Oosa

META
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META

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ISBN 978-92-64-20323-5 (PDF)

: OECD Public Governance Reviews
ISSN 2219-0406 ()
ISSN 2219-0414 ( )
European Union
Catalogue number: KE-01-13-428-EL-C (print)
Catalogue number: KE-01-13-428-EL-N (PDF)
ISBN 978-92-79-32294-5 (print)
ISBN 978-92-79-32293-8 (PDF)
.
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OECD 2013
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rights@oecd.org.
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Caroline Varley. Caroline Varley,
Stphane Carcillo,
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Sophia Katsira, Rolf Alter, Martin Forst, Stefano
Scarpetta Monika Queasier.
Piritta Sorsa, Claude Giorno,
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Benedict Clements, Mauricio Soto Katja Funke.
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Distributional Impact of the Crisis in Greece, EUROMOD Working Paper No. EM3/11
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Adema, W., P. Fron and M. Ladaique (2011), Is the European Welfare State Really
More Expensive?: Indicators on Social Spending, 1980-2012; and a Manual to the
OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX), OECD Social, Employment and
Migration Working Papers, No. 124, OECD Publishing.
Callan, Tim et al. (2011), The Distributional Effects of Austerity Measures:
A Comparison of Six EU Countries, EUROMOD Working Paper, No. EM6/11.
Carcillo, S. and D. Grubb (2006), From Inactivity to Work: The Role of Active Labour
Market Policies, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 36,
OECD Publishing.
Dolgoff, R., D. Feldstein and L. Skelnik (1993), Understanding Social Welfare,
3rd edition, Longman.
Hellenic Statistical Authority (2012), Statistics on Income and Living Conditions 2011,
Press Release, 2 November, Athens.
Matsaganis, M. and C. Leventi (2011), The Distributional impact of the Crisis in
Greece, EUROMOD Working Paper, No. EM3/11.
OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms, http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/index.htm.
OECD (2011), Greece: Review of the Central Administration, OECD Publishing,
doi: 10.1787/9789264102880-en.
OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX), doi: 10.1787/socx-data-en.
Statistics
on
Income
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Living
Conditions
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: Venn, D. (2012), Eligibility Criteria for Unemployment Benefits: Quantitative Indicators for OECD
and EU Countries, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 131, OECD Publishing.
doi:10.1787/5k9h43kgkvr4-en.

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: @ OO 2013
2. 55
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: 2013
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2. 57
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2. 59
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2. 61

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: @ OO 2013
2. 63
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2. 65
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2. 67
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OECD Publishing.
ESSPROS (2010), http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/social_protection/
data.
OECD Family Benefit
benefitcalculator.htm.
Calculator,
www.oecd.org/social/soc/benefitsandwagestax-

OECD Labour Force Survey, doi: 10.1787/lfs-lfs-data-en.
OECD Social Expenditure Database, doi: 10.1787/els-socx-data-en.
OECD, Tax Benefit
benefitcalculator.htm.
Calculator,
www.oecd.org/social/soc/benefitsandwagestax-
OECD (2011), OECD Employment

doi: 10.1787/empl_outlook-2011-en.
Outlook
2011,
OECD
Publishing,
Venn, D. (2012), Eligibility Criteria for Unemployment Benefits: Quantitative Indicators

for OECD and EU Countries, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working
Papers, No. 131, OECD Publishing, doi: 10.1787/5k9h43kgkvr4-en.
: @ OO 2013
3. 69
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: @ OO 2013
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: Department for Work and Pensions and HM Treasury (2010), Universal Credit White Paper,
Department for Work and Pensions, London; National Audit Office (2011), Means Testing, National
Audit Office, London; Department for Work and Pensions (2012), Explanatory Memorandum Universal
Credit Regulations, Department for Work and Pensions, London.
,
. 3.1
, ,
: 2013
72 3.
.

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: @ OO 2013
3. 73
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3. 75
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2010-11, , ,
17 .
.
: Immervoll, H. (2010), Minimum Income Benefits in OECD Countries: Policy Design,
Effectiveness and Challenges, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 100,
OECD Publishing, doi: 10.1787/218402763872; National Audit Office (2011), Means Testing, report by
the Comptroller and Auditor General, HC1464, Session 2010-2012, National Audit Office, London;
Van Oorshot, W. (2002), Targeting Welfare: On the Functions and Dysfunctions of Means-Testing in
Social Policy, in P. Townsend and D. Gordon (eds.), World Poverty: New Policies to Defeat an Old
Enemy, The Policy Press, Bristol, United Kingdom.
* : Guarantee Credit 60
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: @ OO 2013
3. 79
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Glance 2011, OECD Publishing, doi: 10.1787/gov_glance-2011-en.
2011, 7% (
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3. 83
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: OECD (2007), Benefits and Wages 2007, OECD Publishing, doi: 10.1787/ben_wages-2007-en.
: 2013
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3. 85
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OECD Publishing.
Department for Work and Pensions and HM Treasury (2010), Universal Credit White
Paper, Department for Work and Pensions, London.
Department for Work and Pensions (2012), Explanatory Memorandum Universal Credit
Regulations, Department for Work and Pensions, London.
Immervoll, H. (2010), Minimum Income Benefits in OECD Countries: Policy Design,
Effectiveness and Challenges, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working
Papers, No. 100, OECD Publishing, doi: 10.1787/218402763872.
National Audit Office (2011), Means Testing, report by the Comptroller and Auditor
General, HC1464, Session 2010-2012, National Audit Office, London.
OECD National Accounts Database (2012), doi: 10.1787/na-data-en.
OECD (2007), Benefits and Wages 2007, OECD Publishing, doi: 10.1787/ben_wages2007-en.
OECD (2011), Government at
doi: 10.1787/gov_glance-2011-en.
Glance
2011,
OECD
Publishing,
Van Oorshot, W. (2002), Targeting Welfare: On the Functions and Dysfunctions of

Means-Testing in Social Policy, in P. Townsend and D. Gordon (eds.), World
Poverty: New Policies to Defeat an Old Enemy, The Policy Press, Bristol,
United Kingdom.
: @ OO 2013
4. 87
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4. 89
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143

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). 2009, 66% (,
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: @ OO 2013
149
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- 20-29

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.
, ...
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.
: @ OO 2013
151
.2.
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(. )
(% )

(% )
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(%)
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, , ,
)
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(ii) 2 [] (,
, )
3.300
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(i)+(ii)
7.277
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: -SILC (2010) .
.3.
-SILC ( 2009)

20%
30%
40%
20% 30% 40% 20%
30%
40%
20,5
10,7
1.148
1.532
1.934
21,9 20,5 20,5 4,7
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.
: -SILC (2010).
: 2013
152
2. -

, (
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%
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300
50%
250
40%
200
30%
150
20%
100
10%
50
0%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
0
2010
: , .
2009, ( ),

190.000 ( .4)
41%.

-SILC, 376.000
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, .
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: @ OO 2013
153
.
,
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,
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2008 .
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9-12 , (
).
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.
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1-4
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9-12
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5-8
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9-12
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: -SILC (2010).

, (
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.
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: 1,
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1
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: @ OO 2013
155

,
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2009.

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( . )

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30% 1.600
40% 23.745
20% 141.417
1%
2%
2%
2%
4%
4%
26%
4.464
8.457
9.705
8.540
18.661
22.806
140.478
20,5%
20,5%
20,5%
20,4%
20,3%
20,3%
18,8%
21
36
41
37
76
92
546
18
33
38
33
72
88
543
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30% 222.316
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221.377
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859
856
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: 2013
156
: . ()
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2%
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11.182
71.252
20,5%
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20,5%
20,4%
20,4%
19,7%
11
19
21
19
39
47
279
7
15
18
15
35
44
276
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113.489
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112.550
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439
435
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515
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157
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10 (Leventi et al., 2010).

, , , ,
, . .

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. ,
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.
.
: 2013
158
( )

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.
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).
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1
2
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4
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, 21
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, , ,
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: @ OO 2013
159
.9.
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3:
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4:

,

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20%
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(.)
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217
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26
41
64
146
236
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327

(% )
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47
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76
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117
0,05%
: -SILC (2010).
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=20.5%)
(
=11.590
)
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(
)
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)
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1
[]

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188.769
52.478
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285.368
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400.918
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2
[],

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51.231
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3
[]
,

4
[]
,

30%
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51.172
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88.934
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46.704
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179.221
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300.829
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285.368
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6.222
20,5%
40%
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4%
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376.636
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20,6%
20%
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2%
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30%
57.614
84.232
3%
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57.495
3,72
6.059
20,5%
40%
88.934
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4%
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83.749
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6.856
20,5%
: (), ,
. ,
. , 1 3
2 4.
1 3, ,
. 2 4.
: -SILC (2010).
: 2013
160
4.

.
1,2 . 2009,
, 0,5% .
-SILC, 300.000
2009, 10.000
, 230.000 ,
11% 18 .

22 ( ,

), (. .11).
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( . )
( )
3 ()
208
217
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144
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78
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.
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( , , ). ,
, .
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.

( ) .
OAE
, .
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).
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2006, ,
: @ OO 2013
161
( 67%),
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( )
. 42,71 E
2008.
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,
.
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: 2013
162
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).
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-SILC .
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2
-SILC.

16.
.

2009, 50
, 30%
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271 . 930 . ( 0,4% ).
475.000 752.000 (
18 ).
,
,
.
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, .23
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.
.12.
( 2009)

:
(. )
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189
1.011
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271
930
0,40%
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352
849
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(. - )
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: 210.000 ,
350.000 , 60%.
: -SILC .
: @ OO 2013
163

(
=20,5%)
(
=11%)
325.884
526.317
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16%
263.743
242.313
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475.224
752.645
5.450
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250.855
362.425
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40%
611.475
977.920
6.362
30%
240.160
486.780
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( )
20%
( )
( 10.057
)
.13.
( 2009)
: 210.000 ,
350.000 , 60%.
() .
.
: -SILC .
5.

.
. ,
,
, . -SILC,
3 -:
, /.
570 ,
420 , ()
12 2009.
1% , 500.000
( ) .
,
7.300 2009.
.
, .
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3 : ,
/ .
390 ,
229 , 12
2009.
,
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, -SILC -
: 2013
164
, . , ,
() .
.14
-SILC
2009. -SILC
(1,1 . 2,3 . ),
. -SILC,
1,5% ,
. , ,
(. .15).
.14. 2009-2010
( .)
( )
( )
854
32
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0
115
7
266
0
59
4
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7
166
198
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3
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22
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161
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( )

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.
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.
:
1. .
.
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). , ,
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(. .15).
: @ OO 2013
165

,
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2. :
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,
300 (
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:
(, , , ,
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.
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2009
151.000
146.000
82.000
84.000
50.000
2008
169.000
166.000
82.000
96.000
57.000
2007
138.000
135.000
75.000
89.000
58.000
: 1. / . 2.
. 3. .
: .
: 2013
166
,
, :
, ..
, , .
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). 12 (
).
,
( )
12
().

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. ,
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.
: ,

. ,
-.

. ,

( -SILC)
,
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,
30% ( ),
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150.000 , 100% .25
1 1,8 ,
,

0,3% 0,6% .
20,5% 20,3% .
: @ OO 2013
167
.16
.18.
.16.
( 2009):

: (%

)
20%
(. )
1.666

(. )
657
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0,7%
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872
1.451
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40%
958
1.364
0,6%
: -SILC .
.17.
( 2009):
1.374

1
(. )
948
30%
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601
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492
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: (%

)

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1
(% )
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: 1. ()
.
: .
3.699
17
20,7%
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20,3%
40%
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50.234
34.184
117%
2,8
5.158
13,4
20,3%

( = 20,5%)
2,88
107%

( = 481)
81%
41.740

( =7.257)
65.904
41.785

( =2,89)
26.173
161.420

( )
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( )
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( )

: (%
)
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( 2009):
: ()
.
.
: .
: 2013
168
1.
,
.
2.
,

, .
1,4
(),
.

, Eurostat,
1 , 0,5
14
0,3 14 .(
Eurostat). www.oecd.org/dataoecd/61/52/35411111
.pdf .
3.
10%

,
(2010). http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/26074/1/GreeSE_No_3
1.pdf. -SILC,
.
4.
Hernanz, (2004).
5.

( ,
2011)
( 30% 40%) (, 60%
70%), Matsaganis, , (2010).
6.
.
,
. ,
1 2010, ,
,
30.000 . ,
2006-09,
4%
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,

,
www.iser.essex.ac.uk/files/euromod/countryreports/CR_EL2006-09_final_7-6-11.pdf .
7.
-SILC

Eurostat -SILC.
: @ OO 2013
169
8.
(2010).
9.
60%
10.
1
: ,
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( )
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, .

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/.
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(.. , ,
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, -SILC (2010),
2009, 500
, ,
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, 230 . ,

, 0,8 . .
,
.
14.

,
.
15.
16.

, ,
: 2013
170
'
,
.
.
() 20%
.
17.
Leventi and all ( 2010).
18.
-SILC ,

. -SILC ()

.

12 .

.
EUROMOD .
-SILC .

.
EUROSTAT
-SILC , (,
, ..)
-SILC , :
3
() 3 ()

.
, /
-SILC
.
,
-SILC ,
- .
,
, ,

, , .
,
() ,
, ,
.
-SILC.
.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
: @ OO 2013
171
Hernanz, V., F. Malherbet and M. Pellizzari (2004), Take-Up of Welfare Benefits in

OECD Countries: A Review of the Evidence, OECD Social, Employment and
Migration Working Papers, No. 17, OECD Publishing, doi: 10.1787/525815265414.
Leventi, C., M. Matsaganis and P. Tsakloglou (2010), EUROMOD Country Report:
Greece,
2005-2008,
www.iser.essex.ac.uk/euromod/resources-for-euromodusers/country-reports.
Matsaganis, M. and M. Flevotomou (2010), Distributional Implications of Tax Evasion
in Greece, GreeSE Paper No. 31, Hellenic Observatory Papers on Greece and
Southeast Europe, Hellenic Observatory, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/26074/1/GreeSE_No_
31.pdf.
Matsaganis, M. and C. Leventi (2011), The Distributional Impact of the Crisis in
Greece,
Athens
University
of
Economics
and
Business,
Athens,
http://wpa.deos.aueb.gr/docs/The_distributional_impact_of_the_crisis_in_Greece.pdf.
Matsaganis, M., H. Levy and M. Flevotomou (2010), Non Take Up of Social Benefits in
Greece and Spain, EUROMOD Working Paper Series, No. EM7/10,
www.iser.essex.ac.uk/publications/working-papers/euromod/em7-10.pdf.
: 2013
E 173

. :

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,
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,
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.
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: 2013
174 E

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/
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,
,
. ,
2010
80%
( E.1).
: @ OO 2013
E 175
E.1.
160%
140%
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
: Eurostat, ( COFOG)
.
E.1.

'

: ,
, , , AIDS, , ,
, Hansen

: 2013
176 E
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()

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: @ OO 2013
E 177
E.1. (.)

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4

:
:
:
:
:
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( ) , 2010,

: 2013
179

2010*

. 2010,
,
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.
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51,0%
51%
50,2%
50%
49%
48%
47,1%
47%
46%
45%
: , ,
2010.
: OECD National Accounts Database (2012), doi: 10.1787/na-data-en.

.
,
.
: 2013
180

.1. (COFOG)
(COFOG)

(
, . .1):
, ,
( ).

2010
COFOG
( .2).
,
3,8% , 2
(5,7% 5,8% , ).
,

.
4
1
.

COFOG
.
.

,
.
: @ OO 2013
181
.2.
(2010)

20%
18%
16%
14%
12%
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4%
2%
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: ,
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, , , .
, .1.

2010,
, ,
,
( .3). , ,
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) , ,
.
( 9
),
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).
: 2013
182
.3.
(2010)
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22,2%
,
35,8%
, 4,3%

,
3,4%
,
8,8%
,
7.,%
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,
, 1,2%
, 14,9%

,
1,2%
,
, 0,8%
,
13,4%
,
35,6%
, 3,6%

,
3,8%
,
11,3%
,
12,2%
,
,
, 2,8%
E-17
,
36,4%

,
1,6%
,
, 1,9%
, 13,9%
,
13,4%
, 2,8%

,
3,9%
,
11,7%

,
1,5%
,
11,4%
,
,
, 2,8%
, 14,1%
, 1,9%
: COFOG, . .
, , ,
, , , ....,
.... ,
(....: /- ).
: OECD National Accounts Database (2012), doi: 10.1787/na-data-en; OECD (2011), Government at a
Glance 2011, OECD Publishing, doi: 10.1787/gov_glance-2011-en.
: @ OO 2013
183

11% 22%
. ,
COFOG
. .4
. 2010,

,
.
5,8% 4,1%
.
.4. -
(2010)

,

()

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
: ,
,
. ....= /- .
: Eurostat, ( COFOG) [gov_a_exp] (2012).

. .5
. 2010,
89%
, 9
(80,1% ).

2011
2012,
, , 24%
( 1.1), 1,5
: 2013
184
(18% ) (7,5% )
2010 (OECD National
Accounts Database). (COFOG)
( .3),
,
.
.5.
(2010)

100%
90%
0,1%
11,0%

1,6%
18,3%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
89,0%
80,1%
30%
20%
10%
0%
17

.2. (95)
(95),
, ,

COFOG .
95 :
(),
(),
(),
(),
, ,

,
(),
: @ OO 2013
185

.6
2010
. 2010,
20,8% ,
2,6 (23,4% )
0,8 (21,6% ).1

.

( 3
),
.
.6.
(2010)

/

0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%

( )
.

.
,
,
.
(ILO Labour Statistics)
(OECD Labour Force
Statistics),
: 2013
186
. 2009, ,
8% (
),
( .7). , .

2009
17% (
), ,
2 (
.8).2 , ,

.

. ,

.
2000 2009,
.
.7.
(2001 2009)
%
2009
2001
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
32
: , , , , , :
2008 2009. : 2007 2009. :
2006 2009. : 2005 2009. :
2000 2001. .
(32) 2001.
( ).
, , ,
() ,
, .
: International Labour Organisation (ILO), LABORSTA database; OECD Labour Force Statistics
Database. 8 2012.
: @ OO 2013
187
.
.
.8. (2009)
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
: .
- 2009.
: OECD (2011), OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 2011, OECD Publishing, doi: 10.1787/eco_surveysgrc-2011-en.

. 2011,

2012 2015 ( 2011)
( 50% 2011 10%
) ( , 2011b).

2009-2011. , 17%
2009, 770.000 .

727.000 2011.
6% .
,
3% 2009-2010.
: 2013
188
COFOG
.1. COFOG

, ,

&
....

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: @ OO 2013
189
.1. COFOG (.)

&
....
,

&
....
,

& ,
, ....

-

&
....

....
&
....
: .... = /- .
: OECD (2011), Government at a Glance 2011, OECD Publishing, doi: 10.1787/gov_glance-2011-en.
: 2013
190
.2.
01.1 , ,
01.11
, .
01.12

, ,
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01.13

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01.2
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01.32
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01.33
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01.5 &
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.

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01.6 ....
01.60 ....
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.
01.8
.
: @ OO 2013
191
.3.
10.

.
,
,
.
10.1
10.11

,
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10.12

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10.2
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,

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10.3

( , , , , ) ,
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, ,
.
: 2013
192
.3. (.)
10.4
,
, ,
, , , '
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10.5

,
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10.6

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10.8 &
, (01.4) (01.5).

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10.9 ....
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, ,

(10.1), (10.2), (10.3), (10.4), (10.5), (10.6), (10.7) (10.8).

,
.
,
.
: @ OO 2013
193
COFOG
.
,
COFOG.
,

2 ,
. ,
2
(. ).
.9.
( ), 2010
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
: ,
, , ,
, , ,
( ),
.
, , , , , ,
, , .
,
. , , ,
, , , .
- , .1.
: 2013
194
1.
COFOG,
25,4% ,
4,7 .
,
COFOG

.
2.
15%
.
Eurostat (2012), Eurostat - Data Explorer, General government expenditure by function

(COFOG) [gov_a_exp], http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=gov
_a_exp&lang=en.
International Labour Organisation (ILO), LABORSTA database, http://laborsta.ilo.org.
OECD Labour Force Statistics Database, doi: 10.1787/lfs-lfs-data-en.
OECD National Accounts Database (2012), doi: 10.1787/na-data-en.
OECD (2011a), Government at
doi: 10.1787/gov_glance-2011-en.
Glance
2011,
OECD
Publishing,
OECD (2011b), OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 2011, OECD Publishing,

doi: 10.1787/eco_surveys-grc-2011-en.
: @ OO 2013
195

. ,

. ,

,
(OECD Indicators of Benefits and Wages,
www.oecd.org/els/social/workincentives),
- .
, .
( ,
,
), , .

.
,
.

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.

.

.
, , ,
,
.

.

, , :
, , ,
,
: 2013
196
,
.
,
( -
)
.
: ;

- ( .1).
,
.
,
, .
.1.

. , . ,
2,7% 2005 (
1,5% )1,
(Working Tax Credit)
3.173 2011.
, 16 .

,
, 0,75
.
-,
() . ,

8% 2000 ( 4%
). ,

(Pension Credit) 47
2010-11, (State Pension),
, 17 .
.
: 1. ( ) .
: National Audit Office (2011), Means Testing, report by the Comptroller and Auditor General,
HC1464, Session 2010-2012, National Audit Office, London. Van Oorshot, W. (2002), Targeting
Welfare: On the Functions and Dysfunctions of Means-Testing in Social Policy, in P. Townsend and
D. Gordon (eds.), World Poverty: New Policies to Defeat an Old Enemy, The Policy Press, Bristol,
United Kingdom.
: @ OO 2013
197

:
-
,
, .

.
:
, , ;
; ,
,

( .1).
;
T
, .

. ,

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.
, ..
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,
de facto de jure.
: 2013
198
.1.

;

;
HC1464, Session 2010-2012, National Audit Office, London.

.
2010,
.

.
2010,
( .1).
.1.
(2010)
100%
90%
80%
47%
70%
60%
79%
50%
40%
30%
53%
20%
10%
21%
0%

: , . .3 .4.
: OECD Benefits and Wages: OECD Indicators, www.oecd.org/els/social/workincentives.
: @ OO 2013
199
;
,
,
.

,
. 2010, 14
, 6
, 8
( .3).

, . ,
, , ,
,
.

.
,
. ,
( .2).
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(
)
6.000
6.000
10.000

( )
3.000
14.250
6.000
6.000
HC1464, Session 2010-2012, National Audit Office, London.
;

.
,
. ,
: 2013
200
, . ,

.
, ,
, ,

.
,

(Jobseekers Allowance) (Income Support)
. ,
,

.
...,
,

.
, (Special Supplemental Nutrition
Programme for Women, Infants and Children WIC),
(Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
TANF) Food Stamp
.
.
, ,
. , ,

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. , online
,

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;

.
: @ OO 2013
201
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,
. ,
.
,
, .

.
,
.
,
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(1,25%), 5
10 20%. , ,
( )

.

. ,
,
. (Universal Credit)
.
.
(Universal
Credit)
(Universal Credit)
(Jobseekers Allowance),
, ,
, .
,
(Council Tax Benefit). ,
(Housing Benefit),
(Child Tax Credit)
(Working Tax Credit), (Income Support),
(Jobseekers
Allowance)
(Employment and Support Allowance).
2013
.
2012 (Universal
Credit Regulation) ,
. ,
( 25 ,
: 2013
202
25 , 25 ,
25 )
(, , ...). , ..
,
. ,

Real Time Information .
.2.
(2010)
: 1. 50% . 2.
18%. 3. (
5,1% ). 4. 16% , 21% 2 3 .

.
(

).

, (Child Tax Credit)
(Working Tax Credit),
. , ,
, ,
.
: @ OO 2013
203
.3. () (2010)
12.033
18
15.010
39
12.239
6.613
8
17
5.450
16
4.308
10
3.101
352.800
15
14
10.192
32
11.536
24

1.612 , 50% 6.500
. , 60% . :
20.527 . ,
/ 60%.
4.396 .
/ 5.940 .
2.970 .
12.239 .
.
/ 6.432
. 3.036 , 10.176
1.272
. ( 75% , 50%
) .
.
7.267 1/1
12.718 . , 14.532 19.985
.

( ).
.
: 354
.
1.254 , 1.840 2.371

1, 2 3+
.

.
1.200
80% 9.600 90% .
9.600 14.400 (18.000
).
9.098 .
( 90 )
.
,
.
60% 21% 5%
.
.
4.160
, 70%.
.
: 2013
204
.3. () (2010) (.)
4.025
23
83.200
23
3.403
10
5.192
29
4.025 . 1.006
EA .
.

,
45 .
21%
30 .
.
, .
260, 520 1.040 1.940 /
, (.. ) ,
. , .
1/1.
424 (2% )
.
.
: 40 , 22 .
: .
: @ OO 2013
205
.4. (2010)
Kombilohnbeihilfe
Complment de garde d'enfant
Reduced employee social security

contributions
Working Income Tax Benefit
Ontario
Employment/Participation
Start Up Benefit2
Ontario Child Care Supplement for

Working Families (OCCS)
- -

50%

18.000 (47% )
20.400 (53% )
28% 18%
16.650 ( 40% )
26.445 ( 64% )
15%
: 10.500
. : 14.500
(23% 32%
, )
: 16.667 .
: 25.700
(37% 57% , )
8%
20.000 .

Ontario Child
Benefit

36.375 .
33.750 .
(81% 75% ,
)
Earned
Income
llowance
(

: 5%
14.000 (35% )
93.333 (233% )
Earned
income
tax
credit
(
1,2%
33.000 (83% )
88.000 (220% )
: 2013
206
.4. (2010) (.)
Prime pour l' emploi
- -

19,3%
(
5,1%
)
15.334 (44%
)
21.260 32.663
(61% 94%
)
.
17.403 (50%
)
10%

4.800 (11% )
9.600 (23% )
Revenu de solidarite active3
Mini-job
Employee tax credit
12%
3.188.000
(127% )
4.698.000
(187% )
60%
31.304 2
(97% )
--
24%
12.000.000
32%
17.000.000 46%
Family Income Supplement

(FIS)
Continued Child Dependant
Payment (CCDP)
Part-Time Job Incentive
(PTJI)
Revenue Job Assist
PAYE tax credit

Re-employment Allowance
Early Re-employment
Allowance
Tax Allowance for Female
Wage Earners
Earned income tax credit
: @ OO 2013
207
.4. (2010) (.)
- -

47.865
(106% ),
1.433 (
3% )
.
100%
100%
20%

.

,
36.827

77% .
6.240
(13% )
9.880 (21%
)
1,25%
43.385 (96% )
Employment credit
Income dependant combination

credit
Family tax credit
Child tax credit
Additional lone parent credit

Minimum family tax credit
In-work tax credit
Tax credit for income under

NZD 9.880

9.880
20%
Means test on social assistance
: 2013
208
.4. (2010) (.)
- -

Employee tax credit
16%
3.692 (40% )
4.647 (50% )
Child tax credit
Activation Allowance
Earned income tax credit (EITC)
Working tax credit
39%

6.420 (19%
)
18.215 (53%
)
Earned income tax credit
8% , 16%
, 21% 2 3
7.480 ,
16.450 (16%
36% ).
5.010

.
13.460 , 35.535
, 40.363
2 , 43.352
3 (29%, 78%, 88%
95% ).
5.010
.
...
Employee's Monthly Allowance

(

)
12.000 52%
36.000 157%
: . : .
: OECD Benefits and Wages: OECD Indicators, www.oecd.org/els/social/workincentive.
: @ OO 2013
209
National Audit Office (2011), Means Testing, report by the Comptroller and Auditor
General, HC1464, Session 2010-2012, National Audit Office, London.
OECD Benefits and Wages: OECD Indicators, www.oecd.org/els/social/workincentives.
Van Oorshot, W. (2002), Targeting Welfare: On the Functions and Dysfunctions of
Means-Testing in Social Policy, in P. Townsend and D. Gordon (eds.), World
Poverty: New Policies to Defeat an Old Enemy, The Policy Press, Bristol,
United Kingdom.
: 2013
211

(
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.

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vs.
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: 2013
212
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: @ OO 2013
213
(EUROMOD)
,

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ssex Institute for
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: 2013
214

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(EU-SILC),
: @ OO 2013
215

( 1177/2003).
,

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.
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: 2013
216

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META
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264203235-el.
(OECD iLibrary),
, .
www.oecd-ilibrary.org .
isbn 978-92-64-20323-5
42 2013 09 G E
-:HSTCQE=WUXWXZ:
(
, 2007-2013)

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1.1. 2000 2007

(OECD Family Benefit Calculator)

OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms, http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/index.htm.

OECD (2011), OECD Employment

Venn, D. (2012), Eligibility Criteria for Unemployment Benefits: Quantitative Indicators

3.2. /METR 2009

Van Oorshot, W. (2002), Targeting Welfare: On the Functions and Dysfunctions of

Odd Helge Askevold ( ,

Mauricio Soto Katja Funke

: . 5.604, 2, .4093/ 12.11.2012.

O N.4025/2.11.2011 ( 21, .3): ,

.4052/1.3.2012 ( 27, 22):

-SILC 2008, 2009

20% 30% 40% 20%

21,9 20,5 20,5 4,7

21,4 20,5 20,5 4,2

20,5 20,5 20,5 12,6

22,0 20,5 20,5 6,9

21,5 20,5 20,5 6,8

18,6% 1.015 1.012 0,44%

Leventi and all ( 2010).

Hernanz, V., F. Malherbet and M. Pellizzari (2004), Take-Up of Welfare Benefits in

: Eurostat, ( COFOG) [gov_a_exp] (2012).

: Eurostat, ( COFOG) [gov_a_exp] (2012).

.1. COFOG (.)

Eurostat (2012), Eurostat - Data Explorer, General government expenditure by function

OECD (2011b), OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 2011, OECD Publishing,

1.254 , 1.840 2.371

Reduced employee social security

Working Income Tax Benefit

Ontario Child Care Supplement for

Prime pour l' emploi

Revenu de solidarite active3

Employee tax credit

Family Income Supplement

PAYE tax credit

.4. (2010) (.)

Income dependant combination

Child tax credit

Additional lone parent credit

In-work tax credit

Tax credit for income under

Means test on social assistance

Employee tax credit

Child tax credit

Earned income tax credit (EITC)

Working tax credit

Earned income tax credit

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