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Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Viscoelasticity the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing
deformation
Metals
Stiff
High elastic moduli
When pure, soft and easily deform
Made strong by:
Alloying
Mechanical and heat treatment
Because of ductility, are prey to fatigue
Least resistant to corrosion
Ceramics
High moduli
Brittle
No ductility
Stiff, hard, abrasion resistant
Retain strength to high temperatures
Resist corrosion
Glasses
Non-crystalline solids
Lack of crystal structure suppresses plasticity
Like ceramics, they are hard, brittle, and vulnerable to stress concentrations
Moduli
The slope of the initial liner-elastic part of the stress-strain curve
Method of slopes is actually inaccurate
Accurate moduli are measured dynamically (by exciting the natural vibrations of a beam or a wire or by
measuring the velocity of sound waves in the material)
E (Youngs) response to tensile or compressive loading
G (shear) response to shear loading
K (bulk) response to hydrostatic pressure

Poissons ratio
V negative ratio of the lateral strain to the axial strain
Strength
For metals
We identify strength with the 0.2% offset yield strength
the stress at which the stress-strain curve for axial loading deviates by a strain of 0.2% from the linear-elastic
line
For polymers
Strength is IDd as the stress at which the stress strain curve becomes remarkably nonlinear, at a strain of
typically 1%
For ceramics and glasses
Strength can be measured in bending
For composite
A set deviation from linear-elastic behavior; often an offset of 0.5% is taken
Endurance limit aka. Fatigue
The stress amplitude below which fracture does not occur, or occurs only after a very large number of cycles
Hardness
Measure of strength
Fracture
Fracture toughness measure the resistance of a material to the propagation of a crack
Wear
Loss of material when surfaces slide against each other
Friction coefficient
The ratio of the force of friction between an object and a surface to the frictional force resisting the motion
of the object
Wear resistance
Measured by Archard wear constant (KA)
Thermal properties
Tm (melting) and Tg (glass) relate directly to bonds in the solid
Tm melting point of crystalline solids (sharp melting point)
Tg non-crystalline, the transition from true solid to very viscous liquid
Tmax the highest temp at which the material can reasonably be used without oxidation, chemical change, or
excessive creep becoming a problem
Tmin the temp below which the material becomes brittle or otherwise unsafe to use
Heat capacity
Aka specific heat the energy to heat 1 kg of material by 1 K
Thermal conductivity
Rate at which heat is conducted through a solid at steady state (temp profile does not change with time)
Thermal expansion coefficient
Linear the thermal strain per degree of temp change
Volumetric if material is thermally isotropic
Electrical resistivity
Electrical resistivity the resistance of a unit cube with unit potential difference between a pair of its faces
Resistance V/i
Electrical conductivity reciprocal of resistivity
Dielectric constant
The tendency to polarize
Dimensionless
For free space and, for practical purposes, for gasses is 1
Most insulators have values between 2 and 30
Low density foams approach the value 1 because they are largely air
Dielectric loss
Loss factor Measures the energy dissipated by a dielectric when in an oscillating field

Loss tangent aka dissipation factor is the tangent of the loss angle
Power factor the sine of the loss angle
Breakdown factor
The electrical potential gradient at which an insulator breaks down and a damaging surge of current flows
through it
Refractive index
Depends of wavelength and thus the color of light
Embodied energy (MJ/kg)
The energy required to extract 1 kg of a material from its ores and feedstock
CO2 footprint (kg/kg)
The mass of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere during the production of 1 kg of material

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