The Effect of Ambient Particulate Metal Concentrates in Lagos Metropolis and The Adjoining Water Bodies, Northwest of Lagos Lagoon

Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume II, Issue XI, November 2014
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29
The Effect of Ambient Particulate Metal Concentrates

In Lagos Metropolis and the Adjoining Water Bodies,
Northwest of Lagos Lagoon
1
Popoola Samuel Olatunde, 2 Hauwa Momoh, 3 Oyeleke Peter Olaoye, 4Odeyemi Olusanmi Ebenezer
department of Physical and Chemical Oceanography Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research PMB, 12729,
Victoria Island, Lagos, E-mail,lekanpopesam@gmail.com
2
Lagos state Waste Management Authority Ojota, Lagos state, Nigeria.
3
department of Science Laboratory Technology Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology Moor plantation,
Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria
4
department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology Moor Plantation,
Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria
Abstract: Ambient air particulate matter (PM10) is the most pervasive material that affects human health; recent studies have
pointed to evidence that coarse particle in the air could be significant contributor to respiratory and cardiovascular disease in
human and aquatic life. The study was carried out to determine the metallic constituents of particulate matter of part of Lagos
Metropolis and the potential environmental significance on nearby surface and subsurface water bodies that flows into the Lagos
lagoon. A total number of Thirty (30) samples comprising twenty nine (29) ambient particulate matters from the study area and
one (1) control sample from a distance of over 17km away from the study area with little or no industrial activity were collected
using High Air Volume Sampler (#1500) with cellulose filter disk and kept well labelled in a dessicator prior to geochemical
analysis conducted by Activation Laboratory Limited, Ontario Canada. The environmental units of sampling location include the
dumpsite, residential areas and bus-stops along highways, industrial and commercial areas respectively. Samples were digested
using microwave assisted extraction method with extract analysed for their trace metals using inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry. The following metal concentration values were obtained (in ppm): Zn (4.7 47.5), Mn (5.0 -20.0), Sr (3.6 6.1),
Ba (1.5 - 8.1), Cu (1.8-13.7), Pb (1.0 -5.0), Cr (1.0-2.0), V (0.5 1.7) and Zr (0.6 1.3). The correlation coefficient reveals that
Zn shows very strong positive correlation with Cu at probability of 0.05. Pb shows strong positive with virtually all the metals
with the exception of Zn and Cu, this is an indication that these metals are coming from the same origin which may be as a result
of anthropogenic input into the environment. The following metal associations were obtained through factor analysis; Factor
1(Mn, Pb, Ba, Cr, Sr, V and Zr) accounted for about 54.21%, Factor 2 (Cu, Zn and Ba) at about 25.5%. The results of the study
generally show higher concentrations of heavy metals in particulate matter when compared with the control, but interestingly
samples collected within the dumpsite have lower heavy metal concentrations compared to those taken far away from the
dumpsite close to the highway based on leaching, deposition, erosion and transportation of the waste dumps to the nearby streams
and underground water bodies. The comparison of metal concentrations and the geochemical data of the study area with similar
work done in the central area in Lagos metropolis, adjoining surface and subsurface water bodies reveals that urbanization, high
auto-traffic and other anthropogenic emissions are the major contributors to particulate matter concentration.
Index Terms: Ambient air particulate matter (PM10), anthropogenic emissions, surface and subsurface water bodies, Inductively
coupled mass emission spectrometer (ICP/MS), dumpsite, geochemical data.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Atmospheric pollution in Nigeria has been worsened due to increase in the population, industrialization and urbanization. This is
further aggravated by limited street space, poorly maintained vehicles and roads, lack of emission control and management
programs. One of the most serious consequences of this pollution problem is the acute and chronic exposure of large fraction of
the populace to different doses and composition of air pollution on daily basis.
Soil, sediment and dust (particulate matter) occur in different particles sizes most especially in fine and coarse particle mode. The
fine particles (PM2.5) are derived from combustion processes attributed mainly to anthropogenic sources while the coarse particle
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sizes (PM10) are derived from re-suspension of soil dust and mechanical wear of rock and minerals (Godish, 1991 and Whitby,
1989. The most concentrated particulate matter pollution tends to be in densely populated metropolitan areas in developing
countries and the primary cause is the burning of fossil fuels by the transportation and industrial sources. The area of toxic air
pollutants has been the subject of interest and concern for many years. The pathways through which humans and other ecological
entities are exposed to environmental pollutants include water, air, soil and plants. The mode of exposure is either by ingestion,
inhalation, through the skin (dermal exposure) or a combination of two or all. Human activities which contaminate groundwater
include landfill, mining, accidental spills of chemicals or waste materials, placement of septic and other tanks in hydrological and
geological unstable locations, underground pipeline leakage, improper application of fertilizers and pesticides, among others
(Lehr, 2002). Because groundwater is part of the hydrologic cycle, contaminants in other parts of the cycle, such as surface water,
can be transferred into groundwater supplies (Groundwater Foundation, 2012). In the same vein, groundwater might contain some
impurities even, if it is unaffected by human activities; the composition depends on the prevailing geology including the
mineralogy of the urban areas (Samara et al, 1990).
Furthermore, groundwater being part of the hydrologic cycle also plays a significant role in maintaining the surface water systems
through flows into lakes and base flow into rivers, lagoons and oceans; thereby, supporting the inflow needs of the surface water.
These flows are often crucial for maintaining the biodiversity and habitats of sensitive ecosystems (Tharme, 2003).
Contaminated groundwater is unsafe for human consumption; the effects on any exposed populations can include sub-chronic
toxicity, chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity, depending on the type of contaminants, leading to higher public expenditure on
health care. In addition, surface water quality and the health of the aquatic organisms can be negatively affected when
groundwater transfers contaminants to surface water through the hydrologic cycle.
This present study examines the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in ambient particulate matter (PM10) in some part
of Lagos Metropolis. This includes collection of particulate samples from Olusosun dumpsite, along major highways, residential
and industrial areas and the aim is to assess the geochemical composition of the particulate matter, the source of the constituent
materials and the effect of the adjoining water bodies and the inhabitants of the communities that surround the landfill. The
locations within the study area are: Olusosun dumpsite, Oregun industrial layout, Alausa, Berger, Mile 12, Maryland and
Oworoshoki road. They are located within longitude 60361 N and 60271 N and latititude 30181 E and 30271 E. Olusosun dumpsite
was formerly use as laterite mining site where laterite was excavated to provide filling materials for roads, foundations for
building. The dumpsite consist large burrow pits which resulted from long term laterite excavation. The site was identified and
selected by Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) as a dumpsite in 1992 and it had since been use for dumping of
refuse. The study area is easily accessible with good network of major and minor roads. Olusosun dumpsite can be accessed
through three authorised entrances: Motorway off Lagos-Ibadan Highway, Ikosi; Olusosun road, off Kudirat Abiola way, Oregun
and Ojota motor garage off Ikorodu road, Ojota. With this good accessibility, samples site were well connected and sampling was
done with ease. The dumpsite is very massive with a topographical height of about 150ft and it is situated within the Alaro
watershed. The Olusosun dumpsite covers an area of 42 Hectares of land; it is the largest of all existing dumpsites in Lagos state
in terms of area coverage its approximate distance to the Lagos lagoon is about 2.4 Km. There are industries located along the
nearby river, the Iyalaro stream which flows into the Ogudu canal and eventually drains into the Lagos lagoon (Oyeyiola etal.,
2006).Large quantities of industrial wastes are discharged into it without adequate treatment. As a consequence the river is
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polluted by many kinds of chemicals including heavy metals World Environmental Systems (1997), Oyeyiola etal., (2006).The
Oregun road mainly consists of industrial activities while other locations have major highways with busy bus stops, residential,
commercial and industrial activities.
II. GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
The study area lie within the eastern part of the Dahomey Basin an extensive sedimentary basin stretching from eastern Ghana,
Togo and the Republic of Benin to the Western part of Nigeria up to the Benin hinge line. The Basin is one of the sedimentary
basins of Nigeria (Fig 1).It is bounded in the North by Precambrian Basement Complex of South-western Nigeria, the Gulf of
Guinea to the South and eastward by the Okitipupa ridge(Adegoke, 1969).
Fig 1: Generalized Geological setting of eastern Dahomey basin (Modified by Billman, 1976)
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Plate1: Air combustion moving directly into the ocean as a sink around Leventis,cms,Lagos,Nigeria.
Fig 2: Location Map of the study area
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Fig 3: Location Map of the Olusosun dumpsite area in relation to the Lagos lagoon and the Atlantic ocean
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Plate 2&3: Olusosun dump site, Lagos, Nigeria
Plate4: Leachate around olusosun dump site
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Plate5: A Plastic Factory, Oregun,Lagos,Nigeria.
III. METHODOLOGY
A total of thirty samples comprising twenty nine (29) ambient particulate matters and one (1) control sample from a distance of
over 17km away from the study area with little or no industrial activity were collected from the study area. The particulate
samples were collected along the major Expressways, Olusosun dumpsite, industrial and residential areas within the study area. In
addition to collection of samples along the highways, busy spots such as bus stops were also used for sampling. On the dumpsite,
sample collection was divided between areas of active wastes dumping and places of inactive wastes dumping.
Six separate samples were collected within the dumpsite, along the highways, within residential areas while three and eight
samples were collected at Bus stops and within commercial and industrial areas respectively. The control sample for the
particulate matters was collected in an area unaffected by industrialization, high traffic and population density around Victoria
Island (A30) about 17km away from the study area. Sampling took place during the dry season months, November 2011
January 2012 using High Air Volume Sampler 1500 with cellulose filter disk (Fig 4).
The sample medium collected is the particulate matter (PM10) and four (4) hours were used for collecting each sample. This
sampling strategy was designed so as to effectively monitor particulate matter in the study area. Selected filters discs were
labelled and placed in desiccators for several hours to remove whatever moisture in them and weighed on analytical balance to
nearest milligram. The filter disc was then placed on the supporting screen on top of the sampler and held in place with the filter
cover. The sampler was then place in the proposed area and then turned on to run for four hours. Powered for the sampler was
provided by a generator. The initial flow rate was recorded and this is done by reading the pressure differential on the mano meter
and just before the unit was turned off, the final flow was recorded. After sampling, the filter was carefully removed and placed in
a desiccator for several hours to remove moisture content; when the filter paper had been desiccated it is then re-weighed to
determine the net gain. Samples were prepared for ICPMS by using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE).The filter paper
was cut longitudinally into strip of 1 x 8 inches for digestion, weighed and placed into the microwave vessels by folding them.
Deionized class 1 water and 10ml of high purity nitric acid was added to each vessel. A known concentration of NIST- traceable
standard (spike) was added to fortified laboratory blanks and laboratory fortified samples which were processed with each set of
sample digested.
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Subsequently, the extract was analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP/MS) at the Activation
Laboratories Limited, Canada. The data obtained from the geochemical analysis were subjected to standard geochemical and
statistical evaluations using appropriate software and methods and compared with the heavy metals constituents of Iyalaro stream,
which is one of the most important streams in Lagos state. The stream flows into the Ogudu canal, where it eventually empties
into the Lagos Lagoon. There are industries located along the river and large quantities of industrial wastes are discharged into it
without adequate treatment. As a consequence the river is polluted by many kinds of chemicals including heavy metals, Oyeyiola
etal.,2006.The results of the geochemical analyses was also compared with the works of Oluyemi and Asubiojo,(2001).
Plate6: Sampling with High Air Volume Sampler
Fig 4: High Air Volume Sampler (Model N1500)
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IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Tables 1 and 2 present the result of the selected heavy metals of the particulate matters (PM 10) collected from the study area.
The results showed that only few of the heavy metals were detected in the particulate matters. These metals include Cr, Pb, Zn,
Cu, V, Mn, Ba, Sr and Zr. Different values were observed between the different sampling locations which could have been as a
result of the effect of high industrialization, urbanization and vehicular activities that characterised the study area. Reasonably
high levels of heavy metals were observed in samples collected along the major highways where traffic is quite intense.
Table 3 shows the summary of the heavy metals in the particulate samples.
TABLE 1: GEOCHEMICAL RESULT FOR TRACE ELEMENTS OF THE STUDY AREA
(ppm) Mn(ppm)
Sr(ppm)
Ba(ppm)
Cu(ppm)
Pb(ppm)
Cr(ppm)
V(ppm)
Zr(ppm)
A1
5.7
3.9
1.7
2.1
Bdl
Bdl
Bdl
0.7
A2
20.9
10
4.8
3.6
4.0
1.0
A3
9.7
4.4
2.4
1.8
Bdl
0.6
0.9
A4
4.7
3.6
1.5
2.2
Bdl
Bdl
0.6
A5
10.2
10
4.5
3.6
2.6
0.8
0.9
A6
6.3
3.6
2.1
1.8
Bdl
Bdl
0.7
A7
9.8
11
4.4
3.7
3.7
0.6
0.8
A8
9.5
3.9
2.6
2.4
Bdl
Bdl
0.7
A9
16.3
11
5.0
4.7
5.2
1.1
1.1
A10
9.8
13
4.7
3.3
5.3
0.9
1.0
A11
7.3
10
4.1
3.7
2.9
Bdl
0.7
A12
11.3
13
5.2
5.2
3.8
0.8
1.0
A13
10
4.7
3.2
2.6
0.7
1.0
A14
6.7
4.3
3.4
2.8
Bdl
0.7
0.9
Sampling
Location
*Bdl Below detection limit

TABLE 2: GEOCHEMICAL RESULT FOR TRACE ELEMENTS OF THE STUDY AREA
Sampling
Location
Zn(ppm)
Mn(ppm)
Sr(ppm)
Ba(ppm)
Cu(ppm)
Pb(ppm)
Cr(ppm)
V(ppm)
Zr(ppm)
A15
13.6
20
6.0
5.0
4.3
1.1
1.3
A16
21.1
14
5.6
5.8
4.4
1.0
1.0
A17
8.2
4.4
2.5
2.3
Bdl
Bdl
0.8
A18
8.4
10
4.9
2.8
2.5
0.5
0.8
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A19
7.7
4.6
3.3
2.9
Bdl
0.9
A20
7.4
11
4.4
2.8
2.8
Bdl
Bdl
0.7
A21
9.9
4.3
3.6
3.6
Bdl
Bdl
0.8
A22
7.9
10
4.6
3.9
3.8
Bdl
Bdl
0.8
A23
15.8
5.0
2.4
2.4
Bdl
Bdl
0.9
A24
14.5
12
5.4
5.6
3.6
1.1
1.1
A25
11.2
4.1
4.1
3.2
Bdl
0.6
0.8
A26
18.9
15
6.1
8.1
6.3
1.7
1.1
A27
6.7
11
5.1
3.6
2.0
0.8
0.9
A28
7.4
4.6
2.8
1.8
Bdl
0.6
0.8
A29
47.5
11
5.0
7.1
13.7
0.7
0.8
Control
9.7
4.4
2.9
2.8
Bdl
Bdl
0.7
*Bdl Below detection limit

TABLE 3: STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE STUDY AREA
Element
Range(ppm)
Mean(ppm)
Control
(V.I)
(ppm)
Zn
4.7 -47.5
11.8
9.7
Mn
5.0 20.0
10.1
9.0
Sr
3.6 6.1
4.7
4.4
Ba
1.5 8.1
3.7
2.9
Cu
1.8 13.7
3.59
2.8
Pb
1.0 5.0
2.2
1.0
Cr
1.0 2.0
1.3
<1
0.5 - 1.7
0.9
<0.5
Zr
0.6 1.3
0.9
0.7
Zinc shows relatively high concentration in the study area ranging from 6.3ppm to 47.5ppm with a mean concentration of
11.8ppm. The maximum concentration of Zinc was found in sample A29 collected close to the Ogudu junction, highway along
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Oworoshoki while minimum value was observed in sample A6 (Table 2),Lead (Pb) ranges from 1.0ppm to 5.0ppm with a mean
of 2.2ppm (Table 2 and Fig7) The highest concentration was observed in sample A24 collected beside Chinese village at Ojota at
about few metres away from major highway in the Metropolis while its minimum values were observed in samples A1, A6, A17,
A19 and A20 collected within and around the dumpsite with mean concentration of 2.2ppm.
Copper (Cu) displays a wide variation of values ranging from 1.8ppm to 13.7ppm in the particulate matters collected from the
study area (Table 3, Fig.8). High concentration of copper was found in sample A29 collected close to the highway beside a central
motor park at Oworoshoki road while the least concentrations of copper was found in sample A6 and A28 collected beside
mechanic workshop at Oregun road close to the dumpsite and within Ogudu GRA respectively, Copper with mean concentration
of 3.95ppm (Table 3).
The concentrations of selected nine metals
60
50
40
concentration in ppm 30
Maximium
Minimum
20
10
0
Cu
Mn
Pb
Zn
Ba
Cr
The analysed metals
Sr
Zr
Figure 5: Concentration of selected nine metals in the Study area

Chromiun (Cr) with mean concentration of 1.3ppm, varies from less than 1.0ppm to 2.0ppm in about five samples collected at
different locations within and around the dumpsite although some of the samples for example, sample A26 collected around
Ogudu towards the Lagos lagoon has high Cr concentrations,see fig 9.
Manganese (Mn) sranges from 5.0ppm, in sample A6 collected within Olusosun dumpsite to 20.0ppm in sample A15 collected
within a residential estate situated very close to highway off Ikosi road with Manganese mean concentration of 10.1ppm,see
fig10.
Barium (Ba) ranges from 1.5 8.1ppm with mean concentration of 3.7ppm. The highest concentrations of these heavy metals
were detected in different samples collected mostly outside the dumpsite. For instance, maximum concentration of Ba was
observed in sample A29 collected close to the highway beside the central taxi park at Oworoshoki road, Vanadium in sample A26
collected within residential area along Ogudu road while that of Zr and Sr were observed in samples A15 and A16 collected
within residential estate off Ikosi road and beside a sawmill off Ketu market close to the highway respectively, see fig14.
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Fig 6 - 14 below shows the Trace elements concentration of the study area
Fig.6: The distribution of Zn concentrations in particulate matter from the study area
Fig.7: The distribution of Pb concentrations in particulate matter from the study area
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Fig.8: The distribution of Cu concentrations in particulate matter from the study area
Fig.9: The distribution of Cr concentrations in particulate matter from the study area
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Fig.10: The distribution of Mn concentrations in particulate matter from the study area
Fig.11: The distribution of Zr concentrations in particulate matter from the study area
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Fig.12: The distribution of V concentrations in particulate matter from the study area
Fig.13: The distribution of Sr concentrations in particulate matter from the study area
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Fig.14: The distribution of Ba concentrations in particulate matter from the study area
The concentrations of the heavy metals in PM10 from the study area were compared with that of control sample collected very
close to the road side at Akin Adesola road, Victoria island which is about (17km) away from the study area, with little or no
industrial activity and no traffic congestion, but there is high traffic density. From the comparison, the concentration of all the
heavy metals of the particulate matter (PM10) of the study area have higher concentration compared to the control sample which
may be due to no industrial activities, emission from car exhaust and traffic congestion which could contribute to the pollution of
the Air quality of the study area.
Pearsons correlation matrix
Correlation Matrix was employed for the data set to discover similarities in geochemical behaviour and basic relationship among
the elements (Davis, 1986; Ajayi and Suh, 1999). Correlation coefficient measures the strength of a linear relationship between
two variables on a scale of -1 (perfect inverse relationship) through 0 (no relation) to +1 (perfect sympathetic relation). The
correlation coefficients developed for particulate matter in the study area was based on 30 samples and its significant from 0.5 at
0.001 confidence level (Table 4).
Various ranges of r were observed between both the trace metals and the major elements. The correlation that exists among the
heavy metals contents in PM10 of the study area can be summarised as follows (Table 5) Cu with Zn and Ba; Mn with Pb, Ba, Cr,
Sr, V and Zr; Pb with Ba, Cr, Sr, V and Zr; Zn with Ba; Ba with Sr, V and Zr; Cr with Sr, V and Zr; Sr with V and Zr; V with Zr.
TABLE 4: PEARSONS CORRELATION TABLE
Cu
Cu
Mn
Pb
Zn
Ba
Cr
Sr
1.00
Mn
0.39
1.00
Pb
0.45
0.67
1.00
Zn
0.91
0.32
0.47
1.00
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Zr
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Ba
0.71
0.70
0.74
0.68
1.00
Cr
0.19
0.70
0.62
0.10
0.40
1.00
Sr
0.40
0.86
0.69
0.45
0.76
0.60
1.00
0.25
0.64
0.76
0.23
0.71
0.64
0.78
1.00
Zr
0.21
0.78
0.72
0.26
0.60
0.64
0.84
0.75
1.00
From (Table 4) above, Zinc shows a very strong and positive correlation with Cu at probability of 0.05. Pb shows strong positive
correlation with virtually all the metals with the exception of Zn and Cu. This is an indication that these metals are coming from
the same region which may be as a result of anthropogenic input into the environment. This source may be linked to high
vehicular emissions, incomplete combustion of petroleum products and burning of industrial and domestic wastes which are very
obvious in the study area. The fairly weak correlation that exit between Pb and Zn and Cu, Pb- Zn (0.47), Pb Cu (0.45) suggests
that these metals have other anthropogenic sources of input different from those metals.
Scattered plots were plotted for those metals showing some reasonable level of correlations and this is showing in figures below.
16
14
y = 0.2509x + 0.5906
R2 = 0.8268
Cu concentration in ppm
12
10
Cu against Zn
Cu against Zn
Linear (Cu against Zn)
Linear (Cu against Zn)
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Zn concentration in ppm
Fig 15: Plot of Cu against Zn concentrations
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Chart Title
25
Mn concentration in ppm
20
y = 4.1498x - 9.2085
R2 = 0.7402
15
Mn against Sr
Linear (Mn against Sr)
10
0
0
Sr concentration in ppm
Fig16: Plot of Mn against Sr concentrations
Chart Title
7
y = 3.3556x + 1.7115
R2 = 0.7163
Sr conc. in ppm
4
Sr against Zr
Linear (Sr against Zr)
3
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
Zr conc. in ppm
Fig 17: Plot of Sr against Zr concentrations
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Chart Title
6
Zn
y = 0.0254x + 1.9832
R2 = 0.0101
Pb versus Zn
Linear (Pb versus Zn)
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Pb
Fig 18: Plot of Pb against Zn concentrations

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Principal Component Analysis is widely used to reduce data and to extent among the observed variables (Loska and Wiechula,
2003). This was applied to assist in the identification of sources of pollutants. This is best interpreted based on the geogenic and
anthropogenic assumptions (Abimbola et al, 2007).
To reduce the complexity of the relationship that exists among the metals, principal component analysis performed on the data set
were grouped into five (5) different factors and the significant was set at 0.5, any less than 0.5 is considered not significant.
TABLE 5: PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE PARTICULATES OF THE STUDY
AREA
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
Communality
Cu
0.35
0.89
0.21
.957
Mn
0.80
-0.29
0.44
.905
Pb
0.84
0.01
-o.27
.785
Zn
0.34
0.91
0.04
.946
Ba
0.78
0.50
-0.17
.883
Cr
0.78
-0.25
0.33
.736
Sr
0.90
-0.11
-0.01
.813
0.85
-0.14
-0.35
.883
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Zr
0.77
-0.49
-0.02
.844
Eigen Value
4.879
54.207
54.207
% Variance
2.294
25.494
79.701
Cummulative %
0.579
6.429
86.123
The principal component analysis grouped or separated the analysed metals into three distinct factors and these three (3) factors
accounted for total variance of 86.13%.
Factor 1 accounted for about 54.21% of the total variance and it is strongly loaded with metals such as Mn (0.79), Pb (0.85), Ba
(0.76), Cr (0.75), Sr (0.89), V (0.86) and Zr (0.77) (Table 4.5)
This is strongly supported with the result of the Pearson correlation coefficient where most of these metals showed strong and
positive significant correlation with one another. This indicates that all these metals were derived from the same common sources
and their precipitations were strongly influenced by similar geochemical factors.
Factor 2 consists of about 25.5% (Table 5) of the total variance with strong and positive loadings factors in Cu (0.89) and Zn
(0.91) but weakly loaded with Ba (0.50). This further support the strong association between Zn and Cu which is an indication,
that Zinc and Copper are precipitated from similar source under similar geochemical influence.
The general implication of these geochemical associations is that there are two significant sources of metals input into the
atmosphere in the study area, and out of these two pathways none can be attributed to the geology of the study area since the
concentrations of the heavy metals in PM10 does not show any relationship to the geology of the area.
TABLE6: COMPARISON OF SOME METALS FROM THE STUDY AREA WITH SOME PREVIOUS WORKS
Location
Cu
Pb
Zn
Cr
Mn
Vn
Fe
Ba
Ni
Sr
Oluyemi&
0.84
1.38 1.39 0.72 0.73 1.38 ND
0.72 ND
Asubiojo(2001)mumg/l)
Current Study(ppm)
3.28
2.2
11.8
1.3
10.1
0.9
Control sample (VI, Lagos)(ppm)
2.8
1.0
9.7
<1
9.0
<0.5
ND
3.64
ND
4.64
TABLE7: MEAN METALS CONCENTRATION (Mg/l) IN GROUNDWATER SAMPLES AROUND OREGUN,

OJOTA AND KETU AND OLUSOSUN AREA THAT BOUND THE IYALARO STREAM OYEKU AND ELUDOYIN
(2010).
PARAMETERS MG/L)
RANGE
MEAN
NSDWQ
WHO
Chromium(Cr)
0.009 0.0175
0.0327
0.05
0.05
Iron(Fe)
0.124 2.46
0.5547
0.3
0.3
Cadmium (Cd)
0.004 - 0.007
0.0053
0.003
0.003
Manganese (Mn)
0.12 0.419
0.2651
0.2
0.05
Lead (Pb)
0.003 0.02
0.0080
0.01
0.01
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Zinc (Zn)
0.049 0.266
0.1478
3.0
NS
Cobalt (Co)
0.025 0.084
0.0620
NS
NS
Copper (Cu)
0.036 0.058
0.0455
1.0
2.0
Calcium (Ca)
4.008 16.833
9.195
75
75
Magnesium (Mg)
22.5 97.92
58.212
NS
50
Table 6, the results of the geochemical analysis when compared with the work of Oluyemi & Asubiojo, 2001, carried out in Lagos
metropolis (Yaba,Ikeja and Eti-Osa local government) shows Zinc as the dominant heavy metal particulates in both analysis. The
control sample in Victoria Island area shows lesser values of heavy metals based on the reduced level of industrialization, traffics
and its far distance from Olusosun dumping areas. This is also evident in the low values of heavy metals recorded in water
samples of CMS and Apapa Jetty,see table 8 , (Eruola etal, 2011). A study by Oyeku and Eludoyin (2010) also confirmed that the
groundwater supplies of Oregun, Ojota and Ketu communities were contaminated with heavy metals including Cu, Fe, Cd, Pb,
Mn and high concentrations of Zinc (see table 7), they however suggested the possibility of co-polluting sources such as the paint
and the plastic industries in Oregun, as the source based on the groundwater migration from upstream to downstream. Oyeyiola
etal., 2006 also recorded high values of zinc and lead in the water samples from Iyalaro upstream and downstream (see table 9)
,most of these heavy metals occur as a result of anthropogenic activities including use of fossil fuels, loaded gasoline paint,
plastics and emissions from industries located around the Oregun, Ikeja and Ojota axis. Moreover as a result of landfill from the
Olusosun dump site and its environs the discharged is being transferred into the atmosphere and is further deposited as a sink to
the nearby water bodies such as the Iyalaro stream and eventually falls into the Lagos lagoon. The heavy metal constituents are
toxic and can result to adverse biological effects on aquatic living organisms
TABLE8: COMPARISON OF SOME METALS FROM THE STUDY AREA WITH THE PREVIOUS WORKS OF
ERUOLA ETAL, 2011
PARAMTERS
CMS(mg/l)
APAPA JETTY
Iron
Nil
Nil
Nickel
0.03
0.04
Cadmium
0.06
0.05
Copper
Nil
Nil
Lead
Nil
Nil
TABLE 9: COMPARISON OF SOME METALS FROM THE STUDY AREA WITH THE PREVIOUS WORKS OF
OYEYIOLA ETAL., 2006
HEAVY METALS
CONCENTRATIONS(Mg/l)
CONCENTRATIONS(Mg/l)
Alaro upstream
Alaro downstream
Cd
42.1
1.9
Cu
94.5
22
Pb
108.3
25
Cr
31.0
15.9
Zn
805
64.5
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V. CONCLUSION
The study reveals that the assessment of heavy metals contents of ambient particulate matter (Pm10) of the study area follows this
increasing order of magnitude Zn > Mn > Sr > Ba > Cu > Pb > Cr > V > Zr. A wide range of values was observed between the
different sampling locations which could have been as a result of the effect of high industrialization, urbanization and vehicular
activities that characterised the study Area. Comparison of metal concentration content of ambient particulate matter (Pm10) with
geochemical data of the control and similar work done Oluyemi& Asubiojo, 2001 reveals that urbanization, high auto-traffic and
other anthropogenic emissions are the major contributors to particulate matter concentration
Highest levels of metallic ions were observed in samples collected very close to the highways where traffic density runs several
thousand per hour and it is interesting to see that samples collected within the dumpsite have low concentrations of heavy metals
with exception of sulphur which is significantly enriched in samples collected within the dumpsite, this may be that the
contaminants have either been leached via groundwater infiltration or transported and eroded to the nearby stream or adjoining
water bodies. These led to the comparison of the result of the investigation to the work of Eruola etal., on the nearby stream. The
result of his investigation also further confirmed that Zn, Mn and Cu are the major contaminants in the particulates matter and the
adjoining Iyalaro stream which flows into the Ogudu canal, where it eventually empties into the Lagos Lagoon. The result of the
investigation also agreed with the study carried out by Oyeku and Eludoyin (2010) which confirmed that the groundwater
supplies in the communities around:Olusosun, Oregun, Ojota and Ketu communities were contaminated with heavy metals
including Cu, Fe, Cd, Pb, Mn and high concentrations of zn, based on the anthropogenic factors such as; heavy traffics over
populations and industrialization of the area of study. Excessive concentrations of zinc are harmful to aquatic life during its early
stages as a result of domestic and industrial sewage, corrosion of zinc alloys and galvanized surfaces. The lead exposure from the
atmosphere can be deposited in vegetations, further into the nearby water bodies, streams or underground water it may inhibit the
growth of microorganisms and the formation of organic matter.
ACKNOWEDGEMENT
The author acknowledge Late Professor Akinlolu Festus Abimbola, before his demise a professor of Geology, at the University
of Ibadan, Nigeria for his supervisory role on this project, may his gentle soul rest in peace. Doctor A.S Olatunji, of the
department of Geology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria and Mr Teslim kolawole of Osun state university, Oshogbo Iam indebted to
you both, thank you all..
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APPENDIX
Statistical summary of major elements in the study area
Element
Range
Mean
Median
Mode
Standard
deviation
Variance
Control
(V.I)
Ca
1960.0 3700.0
2665.7
2590.0
2490.0
394.4
155563.3
2640
Mg
400.0 830.0
606.3
570.0
460.0
138.9
19286.1
560
Al
260.0 1130.0
590.3
575.0
430.0
222.4
49451.6
410
Fe
90.0 820.0
343.0
285.0
280.0
168.1
28242.4
200
Na
160.0 230.0
194.3
190.0
190.0
17.4
301.3
200
91.0 197.0
130.8
126.5
104.0
23.1
534.4
101
50.0 130,0
73.2
70.0
70.0
22.1
489.5
70
5.0 130.0
13.6
12.0
11.0
6.4
40.9
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Waste Compactor on Olusosun Dumpsite at work,Lagos.
Traffic congestion, Ojota,Lagos.
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Ojota Bus-top,Lagos
Berger Bus - stop,Lagos,Nigeria
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Lateritic part of the Coastal sand of Dahomey basin as exposed in Ojota area
Borehole Strata Logs of the Study Area
Filter Paper use in Sampling
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Gas emission at industrial company, 7up Alausa,Lagos,Nigeria
Asphalt Construction Company, Berger,Lagos,Nigeria
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The Effect of Ambient Particulate Metal Concentrates in Lagos Metropolis and The Adjoining Water Bodies, Northwest of Lagos Lagoon

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The Effect of Ambient Particulate Metal Concentrates in Lagos Metropolis and The Adjoining Water Bodies, Northwest of Lagos Lagoon

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Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume II, Issue XI, November 2014

The Effect of Ambient Particulate Metal Concentrates

Fig 2: Location Map of the study area

Plate 2&3: Olusosun dump site, Lagos, Nigeria

Plate4: Leachate around olusosun dump site

Plate5: A Plastic Factory, Oregun,Lagos,Nigeria.

Plate6: Sampling with High Air Volume Sampler

Fig 4: High Air Volume Sampler (Model N1500)

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

*Bdl Below detection limit

*Bdl Below detection limit

The concentrations of selected nine metals

Figure 5: Concentration of selected nine metals in the Study area

Fig 15: Plot of Cu against Zn concentrations

Fig16: Plot of Mn against Sr concentrations

Fig 17: Plot of Sr against Zr concentrations

Fig 18: Plot of Pb against Zn concentrations

Control sample (VI, Lagos)(ppm)

TABLE7: MEAN METALS CONCENTRATION (Mg/l) IN GROUNDWATER SAMPLES AROUND OREGUN,

Nigeria. Journ, Min.Geol. Nigeria, 5 (1

lobar differences in particle

deposition in the human lung. Inhal Toxical, 15:1 - 21.

contamination in urban dust Xian,

Waste Compactor on Olusosun Dumpsite at work,Lagos.

Traffic congestion, Ojota,Lagos.

Berger Bus - stop,Lagos,Nigeria

Borehole Strata Logs of the Study Area

Filter Paper use in Sampling

Gas emission at industrial company, 7up Alausa,Lagos,Nigeria

Asphalt Construction Company, Berger,Lagos,Nigeria

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