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I. INTRODUCTION
E. Interharmonics
Interharmonics are signal components at frequencies that are
not integer multiples of the power system frequency. For
example, a 190 Hz component in a 50 Hz system [1]. To
correctly measure an interharmonic component requires a
measurement window which is also an integer multiple of the
interharmonic cycle length.
G. Notching
Notching is a switching or other disturbance of the normal
power voltage waveform, lasting less than 0.5 cycles which is
initially of opposite polarity than the waveform and is thus
subtracted from the normal waveform in terms of the peak
value of the disturbance voltage. This includes complete loss
of voltage for up to 0.5 cycles [4]. Notching is caused by the
normal operation of power electronics devices when current is
commutated from one phase to another.
TABLE I
CATEGORIES AND TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER SYSTEM
ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA
III.
Typical
spectral
content
Typical
duration
1.0 Transients
1.1 Impulsive
1.2 Nanosecond
1.3 Millsecond
5 ns rise
1 ms rise
0.1 ms rise
< 50 ns
50 ns-1 ms
> 1 ms
1.2 Oscillatory
1.2.1 Low frequency
1.2.2 Medium frequency
1.2.3 High frequency
< 5 kHz
5-500 kHz
0.5-5 MHz
0.3-50 ms
20 ms
5 ms
0-4 pu
0-8 pu
0-4 pu
0.5-30 cycles
0.5-30 cycles
0.1-0.9 pu
1.1-1.8 pu
0.5 cycles -3
s
30 cycles-3 s
30 cycles-3 s
< 0.1 pu
0.1-0.9 pu
1.1-1.4 pu
Categories
3 s-1 min
3 s-1 min
3 s-1 min
0.0 pu
0.8-0.9 pu
1.1-1.2 pu
steady state
0.5-2%
0-0.1%
0-20%
0-2%
0.1-7%
broad-band
steady state
steady state
steady state
steady state
steady state
< 25 Hz
Intermittent
< 0.1 pu
0.1-0.9 pu
1.1-1.2 pu
> 1 min
> 1 min
> 1 min
0-100th H
0-6 kHz
Typical voltage
magnitude
0-1%
< 10 s
F. Transient
The term transient has been used in the analysis of power
system variations for a long time. Transient can be classified
into two categories: impulse and oscillatory. Impulsive
transients are normally characterized by their rise and decay
times. These phenomena can also be described by their
spectral content. For example, a 1.2/50s 2000V impulsive
transient rises to its peak value of 2000 V in 1.2 us and decays
to half its peak value in 50s. Oscillatory transients with a
primary frequency component greater than 500 kHz and a
typical duration measured in microseconds are considered
high-frequency oscillatory transient. A transient with a
primary frequency component between 5 and 500 kHz with
duration measured in tens microseconds is termed a mediumfrequency transient and considered as a low-frequency
TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
1
Px (n, k ) =
M
M 1
x(m) w(m n) e
m =0
2km
M
(1)
0 n N 1 and 0 k M 1
x(n) is the input signal, w(n) is the window function, N is the
number of samples and M is the windows length.
Analysis results based on the spectrogram were made by
simulation using MATLAB. Fig. 1 and 2 show the simulation
results for swell and transient signal. For each time-frequency
distribution, the corresponding time series data and spectrum
are provided. Fig. 1a and 2a are the time series data that
generates corresponding time-frequency distribution function
in Fig. 1b and 2b. The amplitude of the distribution is
expressed as the color intensity of the plot. The highest power
is represent as red color while the lowest power by blue color.
IV.
Amplitude(Vpu)
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
50
100
150
200
Time (msec)
250
300
350
Normal voltage
Swell
SYSTEM DESIGN
Normal voltage
Amplitude (Vpu)
0.5
-0.5
-1
50
100
150
200
Time (msec)
250
300
350
Fig. 3. Flow chart for analysis and classification of power quality events.
Transient
X (n) rms =
Normal voltage
M 1
P (n, k )
x
k =0
0 n N 1
0 k M 1
Fig. 2b. Transient voltage in time-frequency representation
(2)
0 n N 1
(3)
th
2 h 100 harmonic
0 n N 1
(4)
th
h interharmonic
Rule 8: if WD=No and Vpu < 1.1pu and Vrms > 0.9pu
THEN Normal
VI. RESULTS
Analysis results were made based on the several parameter
estimations obtained from the time-frequency distribution of
power quality signals. The parameter estimations are voltage
in rms per unit (Vrmspu), maximum value of waveform
distortion (WD) frequency component, maximum value of
harmonic distortion (HD) frequency component and maximum
value of interharmonic distortion (IhD) frequency component.
Fig. 4 and 5 show the transient signal and its respective
analysis results. The transient voltage can be characterized by
a voltage pulse in the Vrmspu as shown in Fig. 5a, while Fig.
5b indicates that the transient frequency components exist in
the WD signal. The frequency components consist of
harmonic HD and IhD as shown in Fig. 5c and Fig. 5d.
Fig. 6 and 7 show the harmonic signal and its parameter
estimation results. From the Vrmspu, the magnitude level of
voltage signal increases more than its threshold value as
shown in Fig. 7a. Its frequency distortion is observed in the
WD in Fig. 7b. The harmonic signal is characterized by the
presents of HD in Fig. 7c and IhD is zero as shown in Fig. 7d.
From the characterization, a simple rule base system can be
developed for the classification process of power quality
events.
= PIhD (n)
Amplitude(Vpu)
(5)
0.5
-0.5
0 n N 1
-1
50
100
300
350
Vrms pu
1.0004
1.0002
0.9998
50
150
200
250
Time (msec)
b) Maximum Value of WD Frequency Component
-4
x 10
100
300
3
Power
250
EVENTS
150
200
Time (msec)
2
1
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Time (msec)
2500
3000
3500
-4
0
0
500
-4
x 10
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Time (msec)
d) Maximum Value of IhD Frequency Component
-4
10
3500
500
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Time (msec)
d) Maximum Value of IhD Frequency Component
3500
1
0.5
Power
3
Power
x 10
12
Power
Power
x 10
0
-0.5
1
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Time (msec)
2500
3000
-1
3500
1000
1500
2000
Time (msec)
2500
3000
3500
Amplitude(Vpu)
0.5
SNRdB = 10 log
Px
Pnoise
(6)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
50
100
150
200
Time (msec )
250
300
350
1.0019
1.0019
1.0019
12
0
x 10
50
150
200
250
Time (msec)
b) Maximum Value of WD Frequency Component
-4
100
300
120
Swell
10
100
Normal
1000
1500
2000
Time (msec)
2500
3000
3500
60
Interharmonic
40
Harmonic
Interruption
Transient
Normal
Swell
Sag
Interruption
Harmonic
Transient
Notching
Interharmonic
20
0
25
27
.5
30
32
.5
35
37
.5
40
42
.5
45
47
.5
50
500
Notching
5
7.
5
10
12
.5
15
17
.5
20
22
.5
Sag
80
2.
5
Number of Data
Power
Vrms pu
1.0019
SNR dB
VII. CONCLUSION
In short, the detection and classification system is developed
by using the spectrogram time-frequency analysis technique. It