TEST-1 OBEJECTIVE ANSWER AND SOLUTION

ANSWERS
1.

(d)

21.

(a)

41.

(d)

61.

(b)

81.

(c)

101. (b)

2.

(c)

22.

(a)

42.

(d)

62.

(d)

82.

(a)

102. (a)

3.

(d)

23.

(a)

43.

(a)

63.

(c)

83.

(c)

103.

4.

(b)

24.

(b)

44.

(b)

64.

(a)

84.

(a)

104. (d)

5.

(d)

25.

(d)

45.

(d)

65.

(a)

85.

(b)

105.

6.

(c)

26.

(b)

46.

(d)

66.

(c)

86.

(b)

106. (d)

27.

(a)

47.

(d)

67.

(a)

87.

(b)

107.

(d)

108. (d)

7.

(b)

(d)

(d)

(c)

8.

(c)

28.

(a)

48.

(a)

68.

(b)

88.

9.

(b)

29.

(b)

49.

(d)

69.

(d)

89.

(c)

109.

10.

(b)

30.

(c)

50.

(c)

70.

(b)

90.

(d)

110. (a)

11.

(a)

31.

(b)

51.

71.

(b)

91.

(b)

111. (d)

12.

(c)

32.

(b)

52.

(c)

72.

(b)

92.

(d)

112.

(b)

13.

(b)

33.

(d)

53.

(b)

73.

(a)

93.

(d)

113.

(d)

14.

(d)

34.

(d)

54.

(a)

74.

(a)

94.

(c)

114. (a)

15.

(d)

35.

(d)

55.

(a)

75.

(d)

95.

(c)

115. (c)

16.

(a)

36.

(b)

56.

(d)

760.

(a)

96.

(a)

116.

(d)

17.

(c)

37.

(a)

57.

(a)

77.

(b)

97.

(b)

117.

(b)

18.

(d)

38.

(c)

58.

(b)

78.

(b)

98.

(a)

118. (a)

19.

(c)

39.

(a)

59.

(d)

79.

(b)

99.

(c)

119. (a)

20.

(c)

40.

(c)

60.

(d)

80.

(d)

100.

(d)

(a)

120.

(a)

(d)

(2)
TEST-1 SOLUTION

1. (d)

Abs max
tmax =

1
2

1 2
2

4. (b)
shear stress for set 2 =

At the point within the element, value of

hydrostatic pressure is same in all the directions so x y and hydrostatic pres-

shear stress for set 3 =

sure acts normal to the surface therefore

xy 0 .

shear stress for set 4 =

Radius of the Mohrs circle,

TA

TA
4
.d
32

TA
TC

x y
2

xy = 0

Shear stress distribution in a rectangular

cross-section beam is shown below.
Neutral

axis

max

TC

The figure clearly indicates that the transverse shear stress is variable with maximum on the neutral axis.

6. (c)

Given, a solid circular shaft of diameter d is

subjected to a combined bending moment
M and torque T.

= BC
=

R =

TC.L
G.JBC

IE

TA L
GJAB

2d

AB

T
d

5. (d)

Since, shaft is arranged in parallel, therefore

angular deflection in both the shafts will be
the same.

S yt 100MPa

shear stress for set 1 =

2
2
4

2. (c)

Syt

<

Syt > 100 MPa

where 1 and 2 are principal stresses

Maximum
0

2
2
Maximum

0
2
Maximum

2
Maximum

< Sys

TC
4
2d
32
TC
=
16

16 TA

T
d
M

By torsion equation,
3. (d)

Given,

= 100 MPa

= 10 MPa

Applying maximum shear stress theory

(MSST).

T
.R
J
T d
=

3 2
d
32
16T
=
d3

(3)
By bending moment equation,
b

M
.y =
I

mild steel
cast Iron

M d

4 2
d
64

mild steel

d3
Maximum shear stress,

9. (b)

= b 2
2

max

16

100
1
206
cast Iron
Cable

M2 T 2

d3

Condition for safe design,

15 m

Maximum stress < Permissible stress

induced
Sys
FOS

max

Emild steel

0.2 m 0.2 m

max

Ecast Iron

32M

Hence, torsional yielding strength (Ssy or

Sys) will be used in design.

T
T

50 kN

7. (b)
y

(0, 0)

(+, 0)

IE

( , 0)

Mohrs circle for the given conditions

The cable cannot carry any shear force or

moment it can carry only axial force
10. (b) Drop of weight W causes an impact on the
flange and transfers the potential energy
Wh to the vertical rod PQ of length L
1
stress strain volume
2
1

=
. .A L
2
E

Wh =

=
8. (c)

Given,
Emild steel= 206 GPa
Ecast Iron = 100 GPa
Elongation in bar due to force P,
PL
=
AE
Since P, L and A are constant.

1
E

1 2

AL
2 E

From above equation it is clear that, to

decrease the stress in the rod PQ, length
of the rod should be increased or area of
cross section should be increased or
modulus of elasticity should be decreased.
However, for increasing the stress, converse
of above holds true.
11. (a) Outer rods are of same length and same
cross section,

(4)
Let force resisted by each outer rod is P1
Let force resisted by central rod is P2

14.

(d)
1

2AE

2P1 + P2 = 50
2A

...(i)
P

2A
2

A,
L

2L

2.5 AE

50 kN

All rods are connected by rigid bar and

there is symmetry in loading so deflection
in each rod will be same

15. (d) Major principal stress

1 = 3 MPa

Minor principal stress

3P1 = 50
50
16.67 kN
P1 =
3
50
16.67 kN
P2 =
3

3 = 6 MPa

Maximum shear stress

3 (6)
4.5 MPa
=
2

Increase in temperature,
Youngs modulus,

16. (a) Principal plane is the plane on which only

normal stress acts and shear stress is zero.
Isotropic state of stress is indistinguishable
with respect to the frame of reference

12. (c) Length of bar = 200 mm

t = 20C

P2 L
P1 (2L)
=
AE
2A E
P1 = P2

PL/ 2
PL
=
2.5 AE
5AE

E = 2 105 MPa

Coefficient of thermal expansion,

= 12 106 per C

Stress in the bar

E
(Deflection prevented)
L
E
=
Lt
L
= 2 105 12 106 20
= 48 MPa

IE

17.

(c)

stress on
horizontal axis

(0,)

13. (b)
(,0)
2A

3A

(0,0)
270

(0,)

= I II III
=

PL
PL
PL

2AE 3AE AE

PL(3 2 6) 11PL

6AE
6AE

18. (d) State of stress

50
0

xx
0
50 = yx

xy
yy

(,0)

(5)
xx = 50

L1

yy = 50
xy = 0

NA

Co-ordinate of centre of Mohr circle,

50 50
,0
(x, y) =

= (50, 0)

Q
L

xx yy
2

xy

radius r =

L1

Shear force diagram

2

50 50
2

0
2

L1

BMD

= 0

MY
I
VAY
2. Shear stress I
b

1. Flexural stress

20. (c)
Shrinkage limit
%

low
Moderate
high

12
10 12
10

All the symbols have their usual meaning

Point P

Vol. change
Potential

Point P lies on NA

21. (a)

Point P also lies at mid span, So shear it

has force, V
Hence, it has shear stress
Point Q
At point Q flexural stress is acting and
nature of which is tensile due to downward
loading.

7.5 N/mm2

y = 0

Hence, 0

Dual symbol as per IS code is used per

soil having fines between 5 to 12%.

&

19. (c)

7.5

As the point Q lies on bottom of beam

7.5

7.5

IE

7.5 N/mm2

Diagram (I)

22.

(a)

Q
7.5

Diagram (II)

f
M
E
=
=
y
I
R
f =

Ey
R

200 103 N/mm2 1mm

=
1000 mm

= 200 N/mm2
23. (a) In a simply supported beam two types of
stress acts

Hence, 0
24. (b)
C.G

Maximum shear stress occurs at the

centroid of the section.
25. (d) In lime stabilisation, the liquid limit of the
soil generally decreases but the plastic limit
increases. Lime reacts chemically with
available silica and alumina in soils. A natural
cement composed of calcium alumino
silicate complexes is formed, which causes
a cementing action.

(6)
Lime addition leads to addition of Ca2+ ions
which replace Na+ ion and makes soil more
flocculated.
Note that degree of flocculation is governed
by the valency of cation and concentration
and cation increase in valency leads to
flocculation
B

T
L

Structure and loading is symmetrical about

mid point so torsional moment generated
at C and D will be equal to T.
T

30. (c)Cast iron is brittle material so most appropriate

theory is Rankine theory (maximum principal
stress theory).
31. (b) Strain variation across the cross section
remains linear but due to change in material
in the filtched beam, stress changes
abruptly although strain variation is linear
throughout.

32. (b) In the derivation of formula,

= 85 N/mm2

T
L

= 100 0.25 60

26. (b)

100
60

=
E
E
E

M f E

we
I y R

consider
T

(ii) Plane bending

Under pure bending

Activity of soil depends on plasticity index

which in turn depends on type and amount
of clay mineral. It also depends on % clay
sized particles.

27. (a)

(i) Linear variation of strain

Using Torsion formula,

T
G
=
J
L
TL
1 =
GIP1

28. (a)

33. (d)
My
I
At the extreme fibre y is maximum so
bending stress is also maximum.

Bending stress, =

At neutral axis, y = 0

= 0

Theory of Failures Also known as

hence bending stress is zero at NA.

IE

(a) Maximum principal Rankine theory, Lames

stress theory
theory, max stress theory
(b) Maximum principal St. Venant theory
strain theory
(c) Maximum shear
stress theory

Tresca, Guest, columb

theory

(d) Maximum strain

energy theory

Beltrami Haigh theory

Distortion energy theory

(e) Maximum shear
strain energy theory Von-Mises theory

29. (b)

y = 2 xz zx 0

According to maximum principal strain

theory,
maximum strain caused by stresses
100 kN/mm2 and 60 N/mm2 = Maximum
strain caused by equivalent stress in simple
tension.

Neutral axis passes through the centroid of

cross-section (If Hooks law is valid).
Mmax ymax
I
For same cross-sectional shape dimensions
and loading, Mmax, ymax and I will remain
same. Therefore bending stress will remain
unaltered.

34. (d)Max. bending stress max =

35. (d)

In simply supported beam loading is

downward therefore sagging bending
moment will be generated in beam. Top
fibre will be in compression and bottom fibre
will be in tension.

(7)
c

n =

40 mm
N

n 60%

100 mm
60 mm

39. (a)
t
(Stress diagram)

In stress diagram from similar triangle

t

= c
60
40
t
3
1.5

c = 2

When the test is performed below the

water-table, then care must be taken to
avoid entry of water through the bottom
of the bore hole, as this would tend to
loosen the sand due to upward seepage
pressure. Water, on the other hand,
should be added in the bore hole as
necessary, to maintain the water-table
level in the bore hole so as to balance
any excess pore water pressure.

Given,
WL = 38%

WP = 27%
WS = 24.5%

Wn = 30%

Terzaghi has also recommended that the

SPT-N v alues should be measured
between the foundation level and a depth
approx i m at el y equal t o wi dt h of
foundation, B in different bore holes, bored
at different points of the building area.
The average value for each bore hole
should be worked out and then the
minimum of these average values should
be taken as the observed N-value which
is further corrected for over-burden
correction and dilatancy correction, as to
obtain the corrected N-value for further
finding out the soil characteristics to
whi ch t hese N-v al ues hav e been
empirically connected.

Liquid

Plastic

Volume

Semi
solid

Solid

24.5% 27%
30%
Water content

38%

Hence, the clay is in plastic stage.

IE

37. (a)

emax = 0.91

(a) Loose

emin = 0.35
(b) Dense

Structure in loosest and densest

states assuming spherical particle size.

38.

Standard penetration Test (SPT) is basically

meant to determine the relative density of
the sandy grounds; but has been empirically
extended to be used for determining the
allowable bearing pressure for a given
settlement and also to approximate the
shear parameters of the ground.

36. (b)

e
1.5
1.5
=
=
1 e
1 1.5
2.5

40. (c)
41.

If =

IP
If

(d)
Relative density

emax e
Dr = e
max emin

(c)
Given,
e = 1.5
Porosity

0.6 0.5
0.6 0.2

= 0.25 = 25%

(8)
Properties of coarse grained soil
(cohesionless) to a greater extent depend
on grain size distribution. Properties of fine
grained soil depends little on grain size
distribution. They rather depend on structure,
shape, geological origin etc. Particle size
distribution curves helps in determining
gradation and uniformity of coarse grained
soils. This knowledge helps in construction
of earth dams, embankement filters etc.

43. (a)

A uniformly graded soil is a soil that has

most of its particles at about the same
size.

44. (b)

A well graded soil is a soil that contains

particles of a wide range of sizes and good
representation of all sizes of particles.

(d)theoretical =

The Group index value of soils vary in the

range of 0 to 20.

Representative or disturbed sample is that

which contains the same particle size
distribution as in the insitu stratum from
which it is collected, though the soil structure
may be seriously disturbed. The water
content may also have changed. Such
di st urbed sam pl es can be used f or
identification of soil types of different strata
for determining Atterberg limits, specific
gravity of solids,organic and carbonate
content and for compaction test, etc.
California Bearing ratio method (CBR
Method) : This method is applicable to the
design of flexible pavements only and is

G w
1 Gw

(i)

We know that,
eS = Gw
e = Gw

From (i)
(d)theoretical =

G w
1 e

Thus, dry density at 100% saturation being

a non-linear function of void ratio and water
content. Hence the zero-air voids curve is
non-linear.
47. (d)

IE

na = 0 and S = 1

A gap graded soil is a soil that has an

excess or deficiency of certain particle sizes
or soil that has at least one particle size
missing.

Undi st rubred sampl e i s t he one t hat

preserves the particle size distribution as well
as the soil structure of the in-situ valve. Such
undisturbed soil samples are required for
shear strength and consolidation tests. Such
a sample can be lifted by stopping the boring
process at a certain level and then inserting
the appropriate sampler below the bottom of
the bore.

(1 n a ) G w
1 Gw

For zero air void density

A poorly graded soil is a soil that does

not have a good representation of all sizes
of particles.

45. (d)

d =

Dry density,

46. (d)

considered to give quite reliable results

provided the tests are carried out under
specified conditons. The soil sample to be
used in this test is drawn either in an
undisturbed condition from the subgradge
ground or can be remouldedin the laboratory
from the subgrade soil. An undisturbed
sample is to be tested when the sub-grade
is to be used in natural condition without
artificial compaction; and a remoulded sample
is to be used when the subgrade is to be
compacted.

42. (d)

Zero air void density

G w
1 Gw
e = wG

d =
and

Hence, the correct option is (d).

48. (a)

Cv t
H2
For the same soil and same degree of
consolidation Tv and Cv remains same
Tv

t H2

t1 H12

When additional drainage layer is present

at the middle of clay layer, length of drainage
path will be reduced to H1/2,

(9)
the axis of the specimen, so failure surface
will be in helicoidal shape at 45 to the
axis of specimen.

H
t2 1
2
2

t1 H1

=4
t 2 H 2
1
2

Tension
Failure surface

Given t1 = 8 years

45

t
= 1
4

t2

Compression

= 2 years

49. (d)

mv =

e
1 e0

av
1 e0

0.1
2.0 100

54. (a)

Hydrostatic and deviatoric stresses are two

subsets of any given stress tensor which
when added together give the original stress
tensor back. The hydrostatic stress is
related to volume change while the
deviatoric stress is related to shape change.

Terzaghis one-dimensional consolidation

theory assumes that coef f icient of
compressibility (av) is constant throughout
the soil.

Co-efficient of compressibility is the slope

of e Vs P plot. Hence the av to be constant
e Vs P relationship is linear.

Hydrostatic stress
Hydrostatic stress is simply the average
of the three normal stress components
of any stress tensor.

Hyd =

e1
e

IE

e2

P1

P2

av =

e
P

51. (d) Power = Torque Angular velocity

TA 2NA
1
PA
=
= 3 1.5
TB 2NB
2
PB
Cast iron is brittle material so it will fail due
to tensile stress. In case of torsion, tensile
stress is maximum at an angle of 45 to

11 22 33
3

It is a scalar quantity, althrough it is regularly

used in tensor form as

Hyd

e1 e2
av = P P
2
1

52. (c)

RA = P b 30 3L 18 kN Tension
ab
2L 3L
a
2L
RC = P
30
12 kN (Comp)
ab
2L 3L

= 5 104 m2/kN
50. (c)

+ 30 kN

(1.0 0.9)
100
=
2.0

53. (b)

0
Hyd 0
0
0
Hyd
=

0 Hyd
0

Hydrostatic stress and pressure

Pressure is simply the negative of hydrostatic
stress. The negat iv e aspect i s of ten
confusing. It is why we talk about atmospheric
pressure as 30 inches of Hg, a positive
number even though atmospheric pressure
is in fact a negative stress because it is
compressive. So using p for pressure
P = Hyd =

11 22 33
3

(10)
The shears tensor containing pressure, P is

57. (a)
Material

Hyd

Physical properties of carbon steel

Density

Youngs
Modulus

Tensile
strength

Jm1 K 1 5 1

106 K 1

GNm2

MNm2

7.86

50

11.7

210

350

30

7.85

48

11.3

210

600

20

7.84

46

10.8

210

800

103 kgm 3

P 0 0
= 0 P 0
0 0 P

0.2% C
Steel
0.4% C
Steel
0.8% C
Steel

Thermal
Thermal
Conductivity Expansion

%
Explanation

of course, it is rare to talk about pressure

unless the hydrostatic stress is compressive,
which corresponds to a positive pressure.

Corrosion resistance reduces with more

addition of carbon.

Deviatoric stress

Carbon content reduces the fracture toughness

Dev i atoric st ress is what s lef t af ter

substracting out the hydrostatic stress. The

With more addition of carbon leads from

ductile to brittleness

deviatoric stress will be represented by 1.

for example

58. (b)

In tensor notation, it is written as

3 ij kk

And in terms of pressure, it is written as

1ij = ij ij

Material

55. (a)

1ij = ij

1 = Hyd

Both yield strength and ultimate strength can

be increased with the carbon content.

Modulus of

Elasticity (N/mm2)

Steel

2 105

Considering equilibrium of the element,

Cast iron

1 105

(AC)n = (AB) cos

0.6 105

Timber

0.1 105

Copper

105

Aluminium

1.2 105

Rubber

20

Concrete

0.165 105

IE

Diamond

56. (d)

12

n =

AB
cos
AC

or, n =
59. (d)

cos2

A
n

The Mohr Circle will be a point. At all points

on any plane, normal stress will be 100 N/
mm2.

Poissons ratio is defined as the negative

of the ratio of the lateral strain to the axial
strain for a uniaxial stress state.

lateral
axial
Poissons ratio is sometimes also defined as
the ratio of the absolute values of lateral and
axial strain. For stresses within the elastic
range, this ratio is aproximately constant. For
a perfectly isotropic elastic material, poissons
ratio is 0.25, but for most materials the value
lies in the range of 0.28 to 0.33. Generally for
steels, poissons ratio will have a value of
approximately 0.3.
=

Alternatively,
n =

100 100 100 100

cos60
2
2

= 100 N/mm2

(11)
60. (d)

The strength of a section depends upon

the section modulus. Higher the section
modulus, higher is the strength.

(A)

64. (a)

e log p curve is convex upward for over

consolidated clay and it is straight line for
normally consolidated clay.

200 mm

65. (a)
66. (c)

Area ratio,
D22 D12

Ar

D12

600 mm A

100

D4

D3

Section modulus

D1

D1 Inside diameter of cutting edge

(B)

D2 Outside diameter of cutting edge

800mm
bd
6

D4 Outside diameter of sampling tube

It is desirable < 10%
but / 20%

Section modulus, ZB =

D3 Inside diameter of sampling tube

60mm

Inside clearance

800 602
=
= 48 104 mm3
6
ZA
12 106
=
= 25
ZB
48 104

62. (d)

Terzaghi stated that effective stress controls

certain aspects of the soil behavior, notably
compression and strength. This means that
the compression dependes on the effective
stress only Namely
e = f ()
Where e is the void ratio and f () stands
for a function describing the consolidation.
By using the effective stress principle,
Terzahi derived the consolidation theory for
saturated soils.

63. (c) Casagrandes logarithm of time fitting

method is used to determine coefficient of
consolidation Cv.

D3 D1
100
D1

= 1 to 3%
Outside clearance

Volume at liquid limit > Volume at Plastic

limit > Volume at Shrinkage limit.

IE

61. (b)

Ci

D2

200 6002
= 12 106 mm3
6

bd2
6

ZA =

C0

D2 D4
100
D4

= 0 to 2%
67. (a)
Auger Boring

Exploration for shallow

foundation
Wash Boring

Below water table in

all soil types except

hard soils and rocks
Percussion
Drilling

Bouldery and
gravelly strata

Rotary
Drilling

large diameter bore

holes over 150 mm in
size

(12)
68. (b) All types of soils carried and deposited by
water are known as alluvial deposits.
Deposits made in lakes are called lacustrine
deposits. Marine deposits are formed when
the flowing water carries soils to ocean or
sea. Soils deposited by wind are known as
Aeolian deposits.

72. (b) Liquid limt %

2030

Low plasticity

3550

Intermediate plasticity

> 50

High plasticity

Above A line clay

Below A line Silt or organic soil

Correct option is (b).

74. (a) Volume of solids will remain same in fill

and barrow pit
Vs =

I
A = P
... (i)
F
= Plasticity index

F = Clay fraction (percentage finer than

2 size )
WL = Liquid limit = 65%

71 . (b)
1 2/3

Water

vs

Solid

Void ratio

V
V
1 e = 1 e

fill
borrow pit
120000
V
=
1 0.8
1 1.4
V = 160000 cum

75. (d) Consistency is a term which is used to

describe the degree of firmness of a soil in
a qualitative manner by using descriptions
such as soft, medium, firm, stiff or hard. It
refers to the resistance offered by it against
forces that tend to deform or rupture the
soil aggregate. Consistency is directly
related to strength and depends on moisture
content of soil.

Air

IE

1/6

36
0.75
48

A =

WP = Plastic limit = 29%

IP = 65 29 = 36%
F = 48
Using (i)

V
1 e

IP = W L W P

Se 1 0.27

= 0.1 = 10%
Gs
2.7

IP

w =

70. (b) Activity (A) of soil is the ratio of the plasticity

index and the percentage of clay fraction
(minus 2 size)

73. (a) At shrinkage limit soil will be fully saturated

(S = 1)
Se = wGs

69. (d) Aeolian soil is depositied by wind. It

consists of uniformly graded particles. They
are in loose state so void ratio and
permeability of soil is high. These soils have
high compressibility and low density.

Volume of voids
e =
Volume of solids
1 2

Va Vw
6 3

=
V (Va Vw )
1 2
1
6 3
= 5

76. (a)

G Se
Bulk density, t =
w
1 e

Dry density,

G w
1 e
{For dry condition S = 0}

d =

Saturated density,
G 1 e
sat =
w
1 e

{For saturated soil S = 1}

Submerged density,
sub = sat w
Ge
=
w w
1 e
G 1
=
w
1 e

(13)
77. (b)

stress. But in secondary compression

relationship between void ratio and effective
stress is not unique, as secondary
compression occurs at constant effective
stress.

Expansive soil can imbibe more water so

its liquid limit is more.
It shows change in volume at lesser water
content so shrinkage limit is less.

So secondary consolidation does not obey

Terzaghis 1 D theory of consolidation.

Shrinkage and swelling is more in expansive

soil.

Initial excess pore water pressure

distribution leads to change in the time
factor. For example time factor for the initial
pore water pressure as shown in Fig. (a) is
less than that for Fig. (b)

Plastic limit is less in expansive soil.

Activity is more in expansive soil.
Plasticity index is more in expansive soil.

Relative density =

emax enatural
100
emax emin

Fig (a)

83. (c)

Relat ive densit y can be zero b ut relat ive

No te :

Fig (b)

According to Terzaghis one dimensional

consolidation theory

compaction can never be zero.

din the field

100
Maximum dfrom the proctor test

R(%) =

78. (b) Relative compaction= Degree of compaction

achieved as a percentage of the laboratory
compaction

79. (b) Coefficient of compressibility

(0.6 0.8)
e
=
=
(19 17)

= 0.1 m2/t

80. (d) Settement,

av

Time factor,

e
H = 1 e H
0

IE

e0 e f
0.8 0.44
= 1 e H 1 0.8 4
0

= 0.8 m = 80 cm

81. (c) We know, coefficient of permeability,

k = C vm v w
k Cv
or

Cv k

82. (a)
For 100% consolidation
Time factor, Tv
hence time take for 100% consolidation t

According to Terzaghis one dimensional

theory of consolidation there is a unique
relationship between void ratio and effective

Tv =

Cv t
H2

where Cv is coefficient of consolidation and

is given as
Cv =

K(1 e 0 )
av w

where K is permeability and av is coefficient

of compressibility.
For a particular degree of consolidation and
drainage condition, Tv and H are constant,
hence time required for consolidation is
inversely proportional to Cv
t

1
Cv

(i) As compressibility (a v) increases, C v

decreases hence consolidation time
increases.
(ii) As permeability (K) increases, C v
increases, consolidation time decreases.
(iii) Cv also depends on magnitude of effective
stress, so consolidation time will also
depend on magnitude of stress increase.
84. (a) The standard practice to take significant
depth of exploration is upto the depth at

(14)
which the excess vertical stress caused by
a fully loaded foundation is of the order of
20% or less of the net imposed vertical
stress at the foundation base level. The
depth as per this practice works out to
about 1.5 times the least width of the
foundation from the base level of the
foundation.

If the swelling pressure of a soil is less

than 20 kN/m 2 , it indicates the
expansiveness is low and the conventional
design of shallow foundation can be
adopted.
The swelling pressure test is conducted in
an oedometer.

During consolidation process, the soil sample

always remains saturated.

Hence, the correct option is (d).

90. (d)

85. (b) Recovery ratios

Recovered length of sample

Penetration length of sampler

Lr = 1 good recovery
Lr < 1 Soil in sample is compressed
Lr > 1 Soil has swelled

86. (b) Clay soil rich in montmorillonite exhibits

more swelling characteristics.

Degree of
expansiveness
Low
Moderate
High
Very high

88. (d) As per IS : 2720 (Part III 1980)

Differential free
swell
< 20%

Degree of
expansion
Low

20 35%

Moderate

35 50%

High

> 50%

Soil B

e = 0.5

e = 0.7

v = 1.5 m3

v = 1.7 m 3

vv = 0.5

v v = 0.7

vS = 1

vS = 1

e of soil sample c =
92. (d)
93. (d)

Clay

Very high

The swelling pressure of a soil does not

have a unique value because it depends

0.5 0.7 1.2

0.6
2
2

< 20
20 35
35 50
> 50

Soil A

) 20

IE

Differential
free soil (%)

91. (b)

d (%

Free swelling of the soil is defined as the

increase in volume of soil without any
external constraints on submergence in
water (IS : 2720, 1997) and in general free
swelling ceases at plastic limit.
87. (b)

The temperature lower than 110 5C may

not cause complete evaporation of water
and a temperature higher than this
temperature may cause the breaking down
of the crystalline structure of the soil
particles and loss of chemically bound,
structural water. This temperature is not
suitable for soils containing significant
amount of organic matter. For all such soils,
a temperature of 60 to 80C is
recommended. At higher temperature,
gypsum loses its water of crystaliline and
the organic soils tend to decompose and
get oxidised.

s an

vw
S = v
v

89. (c)

But in the case of square loaded areas, the

isobar of 10% intensity of loading at
foundation level extents to a depth of about
twice the width of foundation below the base
of foundation. It is therefore useful to
investigate the subsoil to a depth of atleast
twice the width of foundation below the base
of foundation.

upon a number of factors such as initial

moisture content, initial dry density, method
of compaction, height of specimen,
surcharge pressure etc.

30% Silt (%)

clay 50%

(15)
94.

(c)

Optimum moisture content decreases as

the compactive effort (energy) increases,
compaction curve shifts to the top and left,
however maximum dry density is more for
test with higher energy.

s.e. = w.G

e=

100. (a) Soil structure is dispersed

flocculated on WS.

(c)

102. (a) For bending without twisting, plane of loading

must contain one of the principal central
axis of the section. In case the section is
hav ing a plane of symmetry, the
symmetrical plane contain the principal
central axis.

Water Content(%)

Thus assertion is correct the bending axis

will be perpendicular to the plane of loading
is the case. Hence reason is true.

97.

(b)

103. (d) Strength of beam depends upon the section

modulus and section modulus depend upon
section area so assertion is wrong.

(a)

Calibration curve for penetration resistance

for proctor needle.
96.

t1
t3 t2

t=

Clay

Reasoning is correct because disposition

of area affects the moment of inertia of the
section.

Sand

t=0

have option is (d)

104. (d) From torsion formula

u max
isochrones

Sand

T G

=
r
J
L
T r
=
J

0
=over consolidation Ratio (OCR)

ds

IE

(a)

sand
98.

on DS and

101. (b) Ductile materials are weak in shear so we

can apply max shear distortion theory

penetration resistance

95.

30
2.7 0.81
100

where = present over burden pressure

0 = pressure under which the deposite has

been fully consolidated in the past.

99. (c)
Dry unit
weight

d2

d1

They have same weight

Area of x-section will be same for the two
shaft

d2S
(d12 d22 )
=
4
4

d2S = d12 d22

Higher
energy
Lesser
energy
OMC2 OMC1
water content %

... (i)

From (i) we can say that d1 > dS

Assuming same max. shear stress in both case
Jh
max
Th
(d1 / 2)
=
Ts
JS
max
(dS / 2)

(16)
or when x = y]

Th
Jh ds
= J d
Ts
s
1
Th
d14 d42 ds
.
=
Ts
ds 4 d1

Thus note that plain stress and plain strain

components are not same.

In term of stress, z = 0 in plane stress

but z may not be zero in plane strain.

107. (c) Let 1 and 2 be two stress

d13 d24 / d1
Th
=
Ts
d3s

1 2 1 2

cos 2
2
2
for > 45; cos 2 will be ()ve

...

n =

(ii)
From (i) & (ii)

So

We can say that

n <

1 2
2

R =

1 2
2

Th > Ts
also power transmitted by shaft
P = T

P T

Ph > Ps

105. (d)

for > 45, horizontal co-ordinate (n) will be less

than the co-ordinate of centre of Mohr circle

In bending the transverse sections which

are plane before bending remain plane after
bending as well.

Two beams, one placed directly over the

other (when they are not rigidly connected)
have total moment of resistance equal to
the sum of moments of resistance of
individual sections.

So

P (P, P)

106. (d)

Plane stress
Plane strain
Stress z 0, xz 0, yz 0 xz 0, yz 0
x , y and xy

IE

may be non-zero
Strain xz 0, yz 0

may be non-zero
z 0, xz 0, yz 0

x , y , z and xy

x , y , xy

may be non-zero

may be non-zero

x y z

E
E
E
y z x
y

E
E
E

x
y
z z

E
E
E
If z = 0, that doesnot mean z = 0 [except,
in case when = 0 i.e. ideal material or
when x = y]
Similarly,

108. (d)

x y z
V
=
(1 2)
V
E

V
0 for = 0.25
V
Material is incompressible
Modulus of elasticity E = 3K(1 2)

then,

x , y , z and xy

1 2

If z = 0, that doesnot mean z = 0 [except

in case when = 0 i.e. ideal material

109. (a)
110. (a)

VQ
It

Where Q represents 1st moment of the area

above the line of interest about NA

Q = Ay

max

(17)
t represents the width of material which is
equal to width b. Notice that for typical crosssections, the maximum shear stress occurs
at the Neutral axis.

1 3
bh
12

and t = b

V bh2
VQ
3V
3V
8

=
=
=
It
2bh 2A rect
1
3
bh b
12

max =
r

100

010

1.0

10.0

The soils of equal uniformity exhibit the

same shape, irrespective of the actual
particle size.
As the range of the particle sizes is very
large, for better representation, a log scale
is required.

2r

I =

1 4
r
4

113. (d) Permeability on wet side of optimum is less

than the dry side of optimum.
Note :
Project

t = 2r
2
V r3
VQ
3
=
=
It
1 4
r 2r
4

and

1 2 4r 2 r 3
=
Q = Ay = r
2
3 3

IE

c max

4V
4V
= 3r 2 = 3A
circle

0.01

(2)

20

The semi-log plot for the particle size distribution,

as shown in figure, has the following advantages
over natural plots.

max

d =

40

Particle size (mm)

(1)

60

0 0.001

To calculate this for a circular cross-section

80

1 1 1 2
bh h = bh
2 4 8

112. (b)

Percentage finer (w)

= Ay =

wL w L
Consistency index = w w 0
L
P

Compaction
water
content

Reason

Core of an
earth dam.

Wet of
optimum

To reduce permeability
and prevent cracking in
core.

Homogenous
earth dam

Dry of
optimum

To have a stronger soil

& to prevent build up of
high pore water pressure.

Sub-grade
of pavement

Wet of
optimum

To limit volume change.

For equal area and shearforce of both

rectangle and circle
max

max

2A rect 8
4V

= 1
= 3A
3V
9
circle

i.e. max max

c
r
wL wn
111. (d) Consistency index = w w
L
P

When soil is at liquid limit,

wn = wL

114. (a) Ultimate settlement does not depend on

drainage condition. Drainage condition
affects the rate of consolidation and time
required for consolidation.
115. (c) Sensitivity measures the effect of remoulding
of soil on its strength without any change
in its moisture content. It is defined as the
ratio of the unconfined compressive strength
of an undisturbed soil sample to the

(18)

80% sat line

117. (b)

IE

118. (a)

Zero air void line

b
a

116. (d) Granular soil found on a particular project

site may be appropriate for use as backfill.
Such soil is typically a mixture of granular
particles with silt and clay. The most
commonly specified sizes range from a
maximum of 3 inches to the standard No.
200 sieve particles size. Using the unfied
soil classification system, well graded soils
classified as GW, SW, GM, SM, GC or SC
that are primary non-plastic are generally
acceptable for backfilling flexible structures.
However, ML and CL materials, which are
primarily silt and clay should be avoided.

120. (d) If large compactive effort is applied on wet

side of optimum, density will not increase
significantly. Therefore higher compactive
effort produces highest increase in dry
density an dry side of optimum.

Ratio of undisturbed strength to disturbed

strength of marine clay is high

From the point of view of foundation

engineering, marine clays constitute some
of the most troublesome soil conditions.
Not only are they extremely soft and very
compressible but their high sensitivity
makes them dif f icult to handle in
excavations. The buildings on such clayey
soils exhibit too much settlement.

119. (a) The water held by electrochemical forces

existing on the soil surface is known as
adsorbed water or hygroscopic water. The
quantity of adsorbed water depend upon
the colloidal fraction in the soil, the chemical
composition of the clay mineral and the
environment surrounding the particle. The
adsorbed water is important only for clayey
soils. For coarse grained soils, its amount
is negligible or zero.

unconfined compressive strength of the

specimen of the same soil after remoulding
it at an unaltered moisture content.

OMC2
Dry side of
optimum

1
OMC1
Wet side of
optimum

Curve-1 Lower compactive effort,

Curve-2 Large compactive effort

d AB d ab