Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Submerged Surfaces
Moments of Area
Area:
A
1 a
Sy
xa a
0
Position of centroid
A
Cx
0 xa a
A
0 1 a
A
Cx
Cx
0 xa a
A
Sy
A
Jyy
x2a a
Parallel
Jyy A h2
c + Jcc
Axis
Theorem
Jxy x y x y
A
Jxy
xa ya a
0
Resultant Force
Pressure varies over the surface depending on depth (elevation)
ha
hc
hR
pc
FR
pa
We want to calculate:
Resultant Force, FR
location of Centre of Pressure
The net force is the integral of the pressure over the area
FR 0A pa a
5.31
5.32
We note that is constant and the remaining integral is the first moment of area
FR S y
5.33
Sy A h c
FR A h c
Thrust
5.35
Centre of Pressure
The Resultant Force does not act through the centroid!
This is because the pressure distribution is not constant with elevation.
It acts through the Centre of Pressure, which is at an elevation hR
Taking moments for elements of A, and summing over the entire area
FR hR 0A ha pa a
7.1
7.2
7.3
2
ha a Jyy
0
FR hR Jyy
7.4
7.5
hR
Jyy
A hc
Centre of
Pressure
We can substitute for JYY using the parallel axis theorem to write this in terms of the second moment
of area about the centroid
A h2c + Jcc
A hc
hR hc + Jcc
A hc
Centre of
Pressure
2
Common Name
Area
1st
Sy
1
x A
2nd
J y , Iy
2
x A
Key Relationships
Distance of Centroid from y axis
Cx
Sy
A
First Moment of Area about an axis, y, offset from a parallel axis through the centroid
Sy SC + A Cx
Second Moments of Area about an axis, y, offset from a parallel axis through the centroid
(Parallel Axis Theorem)
Jy JC + A Cx 2
J
A hC
LR L C +
JC
A LC
d
2
FR A d
2
8.1
8.2
FR 409 612.
8.3
10
hR
Jyy
A hc
b d3
Jyy
, A b d, hc
d
2
hR 2 d
8.4
8.5
Alternatively, using the formula involving the second moment about the centroid
hR h c +
JCC
Jcc
A hc
b d3
12
, hc
d
2
, A b d
hR d + 2 Jcc
2
b d2
8.6
11
Inclined Plan
For an inclined plane, the calculation of magnitude of the resultant force is the same.
However, we introduce an additional coordinate system for calculation of centre of pressure.
Fig 4-4
Taking moments about S, which is the intersection of the plane through the surface and the fluid
surface
FR Lp 0A La pa a
9.1
9.2
We can write the distance ha in terms of distance along the plane containing the surface
ha Sin[] La
FR Lp 0A Sin[] L2
a a
9.3
9.4
We note that the integral is merely the second moment of area about the intersection of the surface
plane and the fluid surface
12
2
La a Jyy
0
FR Lp Sin[] Jyy
9.5
9.6
Jyy
A Lc
Lp
Pressure
3
Jcc + A L2c
A Lc
Centre of
Lp Jcc + Lc
Pressure
A Lc
Lc
hc
Sin[]
, Lp
hp
Sin[]
Csc[] hp Csc[] hc +
hp
Sin[] Jcc
A hc
2
hp hc + Sin[] Jcc
A hc
Centre of
Pressure
5
13
Answer
First calculate magnitude
FR A h c
hc
h
2
, A L w
FR 1 h L w
2
10.1
10.2
10.3
FR 1.10557 107
The calculate location of the effective thrust force, using the equation where Jyy is the second
moment of area about the surface line
14
Lp
Jyy
A Lc
L3 w
Jyy
, A L w, Lc
L
2
Lp 2 L
3
10.4
Writing this in terms of vertical heights, and substituting values from (10.3
L h Csc[]
Lp
2
3
h Csc[]
Lp 6.1584
10.4
Answer
First calculate the thrust force
FR A h c
2
A d , 1000 g sg, sg 1.1, g 9.81, hc 3, d 2.4
12.1
FR 146 452.
12.2
15
16
Lp
Jcc
A Lc
d2
4
+ Lc
, JCC
1
4
d
2
, Lc
3
Cos[30 ]
2 Jcc
Lp 2
3 +
Lp 2
3 + 0.0638112 Jcc
3 d2
hp
hp
2
1
2
3 2
3 + 0.0638112 Jcc
12.3
17
Pressure Diagrams
Pressure diagrams show the pressure distribution over a submerged surface. They are most appropriate/helpful for rectangular submerged areas.
18
h
FP
hc
hp
Lp
FH
FR
Fw
The forces are given by products of pressures and areas. Assume the rectangular surface has a
width (normal to the drawing) of y, and spans a distance x in the horizontal plane of the drawing.
Fp h x y
FH d d + h y
2
Fw 1 d x y
2
FR
2
F2
H + (Fp + Fw )
11.1
d
+ h hc
2
d2 + x2 y
We can eliminate FH , Fp , Fw , d, x, y from the equations and solve for the resultant force:
A2 2 h2c F2R
FR A h c
11.2
Note the relationship between the second moment for the plane area, and the second moment for
the vertical projection:
19
20
JC,A 1 d3 y Csc[]3
12
d3 y
JC,V
12
11.3
We can then solve for the centre of pressure by summing moments about the point on the surface
FR LP FH hP + FP xP + FW xW
11.4
11.5
FW 1 A d Cos[]
2
which gives:
A hC LP A Sin[] hC hP + A h Cos[] xP + 1 A d Cos[] xW
11.6
2d
3
+ h Cot[],
2d
3
+h
d
6
+ hC , hP hC +
Csc[] JC,V
A hC
A hC L P
A h Cos[] Cot[] hC +
1
2
A d Cos[] Cot[]
d
6
+ hC + A Sin[] hC hC +
Csc[] JC,V
A hC
11.7
A LC
11.8
LP
1
2
1
12
d2 Cot[]2 +
Sin[]2 JC,A
A
LC
11.9
Sin[]2 JC,A
d2 Cot[]2
+ Sin[]2 LC +
12 LC
A LC
1
2
Cos[]2 JC,A
A LC
J
LP 1 (d + 2 h) Cos[] Cot[] + Sin[]2 LC + C,A
A LC
(d + 2 h) Sin[] LC
LP Cos[]2 LC + Sin[]2 LC +
LP L C +
JC,A
A LC
JC,A
A LC
Cos[]2 JC,A
A LC
Sin[]2 JC,A
A LC
11.11
21
22
(a) If the car has a mass of 2200 kg and encloses a volume of 1.8 m3 , will it remain submerged?
(b) If no water has yet entered the passenger compartment, and given the dimensions shown
above, what is the force of water keeping the door closed?
(c) At what depth below the water surface does that force act?
Answer
If the car has a mass of 2200 kg and encloses a volume of 1.8 m 3, will it remain
submerged?
List our known parameters
Arect 0.9 1.1, Atri
ytri 0.1 +
1
3
1
2
0.9
2
13.1
Buoyant force is equal to the weight of fluid displaced. Weight force is due to mass and gravity
eq[Buoyancy]
eq[Buoyancy]
eq[Buoyancy]
13.2
Fw g m
Fw 21 582.
13.3
The weight force is greater than the buoyant force, so it will remain submerged.
If no water has yet entered the passenger compartment, and given the
dimensions shown above, what is the force of water keeping the door closed?
Calculate the area of the door, substituting values using (13.1)
A Arect - Atri
A 0.8775
13.4
hc 0.588462
13.5
Calculate the force at that depth, substituting values using (13.1), (13,4) and (13.5)
FR A g h c
FR 5065.64
13.6
At what depth below the water surface does that force act?
Calculate the second moment of area about the top of the door
(Note, hc is the depth beneath the water, which includes 0.1 m to the top of the door)
Jdoor Jrect - Jtri
Jrect
1.1 0.93
3
, Jtri
1
12
Jdoor 0.263503
13.7
Offset the second moment of area to the centroid, by rearranging the parallel axis theorem
Jdoor A (- 0.1 + hc )2 + Jcc
Jcc - 1. 1. A (- 0.1 + hc )2 - Jdoor
13.8
23
24
Jcc 0.0541363
13.9
Now use the formula to calculate the centre of pressure (substituting from (13.9), (13.5) and (13.4)
hR h c +
Jcc
A hc
hR 0.693301
13.11