involves the gas reactant and gas products. Pressure DOES NOT affect the rate of reaction for the reactants in form of solids or liquids. 2. A gascous reaction mixture is affected by external pressure. Page 27 | update: Jan 2017 [eflguadura. wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction 3. Increasing the external pressure is the same a decreasing the volume of the gaseous reaction mixture. 4. When the volume is decrease, it make the concentration of gas is increase. More collis ion will take pla ‘Then the rate of reaction is higher 5. Example, the production of ammonia, NHs. This production used iron, Fe as catalyst, 200 atm pressure and 400°C — 500 °C temperature. Nowy + SHag SS ANH Pressure affect this reaction because a. This is a reversible reaction b. Itinvolves gas reactants c. It involves gas products Summary for factors that effecting the rate of reaction Rate of Factors Explanation Reaction Size ‘Small size, total surface area is larger High (solid) big size, total surface area is smaller Low The number of particles in solution Concentration | High concentration, number of particles is High (solution) many Low low concentration, number of particles is less Involve kinetic energy, movement of Temperature | particles High (solution) High temperature, kinetic energy increase Low Low temperature, kinetic energy decrease Definition - alternate the rate of reaction Catalyst Presence of catalyst High (solution) absent of catalyst Low External pressure will affect the volume Pressure , . on high pressure, the volume decrease High gas) Low pressure, the volume increase Low Page 28 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction C. Collision theory A student is able to: ‘© relate reaction with energy produced by movement and effective collision of particles, describe activation energy, sketch and describe energy profile diagram relate the frequency of effective collisions with the rate of reaction relate the frequency of elective collisions with factors influencing the rate of reaction describe how a certain factor affects the collision of particles in a reaction, 1. To produces the product in chemical reactions, the reactions must satisfy Collision Theory. Collision Theory says: a. The colliding reactant particles must have enough energy. b. The reactant particles must be oriented correctly when they collide. 2. Collisions that produces the product, is called Effective Collisions. 3. For a collision to be affective, the colliding reactant particles must have a minimum amount of energy called the activation energy. Symbol by Ea. 4. If the colliding reactant particles have equal to or more than Ea, then their collision will be effective. 5. If the colliding reactant particles have less than Ea, then their collision will not be effective. 6. To shows the change in energy as the reactant change to become the products in a chemical reaction, use an energy profile diagram. Energy A reactants / ¥ |__produets eee, An energy profile diagram Page 29 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction 7. Explanation how the collision theory affected the factor affecting rate of reaction i, Explain how the factor that affect the rate of reaction affected. . The affective collisions between particles increa iii. The frequency of affective collisions between particles increase. iv. The conclusion. Rate of reaction increase a. Effect of the size of reactants 1. The smaller the size of solid reactant, the larger total surface area exposed to collision. More particles collide with each other. 2. The affective collisions between particles increase. 3. The frequency of affective collisions between particles also increases. 4. Rate of reaction increase / higher. b. Effect of concentration 1. The higher the concentration of solution reactant, the greater number of particles per unit volume. More particles collide with each other. 2. The affective collisions between particles increase. 3. The frequency of affective collisions between particles also increases. 4. Rate of reaction increase / higher. c. Effect of temperature 1. The higher the temperature of solution reaction, the kinetic energy of particles inereases. The particles move faster. More particles collide with each other. 2. The affective collisions between particles increase. 3. The frequency of affective collisions between particles also increases 4. Rate of reaction increase / higher. Page 30 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction 4. Effect of catalyst 1. The presence of catalyst, alternate the rate of reaction by providing an alternative pathway of reaction which has lower activation energy. More particles collide with each other. 2. The affective collisions between particles increase. 3. The frequency of affective collisions between particles also increases. 4. Rate of reaction increase / higher. 5. The activation energy and the energy profile diagram involving with catalyst Energy B<& reaction path without catalyst reaction path with catalyst |_ produc Progress of reaction e. Effect of pressure 1. The higher the pressure of reactant involving gaseous reactants, the gas more concentrated. The number of particles per unit volume increases. More particles collide with each other. 2. The affective collisions between particles increase. 3. The frequency of affective collisions between particles also increases. 4. Rate of reaction increase / higher. Page 31 | update: Jan 2017 [eflguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction Summary of relationship between factors that affecting the rate of reaction, collision frequency and the rate of reaction Effective Collision Rate of Factors Change Effect collision Frequency reaction frequency More total surface area Smaller size Incr Higher Size of exposed for collisions reactant | Less the surface area Larger size Decreases | Decre Lower exposed for collisions Tncrease More reactant particles Increases | Increases | Higher Concentration | concentration | per unit volume of reactant | Decrease Less reactant particles Decreases | Decreases | Lower concentration | per unit volume Higher Reactant particles Temperature | : : Increases | Increases | Higher ‘Temperature | move faster of reaction Lower Reactant particles mixture Decreases | Decreases | Lower Temperature | move slower Reaction follow path of Present : Higher lower Es Catalyst Reaction follow path of Absent : Deer Lower higher E. External Higher | More reactant particl . Increases | Increases | Higher pressure of a_| pressure per unit volume reaction mixture Lower Less reactant particles containing Decreases Lower pressure per unit volume gaseous reactants D. Application of rate of reaction A student is able to: + “Apply knowledge on factors affecting the rate of reaction in everyday activities, + Adopt problem solving approaches and make rational decisions based on research. Page 32 | update: Jan 2017 [eflguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Rate of reaction a, In Daily Life 1. Cooking of smaller pieces of food foods that are sliced small are cooked in a shorter time due to the larger total surface area exposed to heat during cooking. 2. Burning of charcoal When a smaller piece of charcoal is used, food is cooked in a shorter time as smaller pieces of charcoal burns faster and produces more heat per unit time. 3. Storing of food in a refrigerator Foods which are kept in a refrigerators can last longer as the act microorganisms are slowed down at the lower temperature. 4. Cooking of food in a pressure cooker The higher pressure in a pressure cooker increases the boiling point of water and speed up cooking, b, In Industrial process 1, Knowledge of the factors affecting the rate of reaction can also be applied in the industries in choosing the optimum temperature and pressure to avoid incurring with large expenses 2. Catalyst is normally used to increase the rates of industrial process. Proce: Haber process | Contact process | Ostwald process Manufacturing | Ammonia Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Catalyst Iron Vanadium (V) oxide Platinum [Temperature | 450 °C | 450 °C 900 °C. [Pressure | 200atm | latm Tatm Page 33 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura wordpress.com