Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Plate
Ts = 130F
k 0.01535 Btu/h.ft.F
0.1823 10 3 ft 2 /s
Pr 0.7256
L = 2 ft
1
1
0.001778 R -1
Tf
(102.5 460) R
Air
T = 75F
Ra
g (Ts T ) L3
Pr
Nu 0.825
0.492
Pr
8 / 27
0.387 Ra 1 / 6
9 / 16
(0.7256 ) 5.503 10 8
0.825
0.387(5.503 10 8 ) 1 / 6
0.492
0.7256
102.6
8 / 27
9 / 16
k
0.01535 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
(102.6 ) 0.7869 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
L
2 ft
2
2
As L ( 2 ft ) 4 ft 2
h
and
Ls
As
L2
L 2 ft
0.5 ft .
P
4L 4
4
Then,
Ra
g (T s T ) L3c
Pr
ft /s )
(0.7256 ) 8.598 10 6
k
0.01535 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
( 29.24 ) 0.8975 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
Lc
0.5 ft
and
k
0.01535 Btu/h.ft. F
Nu
(14.62) 0.4487 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
Lc
0.5 ft
and
9-49 Water in a tank is to be heated by a spherical heater. The heating time is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The temperature of the outer surface of the sphere is
constant.
Properties Using the average temperature for water (15+45)/2=30
as the fluid temperature, the properties of water at the film
Resistance
temperature of (Ts+T)/2 = (85+30)/2 = 57.5C are (Table A-9)
k 0.6515 W/m.C
0.474 10 6 m 2 /s
Water
T,ave = 30C
Pr 3.12
0.501 10 3 K -1
D = 6 cm
heater
Ts = 85C
D = 6 cm
Ra
g (Ts T ) D 3
2
Nu 2
Pr
0.589 Ra 1 / 4
1 0.469 / Pr
9 / 16 4 / 9
0.589(8.108 10 8 ) 1 / 4
1 0.469 / 3.12
9 / 16 4 / 9
(3.12) 8.108 10 8
89.14
k
0.6515 W/m.C
Nu
(89.14 ) 967.9 W/m 2 .C
D
0.06 m
As D 2 (0.06 m) 2 0.01131 m 2
h
Q
conv hAs (T s T ) (967.9 W/m .C)(0.01131 m )(85 30) 602.1 W
The mass of water in the container is
m V (996 kg/m 3 )(0.040 m 3 ) 39.84 kg
Q
4.994 10 6 J
602.1 J/s
Q
9-57 A heat sink with equally spaced rectangular fins is to be used to cool a hot surface.
The optimum fin height and the rate of heat transfer from the heat sink are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant
properties. 3 The atmospheric pressure at that location is 1 atm.
W = 12.1 cm
k 0.02699 W/m.C
L = 18 cm
1.749 10 5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7241
1
1
0.003145 K -1S
Tf
(45 273) K
65C
T= 25C
Analysis The characteristic length in this case is the height of the surface Lc = L = 0.18
m. Then,
Ra
g (Ts T ) L3
Pr
m /s )
(0.7241) 1.703 10 7
L
0.18 m
2.714
0.007605 m 7.605 mm
1/ 4
Ra
(1.703 107 )1 / 4
The heat transfer coefficient for this optimum fin spacing case is
h 1.307
k
0.02699 W/m.C
1.307
4.638 W/m 2 .C
S
0.007605 m
The criteria for optimum fin height H in the literature is given by H hAc / pk (not in the
text) where Ac/p t/2 for rectangular fins. Therefore,
H
ht
2k
The number of fins and the total heat transfer surface area is
n
w
w
0.121
16 fins
st
s
0.007605
9-67 The absorber plate and the glass cover of a flat-plate solar collector are maintained
at specified temperatures. The rate of heat loss from the absorber plate by natural
convection is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant
properties. 3 Heat loss by radiation is negligible. 4 The air pressure in the enclusure is 1
Absorber
atm.
Plate
80C
Solar
radiation
k 0.02808 W/m.C
2m
1.896 10 5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7202
1
1
0.003003 K -1
Tf
(60 273)K
L = 2.5 cm
Glass
Cover,
40C
Insulation
g (T1 T2 ) L3
Pr
1708
Nu 1 1.44 1
Ra
Ra 1 / 3
1
18
m /s )
(0.7202) 3.689 10 4
1708
1 1.44 1
4
3
.
689
10
(3.689 10 4 ) 1 / 3
1
18
3.223
Then
As H W (2 m)(3 m) 6 m 2
T T2
(80 40)C
Q kNuAs 1
(0.02808 W/m.C)(3.223)(6 m 2 )
869 W
L
0.025 m
For 20 , we obtain
1708
Nu 1 1.44 1
Ra cos
1708
1 1.44 1
(3.689 10 4 ) cos(20)
( Ra cos ) 1 / 3
1
18
(3.689 10 4 ) cos(20) 1 / 3
4
18
(3.689 10 ) cos(20)
T T2
(80 40)C
Q kNuAs 1
(0.02808 W/m.C)(3.152)(6 m 2 )
850 W
L
0.025 m
For 90 , we have vertical rectangular enclosure. The Nusselt number for this geometry
and orientation can be determined from (Ra = 3.689104 - same as that for horizontal
case)
3.152
Nu 0.42 Ra 1 / 4 Pr 0.012
0.3
2m
0.025 m
0.3
1.557
T T2
(80 40)C
Q kNuAs 1
(0.02808 W/m.C)(1.557)(6 m 2 )
420 W
L
0.025 m
Discussion Caution is advised for the vertical case since the condition H/L < 40 is not
satisfied.