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World History Honors

Midterm Study Guide

Philosophers and the French Revolution

I. Enlightenment – Renaissance
a. Age of reason (opposite of faith/belief) – the governments of this time period of monarchies
b. The study of human nature and society
c. Solve all problems – including government
d. “State of nature” – no government (pure)
i. Technically, the way we are now is also a state of nature (because there is no world government)
II. Philosophers
a. Hobbes
i. Leviathan – (means great sea monster)
1. Ideas – need government to protect rights (individual rights)
ii. Lived during English Civil War (Catholic vs. Protestant)
iii. Concludes that people are naturally selfish and greedy
iv. Life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
1. Not very optimistic
v. State of nature obstructs the protection of rights
vi. Needs a strong leader – supports absolute monarchies
vii. Philosopher King (concept from Greeks) – sets aside own rights for individual rights – however, this conflicts
with human nature
viii. Social Contract – agreement among people to form a government
1. No right to rebel – avoid civil war/anarchy/power to the people
b. Locke
i. Two Treatises on Government
ii. State of nature = happy happy, but reality is not
iii. Must create society
iv. State of nature – everyone is born equal and have natural rights
1. Rights: life, liberty, and property (from God) – the basis of the role of government
v. Consent of the governed to be governed (social contract)
1. Expressed (yes, I want to be ruled)/implied (saying the Pledge) consent
vi. Right to revolution (but not to win.)
c. Rousseau
i. The Social Contract
ii. People are good, but society corrupts them
iii. People are free, but are “in chains” (corruption)
iv. For the common good, not the wealthy
d. Montesquieu (a baron = noble!)
i. Spirit of the Laws
ii. Separation of government (kind of like checks and balances) – idea of limiting government
iii. Admired the British system (the best system)
1. Mixed government – the government should reflect all of the people (House of Lord/Commons –
supposedly, however, really only reflected the wealthy
e. Enlightened Despots (enlightened monarchs) – oxymoron – was not really successful
III. The French Revolution
a. Causes of Revolution
i. Old order – Ancien Regime
1. King/Queen (Louis the 16th and Marie Antoinette)+ 3 estates
2. 1st Estate – Clergy (Roman-Catholic is the state religion) – no laws, 1% of population, no taxes
a. Higher clergy – noble-born (like 2nd, etc. children of nobles, can’t inherit)
b. Lower clergy – from 3rd estate – parish priests (still kind of poor)
nd
3. 2 Estate – Nobles (including knights) – 2% of population, owns 25% of land, no taxes
4. 3rd Estate – 97% of population, poor, must pay tithe (10% of their salary)
ii. Feudal society
1. Kings gave nobles land, nobles responsible for making food and raising armies
2. Peasants must work, borrow/owe materials from the nobles (land and tools), owed dues to nobles
iii. FAMINE
1. Bourgeoisie – middle class – can read (Enlightenment theory) – driving force behind the revolution
a. Artisans – skilled laborers – can be either poor or rich
b. Peasants – largest group – worked the field, owed tithe (to church), had the hardest life
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iv. Financial Crisis
1. Peasants could not pay taxes, nobles are no longer rich
2. Debt – American Revolutionary War
v. Natural causes – drought, etc.
vi. King’s solution
1. Estates General (not used in since 1614)
a. Before: one vote per estate
b. 3rd estate calls for new method: 1 vote per man
i. This is actually good for the King – the people will obviously vote to tax the nobles
ii. But King is dumb and says…no
2. National Assembly – 3rd estate banned from meeting
a. Meets at an indoor tennis court
i. Tennis Court Oath – making of new constitution
3. King orders more troops for Paris (no reason?)
a. 3rd estate takes it personally – think it is to attack them
b. Revolution begins!
i. 7/14/1789 Storming of the Bastille
ii. Great Fear – peasants hear rumor that King has brought foreign soldiers, they start attacking the King’s
representatives/nobles
1. Nothing major
iii. National Assembly – new government created
1. Eliminates all feudal dues/taxes on poor
2. All males can hold military, church, etc. positions
iv. August 1789 – Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen
1. Based off of the American Declaration of Independence and the English Bill of Rights and
enlightenment ideas
2. Did not apply to women
3. Freedom of religion, but the French only had one religion
4. King does not like the Declaration (but no one cares)
v. October – Women’s March to Versailles – because of a bad harvest
1. Break into castle and tells the King to go to Paris
2. Stupid – the King listens and goes to Paris – *All the radicals and revolutionaries are in Paris.
a. King is now controlled by the people
vi. Civil Constitution of the Clergy
1. All church lands are seized and sold off to pay France’s debt (with the churches still on them)
2. Limits the powers of the Church and fixes finance problems
3. Each parish elects his own priests
4. Clergy are now public employees
5. Pope and higher clergy are angered by this
vii. 1791 New Constitution and new legislature – the Legislative Assembly
1. Limited monarchy
2. Unicameral; voting rights: all taxpayers over 25 years of age
viii. June 1791 King flees, but is caught because someone recognizes his face from a coin
ix. July 1792 Declares war against Austria and Prussia
1. Reason: Queen Marie-Antoinette is Austrian
2. France does not do well – all the officers (nobles) are gone
x. The Legislative Assembly votes itself out of existence
xi. National Convention creates new constitution
1. First democratic constitution, more radical than before
2. August – Abolishes the monarchy and creates THE FRENCH REPUBLIC
a. Unicameral
b. Universal male suffrage
c. Changed the date of the New Year, changes the names of the months
d. Everyone is called “Citizen”
e. Imposes the SI (metric) system
c. Revolution never ends…
i. 3 factions
1. Girondists – moderates, preferred limited constitutional monarchy
2. The Mountain/Jacobins – radicals, part of Jacobin Club, drives the Reign of Terror
3. The Plain – swing voters (vote changed from Girondists to Jacobins)
ii. Marat – radical, advocated violence; assassinated by a woman in his shoe-like bathtub
iii. Danton – popular military leader, dies in Terror

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iv. Robespierre – the bloodiest
1. Calls France the “Republic of Virtue” (ironic…)
v. Regicide – killing of a monarch/regiment king
1. December 1792 – Louis the 16th is tried; guilty!
2. 1/21/1793 – Guillotined
vi. Monarchies/Europe – mad at the regicide in France
1. Most of Europe forms alliances against France
a. GB, Netherlands, Spain, Sardinia, Austria, and Prussia
vii. Committee of Public Safety (another ironic one…) – led by Robespierre/Jacobins
1. Drafted 18-45 males for war
viii. Revolutionary Tribunal – court that deals with people against the Revolution
ix. Small civil war
1. Vendee, France (small place) – pro-monarchy – fights the government…loses
x. France ruled by the Committee of Public Safety/Robespierre
1. Goal #1 – get rid of the Girondists
2. Goal #2 – expand its targets, create Republic of Virtue
3. Gets rid of church (especially in radical areas)
a. Replaces with “Temples of Reason”
b. Cult of the Supreme Being – extended to all classes/genders
xi. July 1794 Robespierre killed
xii. Reign of Terror by Robespierre– total: 300,000 arrests, 10 months long, 17,000 killed (85% commoners)
d. Revolution DOES end…
i. People want stability
ii. 1795 New Constitution
1. Directory government – limited voting rights (rich and middle class can)
a. 5 directors – executive power
b. Weak and corrupt
IV. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE – 5’6”
a. Before he ruled France
i. Corsican noble…? not noble enough
ii. Known for military success in Austria and Italy
1. Artillerist – used grapeshot (good for mobs)
iii. 1795 – got rid of mob – HERO Napoleon!!!
1. Current directory government of France was worried
iv. Dream – to become the Second Alexander the Great
v. Wanted to take Egypt
1. Battle of the Nile – British fleet defeats French
a. Directory glad – Napoleon not a hero
b. French troops stuck in Egypt
c. Napoleon gets in a boat to France, leaves his army in Egypt
b. The awesome rule of Napoleon Bonaparte
i. Coup d’etat – forced transfer of power
ii. Consulate government replaces directory
1. 3 consuls – main: Napoleon
2. Dictatorship (full circle in 10 years, from King – it’s like the Revolution never happened…)
a. Provides stability and order, which is what the people want
b. The people are ecstatic that Napoleon is in power
iii. Become counsel for life
1. Plebiscite – voted in by the people
2. Pope thinks he should be picking emperors – Napoleon makes nice nice
a. Napoleon tells Pope France is Catholic and recognizes the church
b. He tells the Pope to crown him, but crowns himself (brilliant because now he doesn’t owe
anything to the Pope)
iv. Treaty of Amiens 1802
1. “Full peace” – want rest
2. Europe and America both want to expand in the Americas
3. France has the Louisiana Territory and some Caribbean islands
4. Slave revolt in St. Dominique
a. Troops there fall prey to women malaria and yellow fever
b. France sells Louisiana Territory to the U.S. to deal with this problem
v. France dominates Europe 1805-1815
1. Compiling Navy off the coast of Spain – to invade GB

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2. Trafalgar 1805 – GB attacks compiling navy in Spain – defeats the French
vi. Continental System – economic warfare – no French/allied nation can trade with GB
1. Purpose: to cut of GB’s supplies
2. GB and Portugal does not like this
3. In turn, GB says all ships bound for France must be checked in GB for contraband
4. Continental System fails – Europe is too big
a. Also, because of the Peninsular War on the Iberian Peninsula
5. Spain and Portugal values trade with GB
a. Portugal opposes the Continental System
b. Napoleon is mad at this; he captures Spain and Portugal and replaces the King with this
brother
c. By 1812, GB, Portugal, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire all oppose Napoleon
i. Guerilla war – Spain and GB vs. France
vii. Napoleon at home <3
1. Wants a strong central government – gains control of:
a. Religion
i. Concordat of 1801 – church deal to bring back the Church, recognize the Pope
(remember, where Napoleon crowned himself)
1. Napoleon will name all bishops/appoint priests because he “pays them” –
in reality, this is to give him control over the bishops/priests
b. Economy
i. Bank of France – gives Napoleon $loans$
1. People also like this because it collects taxes from everyone
c. Law
i. Napoleonic Code – the coalescence and editing of all laws, etc.
d. Education
i. Free public education for all
1. Napoleon controls curriculum – about how awesome Napoleon is and
how everyone should support him
2. People also like this because who doesn’t like free education?
viii. Russia pulls out of Continental System
1. Napoleon pulls troops to Russian border, which upsets Russia
2. June 1812 Napoleon and 600,000 men invade Russia
a. Problems
i. Snow has just melted – slippery and muddy, starting to get cold
ii. Troops include those from allies – should they be trusted?
3. Scorched Earth Policy – employed by Russians
a. Burn everything – so the French cannot take anything (food, etc.)
4. Mid-September – Napoleon reaches Moscow – it is deserted and everything is in flames
5. October – Napoleon is defeated by Scorched Earth and winter
a. They must go back the same way – Russian troops attack from the sides
b. Retreats with 94,000 troops (cause of troop loss – disease, cold, starvations, desertions)
ix. Allies turn on him
1. Europe (Russia, Prussia, Austria, GB) vs. Napoleon
a. March 1814 – Defeated
x. Exiled to Elba – “it’s not France!”
1. Louis the 18th – next in power/insignificant
xi. March 1815 – Napoleon returns!!
1. Louise the 18th flees to Belgium
2. Troops surrender to Napoleon
xii. 100 days (poor Napoleon)
1. Waterloo, Belgium – GB vs. French – even fight
a. Prussian troops arrive to GB’s aid
b. Napoleon defeated
c. Napoleon wants to go to America – but he is captured
d. Congress of Vienna sends him to St. Helena Island – dies in 1821 of lead poisoning
V. The Congress of Vienna
a. Purpose
i. To attempt to restore order and stability to Europe – back to pre-French Revolution/Napoleon times
b. Representatives
i. Metternich – Austria (also leader of the Congress)
ii. Czar Alexander I – Russia

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iii. Frederick William III – Prussia
iv. Castlereaugh – Great Britain
v. Talleyrand – France
c. Metternich
i. 1815 to 1848 Able to keep things down
ii. Reactionary – does not like change, wants to turn back time (also, does not trust democracy)
iii. Does not like nationalism (which Napoleon unintentionally brings back)
iv. Goals
1. Legitimacy – Bring back all monarchs
2. Compensation – make France pay – but limited (not too much)
3. Balance of power – prevent Napoleon and his descendents to ever take power again
a. Buffer states – states around France – if France marches through these, treaties tied with
larger and more powerful countries will bring them in the war
i. Ends up being used when Ger. attack Belgium and bring GB into WWI
d. Restore monarchies and attempt to crush nationalism by splitting into parts and assigning leaders
i. However, nationalism is essentially irremovable!
e. Alliances
i. Quadruple Alliance
1. Prussia, Russia, GB, and Austria
a. France joins in 1818
2. Purpose – to limit French/Bonapartes
ii. Holy Alliance
1. Started by Czar Alexander I
2. GB and Pope refuse to join
3. Purpose – to secure international order: justice, Christian charity, and peace
VI. Concert of Europe
a. Does even less than the League of Nations. Enough said.
VII. The Irish Conflict
a. Ireland part of the United Kingdom – resented British rule
b. Mid-1800s – potato crop failed several times – Irish people depended on potatoes
i. Famine – starvation, emigration
1. Forced to continued exporting food to GB during famine
2. GB officials encouraged trade because they did not want to hurt the GB economy
c. Irish – some protested for independence, others wanted home rule within the UK
i. Parliament debated several bills for Irish home rule, but they did not pass
d. Various parties want independence again during WWI
i. GB agrees for independence after WWI – Irish independence – 1920 (much, much later)

Forms of Government

I. Capitalism
a. Mercantilism – the government restricts trade to protect its own industries from foreign competition
i. Only money represents wealth
b. Laissez-faire – hands-off policy – limited government intervention (government involvement hinders both economy and
government)
i. Laissez-faire = pure capitalism
ii. *Adam Smith – Scottish professor, wrote Wealth of Nations
1. Advocated laissez-faire
a. Free markets and individual welfare
b. Wealth to a small group of successful people
2. Trickle down economics – group of successful people will use wealth to create jobs and the wealth
would “trickle-down” to everyone
a. Problem – only works when the economy is good
3. Invisible hand – resources tend to go to the most productive users/the successful people
c. Thomas Malthus
i. Population is increasing (more children, better medical advances)
ii. *Population grows because industry grows
iii. *Population will always grow at a faster rate than food production
1. War, disease, and starvation – nature cutting down on population
iv. No compassion
d. David Ricardo
i. Iron Law of Wages

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1. If you are paid more money, you will use more money, and population will increase; as population
increases, wages will decrease and then population decreases, as population decreases, wages will
increase again…
a. You are stuck in this endless circle (if the government does nothing)
e. Entrepreneur – ex. Carnegie
f. Capitalist – ex. J P Morgan
II. Utilitarianism – utility, usefulness
a. Bentham
i. The rightness of any law, action, or political institution should be measured by its usefulness
1. Usefulness is defined as the contribution to human happiness/reduction of human misery
ii. Capitalists are too focused on money
1. Capitalists rebut that they are too focused on human welfare
b. John Stuart Mill
i. Laws should impact wealth distribution
ii. Against laissez-faire capitalism
iii. Capitalists thing there is too much government intervention in this
III. Socialism (becomes popular in the U.S. because capitalism is not working)
a. The government should own/control certain aspects of industry, such as utilities
b. The government to produce in order lower the cost
i. To offer products at cost (or at no profit)
c. Richard Owen
i. Creates a real company town called New Lanark
ii. (Unlike Pullman’s town, it was not bad/did not overcharge the people in it/did not force them to stay)
iii. Produced at cost
iv. However, he moved it to Louisiana – not enough control over it, and it fails
1. Control is necessary in a company town
IV. Utopianism
a. Utopianism movement – so government can solve society’s problems
b. Social democracy
i. Equal in a democratic sense as well as a social sense
ii. People wish to share equally (ex. New Lanark)
V. Communism – more radical socialism
a. Karl Marx – Russia
i. Freidrich Engel (England) – The Condition of the Working Class in England – written to spite his father, who
abused the working class
ii. Used a scientific basis of socialism
iii. The Communist Manifesto – Marx and Engel
1. Capitalism inevitably leads to workers sinking further into poverty
2. People will rebel and seize means of production
3. People will govern themselves (this is the fall of capitalism)
4. People will then form a communist state
iv. Overlooked people’s self-interest (people are naturally selfish)
v. Based part of theory off of Hegel
1. History advances through conflict
2. The main driving force behind conflict is economics
3. Therefore, Marx says:
a. We must end the wealthy’s control over production with conflict, or revolution
b. The people will rise up at some point
vi. The class that controls production becomes the ruling class
1. The 4 stages of European history (according to Marx)
a. Primitive – hungry, eat, happy – man produces, the workers are in charge
b. Slavery – slaves do work, man gets benefits – a small group controls a larger group
c. Feudalism – peasants, small group of people controlling a larger group of people (larger
group = controls production)
d. Capitalism – similar to slavery and feudalism – small group controls large group
e. *Communism – at some time, the government will evaporate
i. This is what Marx thinks will be the fifth stage
b. Proletariat = workers
c. Kibbutz – example of communism on a very, very small scale
VI. Status quo – the way things are
VII. Conservatism – want to keep things as they are, strong central government, does not like change
VIII. Liberalism – want change, constitution, rights, suffrage, freedom of religion/speech/press, power to the people

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Post-Napoleon France

I. Napoleon – after Waterloo

a. Sent to die on St. Helena Island by the Congress of Vienna 1821
II. Louis the 18th – restored by the Congress of Vienna
a. Ruled 1815 to 1824
b. Congress of Vienna is unable to restore land to nobles
c. Aristocrats are unhappy – they want a monarchy
III. Charles X
a. Duke d’Orleans – head of the Ultraroyalists (aristocrats who want a monarchy)
b. Brother of Louis the 18th
c. Wants to be an absolute monarch
d. Gets the legislature (which is elected by the people, not aristocrats) to pass a bill that says the government will pay back
the aristocrats
i. Legislature passes a vote of no confidence
1. Charles X is unhappy – suspends the legislature and holds a new election
e. New legislature is even more liberal (haha, poor Charles X)
i. Removes legislature again
ii. July Ordinances
1. Abolishes freedom of the press
2. Limits voting rights to basically only the wealthy
f. Revolution of 1830
i. Abdicates throne, goes to GB
IV. Louis Philippe – Citizen King
a. Very limited constitutional monarchy
b. Well-liked, but soon corrupted by wealth
c. Taxed the people (middle class/aristocracy) a little too much
d. Depression in 1847
e. Revolution in 1848
f. Abdicates to GB
V. Louis Napoleon – THE SECOND REPUBLIC
a. Nephew of napoleon, become president
b. Supported by army, church, middle class, and poor
c. Has a four-year term and is unhappy about this
d. 1857 – Coup d’etat (forced transfer of power) – becomes plebiscite (elected by the people)
e. Emperor!
VI. Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon changed his name – same person as ^) – THE SECOND EMPIRE (dun-dun-dun)
a. Franco-Prussian War
i. Otto Van Bismarck (Prussia) – convinces France to declare war on them
ii. France defeated in one battle
iii. Napoleon III is captured…and surrenders France
1. Gives up Alsace and Lorraine (sound familiar? yeah…bad move)
VII. Commune of Paris
a. Communism in France…removed very quickly and replaced by the Third Republic
b. Pretty much insignificant
VIII. THE THIRD REPUBLIC
a. 1875 Constitution – mostly stable, remains in control until WWII
b. Dreyfus Affair
i. War plans are “stolen” (sold) in 1894
ii. Dreyfus is a war general (a Jew) – is easily blamed for this incident
iii. Sent to Devil’s Island
c. Theodor Herzl – supported Dreyfus^
i. Zionism – Jewish nationalist movement to recreate a Jewish state in its original homeland, Palestine

Latin America
(Defined as south of the Rio Grande/South America)

I. Background
a. Tensions between ethnicities
b. Change occurs as a result of the tension
i. Mostly powered by the middle class (kind of like the Enlightenment movement)

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c. Spain and Portugal get colonies to increase their wealth and gold
i. Bring:
1. Slaves
2. Religion – 95% Roman Catholic
3. Education/manipulation
ii. Church leaders were very radical
d. Big 5 – Spain, France, Netherlands, GB, and Portugal
II. Hispaniola – Dominican Republic and Haiti
a. Haiti
i. First to break away – becomes Saint Domingue
ii. Has lots of sugar and coffee
iii. Problem
1. Mulattoes – Indigenous/African and European mix – 2nd class status
a. Want equality
2. Late 1780 – the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen (from Europe) – advocates equality –
Mulattoes want!
a. Also, successful U.S. revolt against GB gives them courage
iv. Revolts! and is successful (Napoleon troops here get malaria and yellow fever; this revolt is what causes France
to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S.)
v. Toussaint L’Ouverture – a hero in Hispaniola; arrested by France and dies
III. Spanish colonies – most of South America
a. Wanted gold, but is now more after trade
b. Hierarchy
i. Peninsulares – born of Spanish parents in Spain
1. Don’t like Creoles and treat them unfairly
ii. Creoles – born of Spanish parents in Spanish colonies 
1. Affected by republican concepts (American/French) – want to revolt
a. Independence movement
iii. Mestizos – born of Spanish parent and indigenous/African parents
c. Mexico
i. Father Miguel Hidalgo – father of Mexican independence (even though he is not a Creole)
1. 9/16/1810 – Calls for independence from the Peninsulares
2. Killed
ii. Jose Maria Morelos – Creole, a “military” priest, republican
1. Organizes the Mexican Congress
2. Calls all people born in Mexico, “Americans”
3. Strong military leader – wants a *strong republic
4. Leads a revolt against the Peninsulares – killed
iii. Agustin de Iturbide – conservative
1. Originally sent by Spain to put down ^ revolt
2. By the time he arrives from Spain, Spain itself if leaning towards republic…
a. …But he is a conservative, therefore he doesn’t want a republic
i. Monarchist
3. 3-part deal with the revolutionaries (who agree to it)
a. Mexico will be independent – but a monarchy (ahem, with him as king, duh)
b. Creoles and Peninsulares have equal rights
c. Official church – Roman Catholic
4. 1821 Mexican Independence – he become emperor
5. 1823 Kicked out – Mexico becomes a republic
d. Simon Bolivar (NORTH) – “The Liberator” “The George Washington of South America”
i. Background
1. Creole from Venezuela
2. Sent to Europe to further his education
3. Traveled a lot
4. Early 1800s – Returns to Venezuela and leads independence movement
ii. 1811 Venezuelan Independence
iii. 1821 Kicks Spanish out of most of northern South America
iv. Goal: Federation of Andes – a loose confederation, kind of like the U.S.
1. Individual countries want their own republics
v. Creates the Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador)
1. Only lasts a short time
vi. Becomes President of Peru

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e.Jose de San Martin (SOUTH)
i. Liberates southern South America
1. Argentina and Chile
ii. Meets Bolivar
iii. Returns to Europe
IV. Portuguese colonies/Brazil
a. King John VI – flees Portugal (because of Napoleon who did not like Spain/Portugal because they did not like his
Continental System against GB and he decided to replace the king with his brother)
i. Goes to Brazil – plants capital in Rio
ii. Goes back to Portugal to fix things
1. Leaves Pedro, his son, in charge
b. Pedro I (son) – declares Brazil independent and himself the emperor of it

Unification

I. Italian Unification
a. Nationalism – a devotion to one’s national group – brought together mainly by ideals (but also by culture, history,
religion, language, and territory)
b. Before unification – Italy was brought together under the rule of Napoleon; beside that, it hasn’t been united since the
Roman Empire
i. Italy split into:
1. North (Lombardy and Venetia) – ruled by Austria
2. Middle – ruled by Hapsburgs
3. South – ruled by the French
c. Giuseppe Mazzini – HEART <3 of Italian Unification, also a writer
i. Young Italy – secret organization started by Mazzini
d. King Charles Albert – of Sardinia
i. January 1848 – republican revolution in Sicily (southern Italy)
1. Charles Albert sees this as a chance for unification in the North
a. Wants to be king
2. Targets Lombardy and Venetia, because those were controlled by outsiders
ii. First attempt
1. Papal States, Naples, and Tuscany unite against Austria to take Lombardy and Venetia – are almost
successful…
a. Until Pope Pius IX withdraws the Papal States
b. Austria wins, no Lombardy/Venetia
c. Everyone hates the pope
2. King Charles Albert dies
e. Roman Republic – formed by Mazzini after Pope is kicked out
i. Pope seeks help from Napoleon III to get back
ii. Napoleon stays in Rome with French troops
f. Victor Emmanuel II (son of Charles Albert) – King of Sardinia
i. Count Camillo di Cavour – becomes Prime Minister of Sardinia, BRAIN of Italian Unification
1. Ran newspaper called Risorgimento (means rebirth, also name for Italian unification)
2. Wants to strengthen Sardinian industry
3. Wants to remove the influence of the Pope and the Church
ii. Cavour and Victor Emmanuel – secret meetings with Napoleon III
1. Offers Napoleon III Nice and Savoy (which were originally French) in exchange for helping Sardinia
get Lombardy and Venetia
2. Napoleon III agrees to help, but needs the Austrians to declare war first
3. Lombardy revolt – provoked by Victor Emmanuel II
a. Sardinia “strongly supports” this revolt
b. Austrians mad, declares war on Sardinia
c. Sardinia and France defeat Austria
4. Napoleon III withdraws, armistice with Austria
a. Austria gives Napoleon III Lombardy, who gives it to Cavour
b. Cavour is unhappy, he did not get Venetia (good port city)
i. Does not give Napoleon III Nice and Savoy as promised
c. Cavour reconsiders angering Napoleon III because he already has:
i. Central Italian states (Tuscany, Parma, and Modena) – have revolted against their
local leaders and turned over their land to Sardinia
ii. Northern half of Papal States

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d. Gives Napoleon III Nice and Savoy to keep him out of Italian matters
g. Giuseppe Garibaldi – SWORD of Italian unification
i. Had joined Young Italy, was somewhat well known for fighting
ii. Went to South America and learned about guerrilla warfare
iii. Returns in 1854
iv. Leads the Redshirts
1. Takes the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and hands over to Sardinian government
h. Italy gets Prussia to help defeat Austria, gets Venetia
i. Franco-Prussian war – French troops leave Rome to fight Prussia, Sardinia gets Rome, Pope is angry, no one cares
j. Unification complete – Cavour dies
i. North is industrialized/rich, south is agricultural/poor
k. Imperialism
i. Libya – yay, lots of sand…?
ii. Only European power to lose in Africa – defeated by larger Ethiopian troops (haha)
II. German Unification
a. German Confederation (purely economic)
i. Congress of Vienna separates Germany and allows an economic confederation, not political
ii. Not an actual government: made up of Prussia, Austria, and 39 states
iii. Northern Germany/Prussia – Protestant
iv. Southern – Catholic
v. The Diet
1. Lesser states form a legislative assembly
2. Dominated by Austria
3. Many smaller states looked to Austria as their leader
4. Most (including Austria) do not want unification; they feared Prussian control
b. Zollverein 1834 – economic confederation
i. Organization that limited tariffs between German states
1. Made trade easier, which brought them closer together
ii. Standard currency and standard system of weights
iii. Included almost all the states by 1844
c. Prussia
i. Strong economy – has fast-flowing rivers (good for hydropower), coal, and railroads
ii. 1848 Prussian revolution
1. Cannot decide between having a constitutional monarchy and a republic
2. Monarch promises constitution, but ignores this promise after successfully silencing the revolution
3. Revolution is unsuccessful
iii. Junkers – aristocrats with power (such as Bismarck)
iv. 1862 – Wilhelm I
v. Otto van Bismarck – Prime Minister under Wilhelm I
1. Conservative
2. Goal – unified Germany under Prussia
3. Expand economy, industry, and military
4. Realpolitik – the right of the nation-state to pursue its own advantage by any means including war
and repudiation and treaties – “the end justifies the means”
a. Makes a lot of enemies, but doesn’t matter
5. Blood & Iron – blood refers to soldiers and iron refers to weapons; will achieve German unity using the
military; war as a diplomatic tool
a. Parliament does not approve of a tax for the military
b. Bismarck does it anyway – the people are willing to pay because he offers them nationalism
vi. Schleswig & Holstein
1. Schleswig – half German, half Danish
2. Holstein – all German
3. Denmark inherits Schleswig and Holstein
a. King Christian IX of Denmark wants to make Schleswig part of Denmark
b. Germans in Schleswig are upset
4. Bismarck (Prussia) allies with Franz Joseph Hapsburg (Austria) – defeats Denmark in battle
a. Gets Schleswig and Holstein
b. Bismarck gives Holstein to Austria; Austria satisfied because they won’t have to worry about
dissent from Danes
c. However, geographically, Holstein is surrounded by Prussian territory
vii. Bismarck’s objectives
1. Increase Prussia’s military power

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2. Set up to take over Austria
a. Make sure they had no allies (GB, France, Italy, Russia, etc.)
i. GB – does not care in the first place
ii. France – gets money to keep out
iii. Russia – revolt in Poland, Bismarck helps put out, Czar keeps out as favor in return
iv. Italy – promises them Venetia
b. 7 Weeks War
i. Marches troops into Holstein, Austria declares war, Prussia wins
viii. North German Confederation – German Confederation is dissolved
ix. Franco-Prussian War
1. 1868 Spanish king abdicates and no one takes the throne
2. Bismarck puts forward Wilhelm I’s cousin, Prince Leopold
a. France is upset because of a possible 2-front war
3. 1870 Wilhelm I is willing to remove Leopold’s candidacy
a. Ems Telegram – to France, telling about removal of Leopold’s candidacy
i. Bismarck “edits” and sends off to France, also publishes it
b. France declares war on Prussia
c. Defeated rather quickly (Prussia has good mobilization because of railroads)
d. Napoleon III captured, gives up Alsace and Lorraine
e. Also united with Southern Germany (Bavaria and Württemburg)
d. Second Reich
i. Unified Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm I (Emperor) and Chancellor Bismarck
ii. Was an official federal state, at least in structure
iii. 25 German states (some old leaders still had some power)
iv. Domestic affairs – Bismarck sucks at this (unlike foreign affairs)
1. Kulturkampf – conflict between Bismarck and Catholic Church
2. Center Party – political party formed by the Catholic Church (which was powerful in the south)
3. May Laws – passed by Bismarck, deprives the Catholic bishops of their secular authority
a. Pope Pius IX declares the laws void and breaks diplomatic ties with Germany
b. Southern German people are unhappy, this plan backfires
4. Pope Pius IX dies
5. Pope Leo XIII – new dialogue, Bismarck removes May Laws
6. Bismarck takes $5 million from Napoleon III (Franco-Prussian War) – develops railroads for faster
movement and more economic efficiency
7. Hates socialism – wants to destroy
a. Bans all meetings – workers in support of socialism are upset
b. Changes policy
i. Promote workers: health/accident insurance, old age pensions
v. Wilhelm I dies 1888
vi. Wilhelm I’s son – liberal, rules for 100 days, dies
vii. Wilhelm II – grandson of Wilhelm I, very conservative – does not want Bismarck to rule
1. Conflict between them occurs, Bismarck threatens to resign (as always), Wilhelm II accepts his
resignation

Empires

I. Austrian Empire
a. Ruled by the Hapsburg family
b. Franz Ferdinand I
i. Metternich – foreign minister
1. Reactionary – no change, wants small ruling group, monarchy
2. Carlsbad Decrees – to put down new ideas forming in universities
a. Secret police
b. Prohibits any reforms against the Austrian Monarchy
c. Censors newspapers
ii. Congress of Troppau 1820
1. Agreement of countries to provide military aid/intervention to countries experiencing internal
revolution
c. 12 major nationalities – lacked unity
d. 1848 – Revolt
i. Ideas from Italian/French/German revolutions
ii. Small nationalities want out

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iii. Metternich is forced out, Franz Ferdinand I abdicates
e. Franz Joseph I
i. Puts out small, uncoordinated revolts
ii. Ideal: liberal reform
1. Mid-1869s – conflict against liberal reform
iii. The Ausgleich
1. Dual monarchy compromise
2. Francis Deak (Hungary) and Franz Joseph I (Austria) forms Austria-Hungry
3. Franz Joseph I – kings of A-H
4. Essentially still separate entities
a. Combines only military, foreign affairs, and finance
b. Separate Parliaments
5. Ethnicities other than Austria and Hungary still have no voice
II. Ottoman Empire
a. Vast multiethnic laaand, seriously in decline
b. Sick man of Europe
i. 1830 – Greek independence
ii. 1850s – loses other provinces, etc.
c. Russia wants access to the Suez Canal, GB is against this
i. Suez Canal – links the Red to the Med (Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea)
1. Built by French company, good for access to India/the East
d. Crimean War – fought over the Holy Land (the Crimean Peninsula in the Black Sea)
i. European representative – Roman Catholic
1. Ottomans – Muslim
2. Russia – Orthodox
ii. Russia declares war on Ottoman Empire because of “religion”
1. Alternative motive – to gain access to the Suez Canal/Mediterranean
2. GB, France, and Sardinia (to make nice-nice with France) – aid the Ottoman Empire
3. Successfully blocks Russia (although the GB cavalry against Russian cannons resulted in minor
problems)
e. Congress of Berlin – makes smaller states out of the Ottoman Empire on the Balkan Peninsula (Romania, Serbia,
Montenegro, etc.), which have an allegiance to Austria (not Russia)
i. Real purpose – to block Russia from Mediterranean access
ii. Russians cannot do anything about it
III. Russian Empire
a. Huge and diverse – 60 nationalities, 100+ languages, vast territory, scary potential
b. Autocracy – Czar is the leader, feudal system: serfs basically a part of the land
c. Western ideas, such as enlightenment, “infests” society
d. Czar Alexander I – dies December 1825
i. Decembrists – revolt
e. Nicolas I – son of Alexander I, conservative
i. Crushes Decembrist revolt, captures Decembrists (martyrs) and sends to Siberia
ii. Autocracy +
1. Press censorship, secret police, etc. – effective
iii. Dies 1855
f. Alexander II – liberal!
i. Czar Liberator
1. Ends serfdom – needs workers to industrialize Russia
2. Everyone has the right to own land
a. Newly-liberated serfs have no money to purchase land
b. Nobles give 50-year mortgages of land to communes/mirs (groups of peasants)
i. Cannot leave until they pay their part of the mortgages
ii. Essentially returns to serfdom
3. Some peasants run away to cities, but factories have bad conditions
ii. New judicial system, limits secret police, eases press limits, expands education, reduces military service
requirement from 25 to 6 years
iii. Zemstvos
1. Local self-governing assemblies of the people – allowed the right to vote to wealthy, noble, and the
people…but people in higher status got more votes
iv. Assassinated/bombed in1881 by the People’s Will
g. Alexander III
i. Reactionary, limits Alexander II’s liberal reforms

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1. Crushes all revolts
2. Censorship, secret police, refused a constitution, limits power of Zemstvos
ii. Russification
1. Unite the provinces, unite the language (teach Russian everywhere)
2. Intolerance
3. Pogroms at the Pale of Settlement (a place where Jews are at the Russia-Poland border)
iii. Dies 1894
h. Nicholas II
i. Weak autocrat, backbone: Czarina Alexandra
ii. Russo-Japanese War – Japanese attacks Russian port, Russia loses – first time a Western power loses to the
East
iii. Growth of communism
1. Mensheviks – believes that a communist society/revolt must be in an already industrialized society
where there are workers
2. Bolsheviks – a small group (them) can foster a revolution without the industrialized nation
a. Led by Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov (or Lenin)
iv. Bloody Sunday
1. Sparked the Revolution of 1905 – Russians are ready to rebel
2. Father Gapon and protestors bring a petition to the Czar at Winter Palace
a. Shot at by troops, hundreds die
3. Inspires more uprisings against the Czar everywhere
4. Czar promises to do something, but does not follow through
5. Massive strike in October
v. October Manifesto
1. Official promise by the Czar as a result of Bloody Sunday and subsequent events
a. To reform and create a more democratic government
b. Promised a Russian constitution, and to guarantee individual liberties to all Russians
(freedom of speech and assembly, right to vote)
c. Allowed the people to elect representative to the Duma
d. Czar not allowed to pass laws without the approval of the Duma
vi. Duma – legislative body, elected representatives, approved laws before Czar could pass them, often ignored
by Czar
Imperialism

I. Rationales
a. Economic – markets (you can only buy from us), raw materials (resources, gold/silver)
b. Military – military bases (oil stations, protect property)
c. Conceptual – nationalism, social Darwinism (justification of wealth), white man’s burden (to civilize the barbarians),
religion (Protestant Christian)
II. Terms
a. Colony – territory governed by a foreign country directly
b. Protectorate – controls local, has own government, but foreign country controls foreign affairs, military, and major
economics
c. Spheres of influence – a territory where a country claims exclusive political/economic/judicial rights.

African Imperialism

I. Before
a. Ex-main commodity – humans (slavery)
b. Slave trade has slowed – distasteful for Europeans (who push for abolition)
c. Imperialism geared towards raw materials, and some markets
d. David Livingstone – explorer/doctor/writer that went to Africa, stopped writing letter to GB
e. Henry Stanley – journalist sent to find Livingstone, finds him, later hired by Prince Leopold and results in Belgian Congo
i. Sparked European interest in Africa
II. Liberia – founded by ex-American slaves
III. Ethiopia – kicks the crap out of Italy
a. Italy invades in 1895
b. King Menelik II
c. Battle of Adwa 1896 – Italians beaten
IV. Scientific and technological advance allows for quick European colonization
a. Quinine (drug for malaria), guns, railroads
V. NORTHERN AFRICA

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a. French North Africa
i. Under loose Ottoman control, Arab/Muslim, fairly agricultural (Mediterranean to start of Sahara)
ii. Algeria
1. France – Charles X wants – 1830
2. Abd-al-Qadir – Algerian leader, leads resistance and holds out for 10 years
3. French win, they take over
iii. Tunisia 1881 (France)
iv. Morocco 1905 (France)
v. Egypt – leader, Mohammad Ali
1. 1869 – Suez Canal made by French Ferdinand De Lepses – links the Red and the Med
2. British invade, make a protectorate in 1882, Egyptians powerless
3. British want to find headwaters of the Nile to control it – it is in Sudan
vi. Sudan
1. British meet French troops in the city of Fashoda
a. Omdurman battle – GB vs. Sudan – GB wins
2. Compromise – British get Sudan, French get Morocco
vii. Libya – Italy 1911
1. Seat of Carthaginian Empire – Roman Empire
VI. SOUTHERN AFRICA
a. South Africa
i. Dutch setters 1652 – settle in Cape Town – Cape Colony :D
ii. Importance: in bad weather, the port helps shipping
iii. Boers – native Dutch farmers – negative connotation; Afrikaners (British term) – positive
1. Appartide - separation
iv. Hierarchy – white; Asians; mixes; blacks – white supremacy!
v. 1814 – Congress of Vienna allow British seize Cape Colony
vi. Afrikaners
1. The Great Trek – went North to seek freedom from abolition
2. Orange Free State and Transvaal – finds gold, British WANT, British TAKE
3. The Boer War 1899 to 1902 – boers start war against British, guerrilla warfare, atrocities, British win,
lots of boers die
4. British get Orange Free State and Transvaal
vii. Union of South Africa – British colony from 1902 to 1910, independent in 1910
1. Cape Colony, Transvaal, Orange Free State, Natal
viii. South African Native National Congress SANNC – black rights
1. 1923 – changes to African National Congress ANC
b. Belgian Congo
i. King Leopold II’s PRIVATE PLANTATION <3
1. Overworked the people, disease – many died
2. “Rapped and pillaged the land”
3. Europeans told him to stop – therefore, he sells it to himself Belgium in 1908
VII. African Resistance
a. Zulu
i. Leader – Shaka – brought different tribes/groups together, formed a strong group
ii. Leader – Cetshwayo – leader during British attack – beat GB (who were complacent) the first time, but GB
come back with more forces and win
b. Malinke
i. Leader – Samory Toure – led a 15-year resistance against France

Asian Imperialism

I. India
a. Before
i. Uncivilized before
ii. Mughal Empire – in decline
iii. Europeans arrive 1500s
1. Portuguese – trade; GB and France – to stay
iv. British East India Company/French East Indies Company
1. 1757 – Battle of Plassey – between the private armies of the companies
a. Removes French FOREVERRRRR
v. Portuguese in Goa – not important

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vi. BEI Co. takes complete control – puts different Indian groups against each other (using religion) – end
Mughal Empire
vii. British bring:
1. Education – teach all ENGLISH
2. British law – banned Sati (-young- widows throwing themselves onto their husbands funeral fires)
3. Christianity
b. Sepoy Mutiny 1867
i. Indian soldiers in BEI will not use pork/beef fat greased cartridges (need to bite to open)
ii. Atrocities
iii. BEI ends 1858
iv. Indians abandon violence as a form of protest
c. Raj – British rule in India – used Indians to rule (too big for all whites) – from the Indian Civil Service
i. Queen Victoria – ruler of England (and subsequently, India) at this time
ii. GB implements vice-roy in India
iii. Crown jewel of the British Empire
iv. British officials lived a nice life – better than they would have in GB – not nobility (actually middle class) – but
lived like nobility
v. British – We Superior.
1. Assuages conscience by providing benefits – education, westernizing, infrastructure growth (RR,
roads, canals) – but actually for troops transportation
vi. Raw materials - cotton (unavailable in U.S. because of Civil War)
1. Used land that grew food – food shortages, then STARVATION
d. Growth of nationalism
i. 1820s – Ram Mohan Roy – begins to call for Indian self-government/nationalism
ii. 1860s – British allow more local participation – does not help, Indians more frustrated; middle/elite class begin
to question British rule/superiority
iii. 1885 – Indian National Congress INC – organization for Hindu nationalism – pushes for more participation,
representation, etc.
iv. British start to see problem, like in Bengal – wants to cut and make smaller; INC not happy
v. Swadeshi – boycott goods 1905 to 1908 – little violence – works (Bengal not cut), British concessions
vi. Muslim League – counterpart of INC – protect Muslim Indians
e. India  India and East/West Pakistan  (East rebels, helped by India)  India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
II. CHINA <3
a. View Europeans as barbarians
i. Emperors are only focused on Chinese production capabilities, not interested in trade, feeling of superiority
ii. Europeans wanted tea, porcelain, and silk
b. Qing Dynasty
i. Manchus – people from Manchuria who founded the Qing dynasty
ii. Europeans only allowed in Guangzhou (Canton) – up Pearl River
iii. Europeans want to trade, do not want to pay for goods
iv. Chinese want to be paid in silver
v. British sell opium to China – they have a lot of poppy plants in Afghanistan, Pakistan, etc.
1. To bribe officials
2. 1729 – opium banned in China
3. 1/10 addicted
4. Chinese goes to Guangzhou and burns British opium warehouse
5. British sends Marines
6. Opium Wars – 1839 to 1842
7. Treaty of Nanjing – unequal treaties
a. 5 more ports for the Europeans
b. British get Hong Kong
c. Signers – British, France, U.S., Germany
d. Extraterritoriality – crimes in China brought to European courts
vi. Chinese unhappy with government/situation
1. Maybe the Emperor had lost the mandate of heaven :O (authority from God to rule)
2. Series of rebellions
a. Taiping Rebellion 1850 to 1864 – successful
i. Lead by Hong Xiuquan – who believed he was the brother of Jesus
1. Captured large parts of Southeast Asia
2. Wrote “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace – Chinese + Christian
philosophies
3. Defeated in 1864, but rebels still exist

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4. Self-Strengthening Movement – movement to modernize – FAILS
5. Others want no change because they benefit
6. Nothing happens in the end
vii. Spheres of influence – GB, France, Russia, Germany, Japan
viii. 1894- Sino-Japanese War – Korean from China to Japan
ix. U.S. – Open Door Policy – FAILURE
x. China ready to EXPLODE
1. Empress Dowager, Cixi – did not like foreigners
a. Lead the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists – Boxers
i. Combined martial arts, hate of foreigners, belief of invulnerability to Western
weapons
2. Boxer Rebellion 1899 to 1900
a. Siege of European embassies
b. 55 Days of Peking
c. Boxers defeated, Cixi flees
xi. Change too late – begins primary/secondary education, national army
xii. Sun Yixian (also Sun Yatsen) – calls for republican China – Father of Modern China
1. Leader of United League/Guomindang/Nationalists
2. Difficult to become democracy – no experience
3. Plan – Political Tutelage – a “strong” government/dictatorship – until the people are ready for
democracy – but who decides?
4. Party principals – nationalism, democracy, “people’s livelihood” (equality + land ownership –
distribution, kind of like socialism)
xiii. Calls for overthrow of Qing dynasty
xiv. Puyi – 1908 inherits throne at age 2, is now age 7 when Cixi dies; advisors are actually ruling
c. Revolution – Wuchang – Oct. 1911 – Nationalists win, declares China a republic in Jan 1912
i. General Yuan Shikai – leading Qings
1. Promises to put down rebellion, cuts Nationalists a deal, then meet with dynasty leaders and makes
them abdicate (traitor!)
ii. REPUBLIC
1. Sun Yixian – leader for a short time, goes to Japan
2. Yuan Shikai – real power (military)
3. BUT – government in Beijing does nothing
4. China becomes land controlled by warlords – state of nature
III. Japan
a. Learns from other imperialism victims
b. Rulers – Tokugawa family from 1603 to 1867
i. No relations with other nations
ii. Did not want contamination from outside world
iii. Still in medieval times – feudalism
1. Landowners hired samurais (trained professional warriors) for protection
2. In return, samurais got food and possibly land (worked by peasants)
c. 1852 President Millard Fillmore
i. Sends delegation under Matthew Perry to open negotiations
ii. Arrive in “BLACK SHIPS” – cannons, steam engine, paddle wheels
iii. Arrives at Edo Bay (Tokyo Bay), leaves with treaty
iv. Treaty of Kanagawa – Opens to U.S. trade, then world (by 1858)
1. Extraterritoriality – thought to be shameful by the Japanese
d. Emperor not really a political leader; Shogun (General) gives in too easily to Europeans
i. Emperor Mutsuhito – age 18, takes power – rules 1868 to 1912
1. Rule = the Meiji (enlightened ruler) restoration
2. Motto = “Rich country, strong military” – focus on economy and military
3. Japan is modern by his death (50 years!)
ii. Iwakura Mission – absorb all the good things from the West
1. Brought back mandatory education for all children, military tactics, rapid industrialization,
technology
2. Refused loans
e. 1894 Sino-Japanese War
i. Rebellion in Korea against China, Japan helps Korean, defeats China, Korea now “independent” (Japan
influences it)
ii. Japan also gets Taiwan – renamed Formosa
f. Russo-Japanese War

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i. Surprise attack on Port Arthur, Japanese win
ii. Japan get Manchuria
iii. Korea recognized as under Japanese rule
1. Annexed in 1910
IV. Southeast Asia
a. Dutch East Indies – spices, sugar, coffee
i. Culture System – forced labor – gather materials
ii. Revolts – Diponegoro leads on the island of Java – fails
b. British control Malacca, Singapore, and Penang (major trade ports)
i. British Malaysia – pushes Dutch out of Malaysia, then Singapore (major port)
ii. Late 1800s – rubber is a major import
c. Indochina – Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia
d. Siam (Thailand) – only one not a colony
i. British and French agree not to control it
ii. Buffer between Burma (GB) and French Indochina
e. U.S. – gets Philippines
i. Lies and says it will get independence if it revolts
ii. “Independence” 1942
f. Vietnam – French 1800s
i. Nguyen family try to revolt but fails
ii. Treaty of Saigon – France gets southern Vietnam
iii. 1884 – gets northern Vietnam as well
iv. Essentially creates French Indochina

WWI

I. WWI factors
a. Militarism – boys with toys
i. Expansive buildup of military – forced draft
ii. New weaponry – first modern war – machine guns, new planes
1. Dreadnought – British battleship
2. British – felt the largest military should be bigger than the next two (Ger. and U.S.) combined
b. Imperialism – not only getting colonies
i. Influence – Germany over the Ottoman Empire, A-H wanted access to the Aegean Sea through the Balkan
ii. Reduced power of GB (who had awesome RR)
c. Nationalism – nation and its people/creation of a nation
i. Pan Slavism – creation of an all Slavic nation under Serbia
ii. France – wanted revenge on Germany for Alsace and Lorraine (Franco-Prussian War)
d. Alliances – lots of ‘em
i. Triple Alliance – Ger. + A-H + Italy – 1882, triggered by war
ii. France + Russia – bilateral agreement (for a 2-front war) – 1894, triggered by war
iii. GB and US avoided entangling alliances – GB refused to be obligated to war
iv. Entente Cordiale – GB + France – agreement for cooperation, not triggered by anything – merely a warning to
Germany – 1904
v. Triple Entente – France + GB + Russia - 1907
II. The Spark
a. 6/28/1914 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir apparent of A-H) – was visiting Sarajevo, Serbia (what is now Bosnia +
Herzegovina); he was the one who understood Slavs – was visiting on a Serbian unity holiday – the wrong man!
b. The Black Hand – assassination group – sent 7 assassins – grenades misses the procession
c. Gavrilo Princip – member of the Black Hand – eating sandwich, shoots Ferdinand and wife, Sophie
d. A-H wants to put the Serbs in their place, Ger. supported them (because Russia, supposed protector of Serbs, hasn’t
been doing anything)
i. Ultimatum – expected to be rejected – A-H can do anything, can go to Serbia at any time to investigate or
suppress subversive movements
ii. Serbia accepts most of the ultimatum, but rejects some
e. Involvement
i. 7/28/14 – A-H declares war on Serbia
ii. 7/30/14 – Russians begin to mobilize to help Serbia
iii. 7/31/14 – Willy<3Nicky Telegrams – don’t solve anything
iv. 8/1/14 – Germany declares war on Russia
v. 8/3/14 – Germany declares war on France
vi. *No one expects war to last

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III. German idiots
a. Oh no! 2-front war!
i. Von Schlieffen Plan – will oust France from war – in 6 weeks (while Russians mobilize) – go through Belgium,
quick assault and take Paris – then send troops to East to kill Russians
ii. Belgium – puts up defense – slows Germans
iii. Belgium = buffer state (back to the Congress of Vienna, which was actually to thwart France…) – YAY, GB
involved!
b. Allied Powers – France, Russia, GB, Serbia, Belgium
c. Central Powers – Ottoman Empire, Germany, (Bulgaria?), Austria-Hungary
d. BEF – British Expeditionary Force – aka. British army
e. As Schlieffen plan is dying, Russians attack before fully mobilized – beats Germany!
f. Battle of Tannenburg – Germany reinforced – beats Russia (32,000 killed/92,000 prisoners)
g. 1st Battle of the Marne – GB + France vs. Germany – stops German advance right outside of Paris
h. Race to the Sea – new German strategy – go to North Sea and around, end war quickly – does not work
i. Battle of Ypres (Belgium) – GB wins (60,000 vs. 100,000 Ger.)
IV. Warfare
a. Trench warfare – miserable
i. No man’s land – in the between trenches of the two sides – killing field
ii. 10-12 ft deep
iii. Artillery, barbed wire, mines, gas, machine guns
iv. Bad sanitation, trench foot, rodents, bodies
b. Weapons – good, but bad tactics – attempt to break deadlock of trench warfare
i. Poison gas – first used by Germany, banned by Geneva Convention (at end of war), ex. chlorine, mustard
ii. Machine guns – used 3-4 men to operate, barrel overheated, used water, fired in bursts
iii. Artillery – small guns and shells to railroad guns – started lobbing shells up to a day before a battle – so you’d
want to kill yourself
iv. Tanks – named by GB to keep it a secret (tanks of freshwater sent to GB) – first used in Battle of Somme –
Germans called it the Devils Wagon
v. Planes – WWI = first war on different “planes” – planes first used for recon, then they started to shoot at each
other
1. Machine guns on planes – on the back, had to shoot backwards, propeller and tail of plane were
obstructions
2. Fokker (Dutch) – worked for Germans, invented gear that stopped the gun when the propeller blade
was in the way
3. Planes made of paper and wood
4. Ace – 5+ kills
5. Bi/triplanes, bombers, zeppelins
6. Only had prototypes of single-engine planes
c. No technology is able to break the stalemate 
V. Total war
a. Not only on battlefield
b. Civilian involvement
i. Sacrifice, factories converted for manufacturing war products
ii. Women – nurses, etc. (higher status – later = suffrage)
c. Censorship
i. For own people: censor dissent and casualty figures
ii. Propaganda – make us look good, make opposing side look subhuman (Germans = Huns)
VI. More war!!
a. GB cuts the underwater cable from U.S. to Europe (Ger.), now our only information is from GB
b. Italy joins Allies – 1915…whoo-hoo (and they proceed to do…nothing)
c. Western front
i. Verdun – historic, important – German campaign here, they thought the French would do anything for it, used
it as a troop-grinder
1. Henri Petain – French commander (later works for Germany; traitor!)
2. Feb.-Dec. 1916 – French suffer 400,000, Ger. 300,000 – Ger. wins, not by a lot
3. The stalemate line moved 10 km, yay… (towards France)
VII. War at Sea
a. GB blockade – most Ger. ports are east of strait, blockade is easy and successful
i. Germans dub “hunger blockade” – blocked food and weapons – violation of international law, but who cares
b. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare USW
i. U-boats (unterseeeee) – torpedoes!!
1. Coffins – little oxygen, easily run over (it sank)

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2. Worked when it snuck up on the ships – GB says that is a violation of the rules of war, Ger. did not
care
3. Not really that big of an impact
VIII. Other Geniuses
a. Winston Churchill <3 – Lord of the Admiralty
i. To get around trench warfare:
1. Amphibious/marine attack on Gallipolli, Turkey (soft belly of Europe) – can take Ottomans out of war,
in a better position to help Russians into the Med (what Russians always wanted but GB would have
never agreed to)
a. Dardanelles (what Russia wants) – Churchill’s plan kind of works – they get there, but do not
get off the beach quick enough – whoooo, more trench warfare – heavy casualties
ii. Middle East – better GB wins
1. Attack Ottomans, take Jerusalem – offers it to the Jews in exchange for help, but keeps it anyway
2. Caucasus region (northern Iran/Iraq/Georgia-ish place) – Ottomans think Armenians are helping
Russians (ahem, religion – because Ottomans are Muslim and Armenians are Christian)
a. Armenian Massacre – Ottomans: what? this never happened…
b. Japanese – WWI in the Pacific…
i. Ally to GB – takes over some Ger. islands in the Pacific
ii. No more contributions
c. Colonial troops – mostly GB and France – 1) colonial troops: Africans, Indians, Australians, New Zealanders, etc. brought
to Europe to fight; 2) colonies of one side vs. colonies of another
IX. RUSSIA – THE RED ZONE – dun-dun-dun
a. Duma – back, shuts down, back, shuts down, back, shuts down…
b. Economic disaster – very, very poor
c. Political turmoil – Bolsheviks vs. Mensheviks
d. Nick 2 – not happy
i. I SEE A RAY OF LIGHT (aka. war)
1. Yay! Nationalism! – civilians will forget about starvation – will promote patriotism (YAY GOOD
CZAR!)
a. Does not work enough because they are/have:
i. Totally unprepared – no technology, industrialization
ii. Weak transportation – dirt roads (+ rain = mud), hard to mobilize
iii. Outdated equipment
iv. Bad leaders/generals – did not know anything
ii. Nick 2 takes charge! – me and my advisors…to the front!
1. Not a good idea..
e. Czarina Alexandra – in charge in St. Petersburg
i. Rasputin – MADMAN IN CHARGE – woos Czarina?
1. “Filthy, illiterate, and possibly insane.” (and immortal)
2. Priest? eh…
3. Healer to the Czar’s hemophiliac son – apparently could calm him
4. Has magnetism for women (ew…) (Jesus?)
5. Gave Czarina bad advice (HA)
6. Nobles (the smart ones who want to kill him off) – bring him to a dinner party, poisons him, he passes
out, wraps in carpet and tries to take outside, carpet moves, stabbed 27450294357 times, rewrapped
in carpet, tries to take outside, carpet moves again, shot 4 times, thrown in river…DIES OF
DROWNING
f. End of 1916 – almost revolution
g. 3/8/1914 – beginning of revolutions
i. Protest for the lack of food
1. Soldiers told to fire at protestors, they refuse
ii. Czar tells Duma to dissolve, they refuse
iii. Czar abdicates…and stays (while his smart brother runs away
iv. ***A PEOPLE’S REVOLUTION – not organized by any group
h. Duma – provisional government
i. Led by Alexander Kerensky – a Menshevik, but has good relationship with Bolsheviks
ii. Rival group – Petrograd Soviet – Communists + socialists – strong core of Bolsheviks, mostly Mensheviks
1. Want peace, land distribution, and factories ruled by workers
i. Allies want Russians in war, Kerensky agrees (everyone else – mad at Kerensky)
j. Mar. 1917 – Bolsheviks + Germans – get Lenin back from Switzerland (he was exiled from Siberia, then somehow gets to
Switzerland) on train to Russia – trying to get Russians out of war
k. Lenin

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i. Returns, sells idea of Bolsheviks taking charge
ii. “Peace, land, and bread”
iii. Mid-1917 – provisional government failing, not much better than Czar
iv. October Revolution (in November) 1917 – quite bloodless, BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTIONS (not people’s)
1. Whole troop units give up on war
v. Lenin gets power
1. Holds elections for assembly (provisional government) – Bolsheviks get 225 seats while Social
Revolutionaries gets 420 (rival group) – Lenin D:< –disbands assembly – election essentially does not
matter
vi. Leninism – all land is under the control of the state – the people have land and bread – what of peace?
vii. Leon Trotsky (Lenin’s right hand man, appointed head of military) – talks with Central Powers
1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – Russia pulls out of war – gives up Baltic Provinces (Latvia, Lithuania, and
Estonia), Ukraine, and Poland – Oh, communism, they have it now, we’ll get it back soon enough
l. Civil War – White (everyone else – capitalists, Mensheviks, democrats, monarchists) vs. Red
i. Red wins with a little help from the West, White is unable to work together
m. Bad economy
i. New Economic Policy NEP – bring in a small amount of capitalism: the problem is that the people don’t have
incentive to produce (for cities)
1. Economy improves
2. YAY LENIN = POWER
a. RussiaUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR
b. Lenin dies 1924, and with him, the ability to change
X. End of the War – FINALLY (..wait not yet.)
a. US – neutral – let’s make money off of this! $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
b. GB – sneaky sneaky
i. Lusitania – British passenger ship (and cargo) – should not have weapons, but did
1. Sunk off the Irish coast 1915
2. Some US people die
3. US – very mad – no USW! (unrestricted submarine warfare)
4. Ger. – we don’t care. it works – resumes USW Feb 1917
5. US- hmph, we’ll just break off diplomatic relations with you
6. Ger. – see if we care
c. Zimmermann Note – sent from German diplomat to Mexico, told them to attack the US, in return, Germany would help
them get back Texas (right…)
i. GB intercepts this telegram – sends to US gov. and press
ii. April 1917 – US in!!
d. Convoy system – surrounds cargo, etc. ships with lots of war ships – Germans can’t attack
e. US troops and industries are key
f. Ger. line of offense – within 40 miles of Paris – stopped
g. US offense is important, essential to Allies winning the war
h. Wilhelm II abdicates – to Denmark
i. Armistice – 11/11/18 11:11 AM
XI. Results of the War
a. Treaty of Versailles
i. The Big Four
1. France – Clemenceau
2. GB – Lloyd George
3. US – Woodrow Wilson
a. 14 points! – he thinks it should be the basis for negotiations
i. Naïve! Germans like
4. Italy – Orlando (utterly clueless)
ii. 27 nations invited…no Central Powers (what negotiation)
iii. *Punish Germany – forced to pay large reparations – or else France could take Ruhr Valley
1. Saarland, Germany – given to France (for 15 years)
2. Demilitarization of Rhineland, Germany
3. Limit German navy/air force/draft/army to 100,000 people
4. Returned Schleswig and Holstein back to Denmark
5. German colonies given to other powers as mandates
a. Mandates – kind of like colonies, better government takes over while it matures, then grants
it independence (sometimes)
iv. *Germans forced to take full responsibility – War Guilt Clause (even though they did not start the war)
1. Humiliation 

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v. *League of Nations! whoooo!! – only important part of 14 points used
1. Unconstitutional – it said the US had to go to war when another nation in the League was attacked –
but Congress must declare war
2. US did not join
3. Utter, utter FAILURE

Post WWI

I. Interwar China
a. Back in WWI – 1917 – China declares war on Germany in an attempt to get back German spheres of influence
i. But the Treaty of Versailles gave these to Japan because Japan had taken them
b. 5/4/1919 – Student protests – nationalism movement – anger that Chinese don’t have power as a nation
c. Guomindang still holds some power – led by Jiang Jieshi
i. Communist party 1921 – strong rival, ideas from the West (Marx)
ii. Jiang hates the Commies – “uneasy relationship”
iii. “Work together” against foreigners
1. Guomindang has gotten rid of most of the warlords (spheres of influence, foreigners)
iv. Guomindang – moved capital to Nanjing 1925
d. Civil War 1927 to 1949 (Break from 1937 to 1945 – Japanese attack)
i. 1927 Jiang attacks the Communists – stab on the back! (from “working together” against foreigners)
ii. Communists mad – they begin to build power in Southeast Asia (peasants! good for the cause)
iii. Mao Zedong – leader of the Red Army – flees to Jiangxi
1. He believes in focusing on peasants to win the revolution
iv. By 1934 – Guomindang (700,000) has Communists somewhat encircled in Southeast China
v. The Long March – led by Mao – 1934-1944 – Guomindang wants to take over the surrounded Communists,
who go on a “long march” (not straight, curved, no particular destination) – Communists think of this march as
a natural selection/hardening process: whoever’s left is really strong
1. Ruijing – Yan’an – 100,000 to 8,000 
e. While Jiang is busy attacking Communists, the Japanese TAKE OVER!!!…Not really
i. Japanese take Manchuria, attack northern China
ii. “Working together” – Mao offers help, Jiang refuses
1. Jiang’s generals kidnap him, force him to work with Mao against the Japanese
iii. U.S. gives weapons to Jiang (to fight the Japanese) – he tells them excuses why he is not using them – in
reality, he is stockpiling to attack Communists
iv. Treaty of Tokyo Bay – before the ink can even dry….Civil War continues (Jiang D:< and so is Mao)
II. Interwar India
a. India helps GB during WWI, hoping to get credit for it….not really (800,000 Indians fight)
b. Rowlatt Acts 1919 – passed by GB – limits more Indian rights, aimed towards nationalists
i. Can arrest for no reason, imprison without a trial, and forbids large gatherings – everything the British
Constitution is against…
c. April 1919 – Amritsar, a northern city – large gathering
i. Big walled garden, 10,000 unarmed people – peaceful demonstration – GB finds out, troops shoot in without
any notice
ii. 400 die, 1200 wounded
iii. Important effect on Indians – they are veeery mad – Brits should be GONE
d. Mohandas Gandhi – Father of Indian Nationalism – born in 1869, middle class, was an attorney
i. Educated in GB – then went to South Africa
1. In South Africa, he began to study *Nonviolent resistance*
a. Ahisma – nonviolence towards living things
b. Civil Disobedience – to disobey laws, but law must be UNJUST (decided by society) – to
outrage people (nonviolent people getting shot down) and to drive them to do something
c. Satyagraha – means “truth force” – the name for Gandhi’s non-violent programs
ii. “Mahatma” – title for Gandhi – means “Great Soul”
iii. Swadeshi – boycotts of GB products
iv. Symbol – the spinning wheel (ex. Gandhi’s clothing) – represented Indians doing/producing things for
themselves (ahem. WITHOUT Great Britain)
v. The Salt March – greatest example of civil disobedience, led by Gandhi
1. Salt is needed to live, GB taxed it
2. Marched from Ashram to the Sea – Gandhi symbolically tastes the salt
e. Government of India Act 1935 – allowed limited local self-rule (provincial rule)
f. 1936 elections – oh no! Religion issues. (Hindu-Muslim clash, again)
i. Total: 11 provinces, 7 are Hindu – Hindu wins

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1. Forms Indian National Congress INC – led by Nehru
ii. 4 provinces are Muslim – Muslim loses
1. Forms Muslim League – led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah
2. Solution: 2 states
a. One state: India = Hindu
b. Another state: (what becomes Pakistan and Bangladesh) = Muslim
III. Interwar Turkey
a. Treaty of Sevres (NOT Severus…SNAPE, SNAPE, SE-VE-RUS SNAPE!)
i. Breaks up Ottoman Empire – gives Turkey to Greeks (because they get along awesomely…not)
ii. 1919 – Greeks invade Turkey to carry out treaty
1. Kemal Mustafa (not Mufasa) – military for Turkish defense
2. Turks win!!!
b. 1923 Republic of Turkey – Mustafa = leader
i. Young Turks (not Young Italy, we just stole your idea, that’s all) – Mustafa and his followers – want to
modernize Turkey
c. Kemal Mustafa  Kemal ATATURK – “Father of Turkey” literally.
i. Moves capital from Istanbul to Ankara (which is smack in the middle of Turkey)
ii. Movement to modernize
1. Expand industry – well, attempts to
2. Tries to make government secular, to get rid of the Muslim religion/religion in general in the
government (separation of Church and state!!!)
a. Some Fundamentalists do not want to modernize
3. Use of western calendar, western alphabet, metric system
4. Bans wearing of fez (some kind of hat)
iii. 1938 Ataturk dies
IV. Interwar Persia (what is now Iran)
a. Reza Khan overthrows the Shah (emperor)
b. 1925 Reza Khan renames himself the new Shah: Shah Reza Pahlavi
i. Pahlavi is the name for the Persian language in ancient Persian – reminder of the glory days
ii. Wants to modernize Persia – so he renames it IRAN
iii. Wants to get back the oil fields that were taken by GB and France
iv. Hears Hitler talking about Aryans (Persians are Aryans, but not Hitler’s idea of Aryans)
1. Reza sees a kindred spirit in Hitler
2. Hitler sees oil
a. Hitler is willing to be friends with Persia
i. GB and Russia are upset about this: what is Hitler gets to the oil?
1. GB and Russia depose Shah Reza Pahlavi
2. Replace with son: Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
V. Interwar Middle East
a. Mandate – a country taken over by a “superior” country until they are ready to govern themselves
i. Basically, a colony
ii. Treaty of Versailles gives a bunch of mandates to GB and France – “until indigenous people become good
democrats” (never)
b. Husayn bin Ali (no last name)
i. An Arab nationalist – wants a large Arab state (from Syria to Yemen!)
ii. Arab nationalism movement – Pan Arabism!
c. Zionism – movement for a Jewish homeland in Palestine
d. 1917 – WWI – the British get tricky
i. Balfour Declaration
1. GB offers the Jews Palestine for their support against the Ottomans
ii. White Paper
1. GB offers the Arabs Palestine for their support against the Ottomans
iii. The Ottomans are removed, but hmm…Palestine is GB’s!!
iv. Sykes Picot Agreement – splits Middle Eastern mandates between France and GB
1. France: Syria & Lebanon
2. GB: Arabia (later becomes Saudi Arabia) & Iraq & Palestine Mandate ((both Jewish Palestine and Arab
Palestine [Transjordan]) – Arabs and Jews mad for broken wartime promises)
a. 1921 – GB gives Transjordan (now Jordan) to Abdullah Husayn (Husayn bin Ali’s son #1)
b. GB gives Iraq to Faisal (Husayn bin Ali’s son #2)
VI. Interwar Africa
a. Pan-African Congress – series of meetings – Africans want credit for their part in WWI
i. Essentially, these do nothing

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b. Egypt
i. 1922 – Limited independence (not Suez Canal and parts of the Nile)
ii. 1936 – Full independence (except Suez Canal)
iii. 1939 – No independence – WWII (stupid Germans)
c. Kenya
i. Resents British – who see Kenya has good agricultural value and buys up all the best agricultural land
ii. Harry Thuku – leads protests for Kenyan nationalism
1. GB no like protests – Thuku exiled
iii. Jomo Kenyatta
1. Different approach – negotiation with GB, slow progress, but still nationalism
2. GB is okay with this
3. Ends up becoming the first president of an independent Kenya

Interwar Japan

I. Japan post-WWI
a. Economic problems: strikes and layoffs that had been postponed from before the war
i. Farmers not as successful
ii. Lacked natural resources
1. Steel, oil, etc. – which they needed a lot of
iii. Tariffs – tax on imports so that the people buy the country’s own products
1. Limited market availability in Japan
iv. Zaibatsu – large corporate entity that controls numerous businesses – goal of corporations = monopoly
1. Unlike U.S., which banned monopolies with the Sherman Anti-trust Act
b. Emperor Hirohito – political leader, is above everything (god’s representative), returns to pre-Meiji restoration
i. Constitutional monarchy
ii. Growing democracy
1. Universal male suffrage, elections, political parties, etc.
c. Power actually held in political entities and the military
i. Young generation is becoming westernized
1. Political entities and the military are conservative – detests westernizations
ii. Do not like the growth of unions
1. Socialism is limited
2. Unions are also limited quickly
iii. Military grows powerful
iv. Great depression (a bit before the U.S. Depression)
v. Military – wants a united Japan ruled under the military
1. The people see the military as the most stable part of the government
vi. Military
1. *Respected by the people
2. *Supplants the government
3. *Sees the west as limiting Japan
a. Influencing the people into disliking westernization as well
d. Japanese think the West and the U.S. are against them
i. Washington Naval Treaty (533)
1. Limits weapons (battleships – the most powerful weapon)
a. 2 ocean powers: U.S. and GB – allowed 5 new battleships each
b. 1 ocean powers: Japan, France, and Italy – allowed 3 new battleships each
ii. U.S. – limits Japanese immigration
e. Military development
i. Limited industrial base (for military development)
1. Invests more in navy (for obvious reasons), less in army
ii. Focuses on soldiers over technology (cannot compete in technology)
iii. Best trained soldiers
1. Literally removes “surrender”, “retreat”, and “defeat” from the training manual
f. Two assassination attempts on prime ministers, one was successful
g. 1931 Manchurian Incident
i. Japan wants Manchuria for resources such as coal and iron (to makes steel)
1. The people of Japan supports this
ii. Bomb explosion on the South Manchurian Railway
1. Japan blames China (it was actually a setup)
2. The military sends troops in to protect the railway

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3. Civilian government realizes that the military has done this without their consent
a. Orders the troops out…the military refuses
iii. Manchuria is given “independence” – renamed Manchukuo, Puyi as emperor
iv. The League of Nations condemns Japan for its actions in Manchuria
1. Japan withdraws (testing what the League would do)
2. League does nothing
h. Japan also leaves the Washington Naval Treaty – to rebuild its navy with no limits
i. The Soviet Union does not like this
ii. 1936 – Anti-Comintern Pact – Japan and Germany – against the Soviet Union
1. (Anti Communist International)
i. 1937 Second Sino-Japanese War
i. Bomb explodes between Manchuria and China
ii. China is blamed, Japan declares war
j. WWII – Nanjing Massacre
i. Begins in the summer of 1937 – Japanese thinks it will take 3 months to take all of China
ii. Strong Chinese defense at Shanghai, took a long time for the Japanese to get the city
1. Japanese were infuriated, wanted revenge at Nanking
iii. Order to kill all captives
iv. John Magee – a Westerner in Nanking during the massacre, shot movies clips of the situation
v. Japanese soldiers viewed their Chinese counterparts as subhuman because they had easily surrendered
vi. Atrocities on Chinese soldiers were ordered (such as bayonet practice) in order to harden Japanese soldiers to
humiliation/death/slaughter
vii. Lasted 6-8 weeks
viii. Officers encouraged the Japanese troops raping women as long as they killed the women/disposed of evidence
afterwards; officers often joined in
ix. 20,000 to 80,000 women were raped
x. International Safety Zone – 2.5 square miles in the middle of the city, organized by 20some westerners, off-
limits to the Japanese
1. Held 300,000 people; inadequate security
xi. John Rabe – “unlikely hero” – German Nazi businessman – head of Nazi party in Nanking
1. Naïve/hero – he smuggled a film of the atrocities to Germany to outrage Hitler into taking action
against the Japanese (which Hitler did not do)
xii. “Comfort women” – women forced into prostitution
xiii. Japanese War Crimes Tribunal – not successful (unlike German Nuremberg Trials)
1. Japanese surrendered on the condition that the emperor was not touched; Allies agreed
2. Defendants in turn blamed everything on the emperor, who could not be tried
xiv. Japanese worshipped their war criminals
1. Only 7 were hanged, some suicide, most were put in prison for a short time then let go
xv. Similar humanitarian crimes after WWII (Africa, Cambodia, Bosnia, Kosovo)
k. Japanese want South East Asia
i. Purpose: resources such as rubber and oil
ii. Different philosophy as imperialism in China
iii. Greater East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere
1. To remove European imperialist government and create “perfect East Asian harmony”
2. Translated: Japanese take over all of East Asia
3. These countries did not agree with Japanese goals/did not like Japanese

Totalitarian States

I. Properties
a. Political
i. The state over the individual
ii. The state = often one individual, the leader
iii. Single party (may not start with this, but sooner or later they take control)
iv. Dictator unites the country
b. Social
i. The government controls all aspects of daily life
ii. Secret police – to “disappear you”
iii. Citizens are denied rights
c. Economic
i. The government controls everything
ii. Labor and businesses to fulfill state objectives

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1. Therefore, no unions
d. Fascism – type of totalitarian state
i. Single party state, strong ruler, authoritative state (everything is done for the good of the state)
1. Glorification of the STATE
ii. ***Aggressive nationalism – to empower the country
II. Italian Fascism
a. Benito Mussolini (1883) – Il Duce (The Duke/The Leader)
i. Originally socialist…now fascist (now, how does that work…)
ii. 1919 – Fasci di Combattimento – National Fascist Party
iii. Unrest – Mussolini is in power because of this
1. Peasants are angry – Mussolini tells them he will make jobs
2. Middle class/wealthy are worried about the peasants and fear communism – Mussolini tells them to
not worry about revolt, he has it under control
3. Mussolini plays both sides to get elected, doesn’t work that well
iv. Plan 2 – Blackshirts – physical “persuasion”, vote for fascist party or else
v. October 1922 – March on Rome
1. Mussolini take a gamble – if it does not work, he is in Milan and can just say he did not know about it
2. However, it works – the King invites him to Rome and …
a. Mussolini is named Prime Minister (of Italy)
b. Mussolini as Prime Minister
i. Creates a totalitarian state
1. Links “greatness” back to Roman Empire – creates lots of festivals and holidays
2. Bans other political parties
3. Nationalism!
ii. Need to be a military power, need a military victory
1. Ethiopian invasion
a. Ethiopian king, Halie Selassie – asked the League of Nations for help
i. League “sanctions” weapons – however, does not work because Italy has a
weapons industry
1. League knows this, only wanted to act like it was doing something
ii. League does not sanction oil, coal, and iron, which would have worked
1. Again, they did not want to sanction Italy
b. Ethiopia is defeated
III. THE SOVIET UNION <3
a. Josef Stalin
i. After Lenin, Stalin vs. Leon Trotsky
1. Trotsky is exiled to Mexico/killed by KGB/not important
ii. Differences
1. Marx – wanted communism/socialism in an international sense, to infect the whole world
2. Stalin – only wanted socialism in a single state (USSR), did not care about exporting the revolution
a. Wanted control and power
iii. 5 year plans – to modernize the economy agriculturally
1. Central planning – all economic decisions will be made in/come from Moscow
a. Producer has no input – Stalin will “get rid of” if on says no or cannot complete
i. Lies about how much is produced if they don’t complete what is necessary
ii. However, the same amount (that does not exist) still has to be distributed
iii. Ends up hurting the economy even though it did stimulate
2. Heavy industry – an achievement
a. Coal, steel, oil
b. Took workers off of consumer good for these
i. Guns vs. butter
3. Collectivization – land distributed under Lenin is taken back (but distribution has helped)
a. Agriculture – “larger is better” – under Lenin, had needed incentive for farmers to produce
more
i. Not needed under Stalin – produce, or else
b. Kulaks (prosperous peasants) – unhappy about collectivization
i. Complained, sent to Siberia
1. Gulags – prison/concentration camps in Siberia
iv. Ukraine – “breadbasket of the Soviet Union”
1. 1932 – Famine in Ukraine – petitioned to Stalin for Aid
2. No help came; 5 million Ukrainians died
v. Mid 1930s – Stalin has complete power

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1. Stalin is quite literally psychiatrically paranoid
a. Great Purges – to kill all that he thought were dangerous/against him
i. Jewish doctors
ii. High military officers (hence why unprepared for WWII)
vi. Religion is discouraged
vii. Children’s organization – youth groups that taught kids about how awesome mother Russia and Stalin are
viii. Cult of Personality – teaches people that Stalin is good and looks out for them
ix. Cheka – secret police
IV. Interwar Germany
a. Weimar Republic – government that forms after WWI
i. The most unpopular – the people are unhappy about losing the war and the peace treaty; plus, economy is
down like after every war
ii. 1982 – Germany cannot pay reparations of $35 billion dollars
1. French – yay! – takes Ruhr Valley as stated in the Versailles Treaty
a. Ruhr Valley – has coal and oil, just what would have helped Germany get out of its
economically depressed state
iii. Inflation – trillions of marks to a dollar – practically worthless
1. Trivia – burned for warmth, used as wallpaper, etc. – needed a wheelbarrowfull just to buy a loaf of
bread
iv. People just more mad
b. Adolf Hitler
i. Born 1889 in Austria
ii. Served in German Army as a corporal in WWI
iii. National Socialist Workers Party/ Nazis – Fascist party
1. “Socialist” and “Workers” in the name merely to attract more people
2. Brownshirts – (Blackshirts of Germany) – to physically force people to support the Nazis
iv. October 1923 - Putsch – Hitler stands up in a beer hall and shouts “WE MUST OVERTHROW THE WEIMAR
REPUBLIC” like a maniac
1. Arrested
2. Writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in prison
a. About Aryan superiority and how Jews/communists are bad
v. Great depression – Hitler blames the Jews, big surprise
vi. 1932 – named Chancellor – can call new elections
1. Calls elections a year later
2. Reichstag catches fire (conveniently) – blames communists
a. Hitler/Nazi party get a lot of votes
b. Need “emergency powers” because of the threat posed at Reichstag
vii. Martial law/dictatorship
1. Bans political parties
2. Limits rights
3. Unions under political control
4. Gestapo – secret police
viii. Cult of Personality (like Stalin’s)
ix. Deh Fuhrer (The Leader)
x. Third Reich – to be undefeatable
1. Nazi Youth – brainwashed children who pledged loyalty to Hitler and Germany
2. Wage controls, public works (stadiums for Hitler to speak in!), expands military
3. More jobs – good, Hitler, good
xi. Anti-Semitism – hatred/prejudice against Semites (Arab/Jews)
1. Scapegoated, blamed for everything
2. Laws limiting Jewish right in 1930s
a. 1935 – Nuremberg Laws
i. Jews have separate legal status
ii. Not citizens, cannot vote or even work in some places
iii. Must wear yellow Star of David
3. Kristallnacht – Jewish homes/businesses/synagogues assaulted
a. People are carted away
i. Beginning of concentration camps, ie. Dachau

WWII

I. WWII in Europe

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a. Post WWI – Hitler
i. Lebensraum – Germans need living space
ii. No respect for Slavs, Poles, etc. (from eastern Germany)
iii. Rebuilds the German military
1. Violates the Treaty of Versailles
2. Appeasement – GB and France are willing to do anything to avoid another (world) war
a. Main cause of WWII – no one stops the Germans, Allies are too late
3. Hitler knew how the Europeans would react – neither GB or France did anything about Hitler violating
the treaty
b. Hitler’s plan of action
i. Submarines!
ii. Rhineland, Germany
1. To be demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles
2. March 1936 – Hitler sends a small amount of troops there to test GB and France
3. GB and France did nothing (appeasement)
iii. Anschluss (annexation) of Austria
1. Hitler wants to bring together all the “Germanic people of Europe”
2. Demands annexation of Austria, put Nazis in power in Austria
3. Austria asks GB and France for help – but no help comes (appeasement)
4. March 1938 – Germans march into Austria and take it
iv. Czechoslovakia – strong economy, alliance with France and Soviet Union (asks France for help, but doesn’t get
any – appeasement)
1. *Sudetenland – hilly, border area of Czechoslovakia – has 3 million Germans
2. Hitler wants Germans of Sudetenland to bring it under Germany’s power
3. 9/12/38 – Hitler’s speech: Sudetenland should have self-determination
4. 9//15/38 – Hitler meets with Chamberlain (Prime Minister of GB) – demands the self-determination of
Sudetenland
a. Chamberlain says he needs a week to think it over
5. 9/22/38 – Hitler and Chamberlain meet again
a. Chamberlain agrees to give Sudetenland self-determination
b. Hitler says no, that was last week’s offer – now he just wants Sudetenland
6. 9/29/38 – Munich Conference
a. Hitler (Ger.), Chamberlain (GB), Mussolini (Ita.), Daladier (Fra.) – ironic: Czechoslovakia is
not included in any of these talks
b. “Mussolini’s” Compromise (/cough/ Hitler’s) – Hitler should get Sudetenland, but only if he
promises never to take any other lands in Europe…
i. GB and France agree to this (appeasement)
ii. Chamberlain after signing agreement, “I hold in my hands, peace in our time”
7. 3/15/1939 – Hitler takes over the rest of Czechoslovakia
c. Spain
i. Spanish king abdicates – Spain becomes a republic (liberal)
1. Church deems Spain becoming a republic unacceptable
2. Some redistribution of land from nobles to peasants (socialism! a little)
3. Church is in charge of education
ii. Spanish Civil War
1. Republicans – want a republic
a. Supported by Soviet Union
b. Also supported by International Brigade (volunteers from U.S., GB, and France, ex.
Hemingway)
2. Nationalists – led by Francisco Franco
a. Hitler and Mussolini support them
i. Hitler’s rationales
1. Get closer to the Italian fascists
2. Spain can become a fascist state
3. Spain has large deposits of resources (iron ore), which will be important
for the German war effort
4. Playtest new theory – soldiers get a chance to play with new weapons,
etc.
iii. Guernica, Spain – village in the Condor region – bombed/destroyed by German air force testing a new tactic:
carpet-bombing civilians to kill them and break their morale
1. Guernica – also painting by Picasso
iv. March 1939 – Spain becomes a fascist state (Nationalists won Civil War)

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d. Axis Powers form
i. Rome-Berlin Axis – Germany and Italy
ii. Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, and Japan
iii. Stalin is worried – turns to GB and France – asks to put up an alliance against the Axis
1. GB and France say no (appeasement)
iv. Stalin thinks Czechoslovakia is against the Soviet Union; therefore, GB and France are also against the Soviet
Union because they helped Hitler get Czechoslovakia
1. Sees Munich Conference as a threat to the Soviet Union
v. GB and France – now offer alliance with Soviet Union
1. Stalin says yes, only if he is allowed to control the area from Finland to Bulgaria (all of Eastern
Europe…) – obviously, GB and France say no
vi. Stalin is worried about inevitable war – his military is not ready, on account of him being paranoid and killing
all/most of his generals
1. August 1939 – Nazi Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
a. They will never go to war
b. Split Poland between themselves (Germany gets western half, Soviet Union gets eastern
half)
c. Both knew this was a short-term alliance, but it was beneficial to both sides
i. Soviet Union – time to build up the army
ii. Germany – avoid a 2-front war for now
d. GB and France are shocked
e. Poland
i. 9/1/1939 Germany invades Poland
1. Blitzkrieg – German war strategy: use both air and land forces, fast punch-through
ii. GB and France declares war on Nazi Germany
iii. Poland is defeated in two weeks
iv. Germany takes over Danzig – international trade port in Poland
v. USSR backstabs Poland – takes “its share” – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
f. Finland/Norway/Denmark/Belgium
i. Germany wants to take Finland; Finland puts up a good defense; however, it still surrenders March 1940
ii. Sitzkrieg – From the end of September 1939 to April 1940 – nothing happens (western front) – “phony war”
iii. GB mines waters around Norway (against submarine warfare)
1. GB tells Norway to watch out for Germany
2. Germany wants to take Norway to avoid GB blockade (from WWI)
iv. Germany offers “protection” to Norway and Denmark – or else they will be invaded
v. 4/9/1940 – Germany takes Norway and Denmark
vi. Germany plans to cut though Belgium to the North Sea
1. Purpose – to cut off the north from the south
2. Maginot Line – powerful guns, fixed line of defense
a. Germans go around it
b. Now useless – cannot be moved
3. 5/10/1940 – Germans blitzkrieg through Belgium and Ardennes
a. Germans blitzkrieg through France to Dunkirk, Belgium
b. GB saves 300,00 troops by removing them
c. Goering – German Luffewaffe (air force) commander
i. Tells Hitler they do not need to send troops to Dunkirk, they can bomb GB into
surrendering
ii. GB is able to measure the abilities of the Luffewaffe
g. France
i. Paris falls
ii. 6/22/1940 – France surrenders to Germany
iii. France split up
1. North = German France
2. South = Vichy France – puppet state
a. Henri Petain (hero in WWI) – named leader of Vichy France (traitor!)
iv. Charles de Gaulle – leads French resistance
h. Great Britain – only Allied power left (for now)
i. Chamberlain resigns
ii. Winston Churchill – Prime Minister
1. “I have nothing to offer you, but Blood, Toil, Tears, & Sweat”
2. Lesson of Dunkirk – GB need air superiority
iii. Battle of Britain – air war

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1. GB secret weapon – RADAR!
a. Can tell from where/what size/what speed German troops are approaching
2. German attack
a. First attempt – Luffewaffe vs. British Royal Air Force
i. Attacked airways, factories, etc.
ii. Good, but Germans didn’t know it was working, so they changed their approach
b. Second attempt
i. Attack on cities (terror attack)
ii. London Blitz – 57 days, GB still does not surrender
iii. Fails – when planes are shot down, pilots are taken prisoner and lost to the German
air force
iv. GB escapes from bombing by staying in the subways
3. GB had good planes (they were big)
4. Germany – small bombers – worked well with ground troops
iv. Germans unable to take GB, changes focus to Soviet Union
i. Soviet Union
i. 6/22/1941 Germany attacks Soviet Union
1. Rationale – Lebensraum (living space)
ii. Stalin is surprised – he has poorly-led troops
1. Air force – defeated in one week
2. 500,000 troops captured…but Soviet Union has lots more
iii. Scorched earth policy – hey, it worked once
1. It works again!
2. German equipment not equipped for cold weather
a. Diesel freezes, batteries drain out
3. Germans are stuck
II. U.S. “neutrality”
a. Neutrality Acts of 1937
i. Prohibits arms shipments to belligerent nations (those in the war)
ii. Loopholes soon found, then basically ignored completely
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt – secret meetings with Churchill
i. Discuss policy once U.S. joins the war
ii. How to get the people’s support for the war
c. “Neutrality”
i. Destroyer for bases
1. GB needs destroyers, U.S. has 50 destroyers sitting around collecting dust
2. U.S. trades destroyers in exchange for military bases in Canada (Newfoundland) and Bermuda
ii. Cash & carry
1. GB used to purchase weapons on credit – U.S does not like this.
2. GB changes – pays in cash (gold)
3. GB carries the weapons in their own ships (so there is no replay of Lusitania)
4. GB needs 12,000 planes…they are running out of money
iii. Lend lease
1. U.S. will lend anything if the situations is deemed “important to national security”
d. 12/7/1941 Pearl Harbor bombed by Japan – neutrality ends
i. U.S. declares war on Japan (but FDR wants to fight in WWII in Europe)
ii. How convenient for FDR – Hitler declares war on the U.S.
e. Allied powers – mainly GB, U.S., and Soviet Union (what’s left of it)
III. WWII in Europe (continued)
a. June 1940 – Italy declares war on France – not significant
b. North Africa
i. Italy attacks Egypt (which is GB’s again, no longer independent)
ii. North African Fall 1940 – GB beats Italians
iii. Germany sends Afrika Korps with General Rommel (who is also known as the Desert Fox)
iv. Germany was beating GB until Monty comes
1. GB sends General Bernard Montgomery (also known as Monty)
2. Monty brought better tactics and better weapons (from the U.S.)
v. El Alamein – GB stops Afrika Korps advancement here and begin to push back their line of offense
c. Stalin needs to save his people
i. Needs a second front – wants Allies to attack northern France
1. Allies say no
ii. Operation Torch – instead, Allies attack North Africa (Morocco/Algeria)

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1. Attack of Casablanca
d. November 1942 – Eisenhower (U.S.) and French Admiral Darlan negotiate the surrender of France
i. France surrenders to GB and U.S.
ii. Purpose – trap Germans between Eisenhower (U.S.) and Montgomery (GB)
iii. General Patton (U.S.) – aggressive
iv. May 1943 – Germany and Italy surrenders here
e. Meanwhile, it is getting cold in Soviet Union
i. 9oo day siege of Leningrad – 3000 to 4000 dies each day
1. Overall, more than one million civilians died
2. Soviet Union’s best ally = winter
ii. Stalingrad – **turning point in WWII Europe
1. Hitler targets Stalingrad in the spring – surrounds it
2. Stalingrad is the key to the Caucasus region (aka. oil)
3. Stalin refuses to surrender here
4. November 1942 – Soviet Union counterattack by General Georgy Zhukov
a. German army surrounded, Hitler orders not to surrender
b. By January 1943 – no more ammunition/supplies
c. Only 90,000 troops left – Germany surrenders (from now on, retreating)
f. Another front for the Allies
i. July 1943 – Attack Sicily – weak resistance
1. Real battle between Allies – Monty vs. Patton
2. Patton is sent to GB and given a time-out (purpose is to make him mad, and then channel anger
towards Germany, not an ally)
g. Italians change sides (shockingly predictable)
i. King of Italy gets rid of Mussolini
ii. Replaces him with Pietro Badoglio (Mussolini’s cousin)
1. Badoglio holds secret negotiations with Allies to get the Italians out of the war
iii. 9/3/1943 Allies attack Italy, Italy surrenders
1. Doesn’t really do anything, Germany just takes over Italy
iv. Germans in northern Italy
1. Italy is hillier up north, and flattens out in the south
2. Good terrain for German defense against the Allies in the south
v. 6/4/1944 Allies finally get to Rome – this second front doesn’t really help the Soviet Union like they wanted
h. Soviet Union advance (Leningrad siege ended)
i. Gets to Warsaw – Poles rise up against Stalin
ii. Stalin stops his troops and temporarily stops
iii. Germans come, wipe out Poles, get what they want, and leave
iv. Stalin takes over Warsaw (wonderful)
i. Operation Overlord
i. D-Day – 6/6/1844 (was originally supposed to be 6/5/1844, but bad weather)
ii. Eisenhower in command
iii. Germans knew it was coming, but did not know when – Allies’ brilliant deception plan
1. Patton – taken out from time-out
a. Germans think Patton is the Allies’ best general – they believe he will be in charge of the
attack
2. Patton is put in charge of a fake army with fake radio signals to trick the Germans
3. A dead general is put in the sea (looks like he was hostage, then shot down from a plane) –
handcuffed, with a briefcase of “information” (fake war plans)
a. Germans think these are the real plans
iv. Pas de Calais – the closest spot between GB and France – Germans think the attack will be here
1. The attack is actually in Normandy, France
2. Germans think the attack in Normandy is a soft attack and that the real attack will be at Pas de Calais
3. Hitler refuses to order troops out of Pas de Calais until after the first day, but it is too late
4. By 7/1/1844, one million Allied troops are at Normandy
5. Rommel is sent back to Germany for screwing up
j. Operation Valkyrie
i. Bomb is planted to kill Hitler, but is the bomb is moved and the operation fails
ii. Rommel is killed for it, but is actually innocent
k. August...to December – everyone thinks the war is basically over
i. Battle of the Bulge – Hitler’s final offense
1. It was snowing, the Allied air force could not fly in the snow
2. German tanks were fine in the snow

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3. German troops were composed of old men and teenagers – it was all they had left
4. Germans surround the key city of Bastogne, Belgium
5. Germans ask Allies to surrender – Allied reply: “NUTS!”
6. Patton, angry from time-out, gains victory here – goes north and stops the offensive
l. Allies win at Elba River
i. 4/15/1845 – Allies meets Soviet Union troops – the war has ended
m. April 1845 – Allies take Berlin
i. Hitler kills himself (some think he went to South America and it was someone else who died)
n. 5/7/1845 – Germany surrenders!
o. 5/8/1845 – V-E Day (Victory in Europe)
IV. WWII in the Pacific
a. September 1940 – Tripartite Pact
i. Germany, Italy, and Japan – are each to get the space to which they are entitled: translated – take over the
world
b. Hideki Tojo – Japanese nationalist/general – took control of Japan during WWII; was later tried and executed for war
crimes
c. 1941 Japan wants Indochina
i. U.S. sanctions – bans oil and freezes assets
1. Japan needs oil
ii. Japan sees U.S. actions as tantamount to a declaration of war – Japan very mad
iii. U.S. knows Japan is mad – expected an attack on Philippines (some important port on it)
d. Pearl Harbor 12/7/1941
i. U.S. thought Pearl Harbor was impervious to a torpedo attack (it was too shallow, which is true)
ii. Yamamoto – Japan’s best admiral
1. Plans the attack on Pearl Harbor – innovated torpedoes to work in shallow waters
2. Told the high command that they would have 6 months to defeat the U.S. once war is initiated
a. Reason – Japan’s industrial capacity does not match the U.S.’s
iii. Attack on Pearl Harbor – surprise to the U.S.
1. Japan’s purpose – to take out the U.S.’s pacific fleet – it almost does
a. Takes 6 U.S. battleships – the backbone of the fleet
b. *Did not get the carriers (because they were out on maneuvers
iv. Japanese secretary was supposed to give the Japan’s actual declaration of war at the exact time that the bomb
was dropped
1. However, the declaration was 2-3 hours late because of translation, etc.
2. People of the U.S. are very angry about the unannounced attack
3. Yamamoto knows that Japan doesn’t even have all of 6 months to defeat U.S. anymore
e. Japanese victories
i. Malaya, Singapore, Dutch East Indies, Burma, Hong Kong, Guam, Wake Island
ii. Philippines
1. MacArthur – U.S. general who attempts to defend the Philippines
a. Forced by Japanese to leave to Australia – but “I will return!”
2. Bataan Death March – march from Bataan to prison camps
a. Japanese forced a lot of Americans and Filipinos to march – not enough food, etc. – many
deaths
iii. Japanese – 1942 = their height in WWII
f. First Allied “victory”
i. Battle of Coral Sea – Allies manage to stop Japanese forces
ii. Both lose one carrier, Japanese merely stops advancement
iii. Published as victory in U.S
g. June 1942 – Battle of Midway (***turning point of WWII in the Pacific)
i. Reason for success – Allies broke the Japanese code
ii. Allies knew Japanese would attack, did not know where
1. Thought it was Midway
2. Midway sends out a message about a broken water reclamation center or whatever
3. Japan intercepts it – Allies now know that the attack would be at Midway
iii. Sunk 4 Japanese carriers – major victory
iv. *Nimitz – U.S. admiral at Midway
h. Island-hopping
i. Ignoring the Japanese key bases in the Pacific (going around them)
ii. Goes further west, attacks other less guarded bases
iii. Taking these = cutting off Japanese supplies to the stronger bases
iv. “Wither on the vine”

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i. 2-prong attack – by the Allies
i. The first starts from Pearl Harbor
ii. The second starts from Australia/Guadalcanal Island
1. MacArthur is back!
iii. They meet at the Philippines
1. Battle of Leyte Gulf (*largest naval battle of WWII)
iv. Allies have the superiority in equipment
j. Kamikazes – divine wind (Japanese historical reference)
i. Young pilots who are taught to fly into Allied carriers – not taught to land the plane
ii. First used at Battle of Leyte Gulf
iii. Limited impact – lacked skill in flying planes
k. Allied advancement
i. From Philippines, starting to go north towards Japan
ii. Almost at a good distance to bomb – not close enough
iii. Need air bases
1. Iwo Jima island – takes one month to take
a. 7,000 U.S. die, 16, 000 Japanese die
2. Okinawa island – takes much longer to take
a. 12,000 U.S. die, 100,000Japanese die (refused to surrender)
b. Allies reconsider plans – Japanese willing to die for Okinawa?
i. Mainland Japan will be very hard to capture (estimated over 1 million U.S.
casualties could potentially result)
l. Truman (FDR dies ) – employs atomic bombs
i. 1946 – U.S. demands unconditional surrender from Japan – they are ignored
ii. 8/6/1946 – U.S. flies one plane (Enola Gay) over Hiroshima – they think nothing of it, only one plane?
1. Drops one bomb (named Fat Man)
a. 60% city destroyed/killed – 70,000 people killed immediately
iii. Japanese still do not surrender
iv. 8/9/1946 – U.S. flies one plane over Nagasaki – drops second bomb (called Little Boy)
1. Destroys area of 2 square miles – 75,000 killed immediately
v. 8/15/456 Japan surrenders (did not know that U.S. only had 2 bombs)
V. The Holocaust
a. Hitler finds himself with a lot of Jews (and others)
i. Could not shoot all of them – that would be inefficient
1. Solution – ghettos – enclosures where Jews were forced to live
2. Largest ghetto in Warsaw
ii. Concentration camps – forced labor
b. Conference in Wannsee, Germany – developed final solution
i. Death camps – purpose: to kill (ex. Auschwitz)
ii. Gas chambers disguised as showers – released Zyklon B gas
iii. Bodies then burned in crematorium – avoid mass graves
iv. 11 million killed – 6 million Jews, 5 million other (Slavs, gypsies, Jehovah’s witness, homosexual, handicapped,
mentally ill, etc.)
VI. Results of WWII (Postwar)
a. 70 million fought, 55 million died
b. 2 conferences
i. Yalta conference – 1945 (war almost over)
1. Stalin, FDR, Churchill forms alliance (but it doesn’t last)
2. Germany is divided into 4 zones
a. Distributed to GB, France, Soviet Union, and U.S
b. Size of Soviet Union’s zone is about the other three combined…
3. Poland given land from Germany
4. Stalin agrees to help U.S. against the Japanese…a day before the bombing (thanks for the help)
5. Stalin agrees to the United nations
6. UN Charter!!! Yay!
ii. Conference at Potsdam, Germany – nothing gets done at all
1. FDR replaced by Truman, who refuses to trust Stalin
2. Churchill replaced by Atlee (of the Labor Party) – clueless

The Cold War

I. Post WWII

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a. 1945 to 1949 Nuremberg Trials – German war trials
i. Many German war officers/criminals were sentenced to death or sent to military prison
ii. Technically, this is illegal, a violation of international law, because there was no international government or
court with this jurisdiction
iii. Germans had no choice
b. Germans forced to pay reparations; however, they pay in marks, which is basically worth nothing
i. Soviets take it upon themselves to remove German factories, etc., and move it over onto Soviet land
ii. As a result, Germany now has no industry
c. Germany is split into 4 zones – GB, France, Soviet Union, U.S.
i. Berlin is also split into 4 zones; BUT Berlin is in the middle of the Soviet Union’s section of Germany
d. War is over, but hostilities still exist; ex-Allies have broken up and now resemble more U.S. vs. Soviet Union
e. Hot war – direct war – all of these countries wanted to avoid this
i. Fear of a nuclear WWIII
II. Communism almost takes over the world, well Eastern Europe
a. At the end of the war, Soviet Union had agreed to:
i. Hold elections in Eastern European countries
1. But: they more like imposed leaders (and communism) in these countries
ii. Protect the rights of minorities in these Eastern European countries
1. Yeah…right – did not happen
III. Cold War – where the two major combatants do not directly fight each other; surrogate/proxy states do the actual fighting
a. Conflict over world influence; involved means short of war
b. U.S. – weapons of cold war:
i. Threat of force, propaganda, military, and economic aid
c. Soviet Union – post WWII
i. Stalin felt that the past two wars with Germany had been on Soviet land and that this will never happen again
ii. If there are wars, they will be fought on or east of their collection of buffer states
iii. Soviet buffer zone – also called Soviet satellites
1. Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania (most Eastern Europe – imposed communism here)
2. Yugoslavia – independent, communist state
a. Josef Tito – nationalist/communist, hero in WWII in fighting against Germany
i. Since he was communist, the people in Yugoslavia wanted him to rule; chose to
become a communist state
ii. Supported the policy of neutrality between the East and West in the Cold War
iv. Churchill – Iron Curtain speech in Missouri 1946
1. Said that an iron curtain has descended on Europe – referring to the sharp division in Europe
d. Containment – concept developed by Kennan (U.S. expert on Soviet Union)
i. Stalin will not give up the countries in his buffer zone; if you try to take it from him, he will go to war with you
ii. We need to tell him that we will fight them over any potential expansion from what he already has
iii. Stalin will probably not do anything because he already has what he wants
iv. *Key – stop further Soviet expansion
v. U.S. uses this a lot in the future
e. Eastern Mediterranean – Greece and Turkey
i. Communism threats (Soviet Union threatens Turkey, and Greece is threatened by Tito/Yugoslavia)
ii. Truman Doctrine – pledge to provide military (and economic) aid to “stop armed minorities or outside
pressures” – aka communism
1. Soviet/Yugoslavia = outside forces, communist groups = minorities within countries
2. Allocates $400 million military support to Greece and Turkey
3. Communism expansion is stopped, and containment works
f. Marshall Plan introduced 6/1/1947 (Marshall was an ex-war general in WWII, now Secretary of State)
i. Economic aid to all European nations to rebuild their economies
ii. Basically, U.S. goes into the country, assesses its economic conditions and gives advice
1. Soviet Union does not let U.S. into Soviet Union or any of the buffer states
2. Aid going mostly to Western Europe
iii. $13 billion to Europe in 5 years
1. Not actually altruistic
2. Receiving countries expected to sped money back on the U.S. – thereby expanding U.S. economy
g. Czechoslovakia – last to become communist February 1948
h. More conflict in Germany
i. U.S., GB, and France combine their zones in Germany – basically creating western Germany
1. Also combine their zones in Berlin
ii. Soviet Union does not like that the Allies have combined their zones in Berlin because it is in the middle of the
Soviet’s Germany zone

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1. June 1948 – Berlin Blockade
a. Purpose – to force the West to leave
b. Blockades land, rail, water access to Berlin – does not do anything about air
c. Berlin Airlift – Allies airlift an average of 4,000 tons of supplies (bread/clothing/oil/water)
into Berlin each day
i. The most in a day – 13,000 tons
ii. Candy Man – pilot that made little parachutes of candy for the children in Berlin
d. May 1949 Berlin Blockade ends – Soviet Union loses
i. Major propaganda victory for the Allies
iii. Allies decide German independence is good
1. Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) – created by the allies
a. Capital – Bonn
2. German Democratic Republic (East Germany) – Soviet Union forms this in response
a. Capital – Berlin
i. 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO
i. Formed by the Allies
ii. U.S., Canada, France, GB, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, etc.
iii. Purpose – military alliance against the Soviet Union
iv. Greece and Turkey added in 1952
v. West Germany (FRG) added in 1955
j. Warsaw Pact 1995 – in response to NATO
i. Soviet Union military alliance with all of its satellite states
1. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania
ii. Yugoslavia originally part of the pact, but kicked out because he didn’t follow Stalin’s plans
k. Nuclear arms race
i. 1949 – Soviet Union has atomic bombs
ii. 1952 U.S. has the hydrogen bomb! (100X the capacity of Fat Man/Little Boy)
iii. 1953 Soviet Union gets hydrogen bombs too
iv. ICBMs – Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
v. Deterrence – the development of or maintenance of military power to deter an attack
vi. Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) – the concept that if either side attacks first, great destruction on both
sides will occur
1. Works, and actually prevents direct conflict
vii. “Duck and cover” – method of personal protection against nuclear weapons, taught to U.S. school children
l. China becomes communist! – containment takes a hit, haha
i. U.S. thinks it is Stalin taking over the world
ii. Stalin actually wants control over China’s communism, Mao just wants nukes
m. Korean War– June 1950 – North Korea attacks South Korea to united the country under a Communist government
i. U.S. thinks this is Stalin attempting to take over the Pacific; in reality, Stalin advised N.K. against doing this
ii. North Korea is successful at first (surprise), and reaches some point in the bottom portion of the Korean
peninsula (almost to Pusan)
iii. United Nations Army lands at Ichon, attacking from behind the North Korean lines
1. Led by General MacArthur
iv. UN forces quickly pushes the North Korean troops back
v. China enters the war on the side of North Korea
vi. 1951 – stalemate; boundary around the 38th parallel, where it was before the attack
vii. 1953 – armistice; nothing changes much
n. Vietnam War
i. French no longer had control of over Vietnam after WWII because of Communist revels
ii. Viet name divided into northern and southern halves
iii. North = Communism, South = anti- Communism
iv. U.S. did not want communism in Vietnam, supported French then southern Vietnam
v. SEATO – South East Asia Treaty Organization – anti-Communist policies
1. 9 members: Australia, East Pakistan/Bangladesh, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines,
Thailand, the UK, and the U.S.
2. The reason the U.S. becomes involved in the war
vi. U.S. sends troops to southern Vietnam to fight with the rebels
vii. Later, some North fought along with the south – attempt to reunite Vietnam
viii. War does not end until mid-1970s
o. OAS – Organization of American States – anti-Communist policies, 21 members: all the independent states of the
Americas
p. Space race!

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i. Sputnik – October 1957 – Soviet Union launched first satellite
ii. U.S. has psychotic unnecessary reaction to this, fears Soviet Union military technology ahs surpassed theirs
1. Increased math and science education
2. NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration – created 1958
a. Focuses on exploration, etc.
q. Berlin conflict
i. A lot of East Germans fleeing to West Germany/West Berlin
ii. Better economy, or as the Americans put it, for “democracy”
iii. Brain drain – best of East Germany goes to West Germany – problematic for the communists
iv. Berlin Wall – construction starts August 1961
1. Wall around all of West Germany to prevent escape from East Germany
2. Heavily guarded, shot anyone attempting to cross it
r. Eisenhower
i. Proposed open-skies treaty with Soviet Union to allow each side to fly over the other’s territory and gather
accurate information about its weapons
ii. Rejects Soviet arms control proposals
s. Cuban crisis
i. Cuba – alliance with Soviet Union, only 90 miles from Key West, Florida
ii. Fidel Castro – 1959 overthrows Batista (the dictator/”U.S. ally”) in Cuba
1. Becomes leader – the people love him for getting rid of the dictator
2. Communist!
iii. 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion – U.S. attempt to remove Castro
1. U.S. convinced by some Cuban rebels that if they attack, then there would be a massive Cuban
uprising against Castro
2. In reality, the people there love Castro
3. Kennedy now in power, inexperienced, agrees to this
4. Invaders quickly defeated; disaster of an invasion
iv. Cuban Missile Crisis – October 1962
1. U.S. finds missile sites in Cuba – medium and long range – can hit many U.S cities (such as
Washington, D.C.)
2. U.S. expresses concern about this (/ahem)
a. U.S. intends to “bomb Cuba back in to the Stone Age”
b. Kennedy says this a bad idea, plan is changed to a “quarantine”/blockade
3. Soviet Union says that the U.S. missiles in Turkey are also a threat to them
a. U.S offers deal – to remove missiles from Turkey and will not attack Cuba if Soviet removes
Cuban missiles
b. Soviet Union agrees with this – wants to avoid potential for nuclear war
c. Soviet does not know that U.S. missiles in Turkey were obsolete and to be replaced anyway,
and that they did not intend to attack Cuba either (blockade instead)
t. Red Scare
i. General fear of Communists during the Cold War
ii. Joseph McCarthy – U.S. Senator
iii. Led the effort to expose Communists in the American film industry and government in the late 1940s and early
1950s
iv. Accused many innocent people of Communist activities
u. Kennedy
i. Favored limiting nuclear weapons tests as a means of slowing the development of new and more deadly
technologies
ii. Signed Test Ban Treaty
1. 1963 between U.S. and Soviet Union
a. Outlawed nuclear testing in the atmosphere, outer space, and under water
v. Hotline
i. Linked White House to Kremlin during the Cold war – ensured reliable/direct communication between the two
nuclear powers
w. Other conflicts
i. Suez Canal
1. Controlled by GB and France
2. Egypt takes over – GB/France/Israel attacks Egypt
3. Soviet Union threatens to fight on Egypt’s side; U.S. demands West to stop to prevent war
ii. Congo
1. Joseph Mobutu – took control after Belgium ended rule of Belgian Congo in 1960
a. Supported by West, thought he was good ally against the Soviet union

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iii. Angola
1. Independence from Portugal 1975
2. Civil war – U.S. and Soviet Union supported opposing sides
iv. Chile
1. Salvador Allende – democratically elected leader that was socialist
2. U.S. supported opposition to Allende – he was overthrown by the military in 1973
x. Nikita Khrushchev – Soviet leader after Stalin
i. De-Stalinization – to eliminate the cult of personality and Stalinist political system by revising his policies
ii. Peaceful Co-existence – theory that Communist states could peacefully coexist with capitalist states
iii. Did not get along with Mao Zedong
iv. U2 incident
1. U.S pilot, Francis Gary Powers, flies over Soviet territory in a U2 plane (spy) and crash-landed
2. Found by Khrushchev, U.S. denies its purpose/mission, then admits its role
3. Great embarrassment to the U.S., strained relations with the Soviet Union
y. Nixon
i. Détente – efforts to lower Cold War tensions
1. Led to SALT I – Strategic Arms Limitations Talks
a. Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) – prevented the development of weapons designed to
shoot down nuclear missiles, so that each side was vulnerable to each other’s weapons
b. SALT II – resulted in an arms control treaty 1979 but never ratified by U.S. Senate
z. Reagan
i. Aggressive position against Soviet Union
ii. Began arms reduction talks with Mikhail Gorbachev
1. Leader of Soviet Union after Khrushchev
iii. Ratified Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty – elimination of certain types of missiles
1. Ratified by Gorbachev

2010 © Sophie Liu