Telecommunication Networks

Dr. Ing. Vo Que Son

Email: sonvq@hcmut.edu.vn

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

Content
Chapter 3: SONET/SDH
Current transmission technologies (PDH)
The Synchronous Digital Hierarchie (SDH)
Bit rates, frame structures and interfaces in SDH
Basic elements of STM-1
SDH network elements
Monitoring, maintenance in SDH

Chapter 4: ATM Networks

ATM Fundamentals
Rudimentary ATM Concepts
ATM Reference Model
ATM Service Categories
Traffic Management
ATM Transport Standards
Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

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Bit rates in PDH

Comparison of the ANSI and CEPT Hierachies

American National
Standards Institute
Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

European Conference of Postal and

Telecommunications Administrations
Telecom Networks
HCMUT

Plesiochronous Drop & Insert

140 Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s
main
OLTU

OLTU

OLTU

OLTU

34 - 140

34 - 140

34 - 140

34 - 140

8 - 34

8 - 34

8 - 34

8 - 34

2-8

2-8

2-8

2-8

stand-by

1,2 ................. 64

Line Terminating Unit

1,2 ................. 64

Drop & Insert Station

Line Terminating Unit

OLTU: Optical Line Terminating Unit

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
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PDH Mux/Demux
Bit interleave, Add/drop based on hieracchies
Besides the bit interleave, the multiplexer has a function to create a new
CEPT frame for the sum signal. Within this frame, the tributary information
is represented by the two complete CEPT framse of input signals I and II

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
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PDH and SHD

Plesiochronous Signals:
Data signals, which have the
same nominal transmission rate,
but come from different sources
Slightly higher or lower value
than nomial but rate
Signals are almost synchronous

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Synchronous Signals:
Data signals with the same nominal
bit rate, but come from different
sources
Controlled by a central clock (socalled Master Clock)
Signals are clock-aligned to each
other: Synchronous

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Why SDH?
Simpler multiplexing
low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH
level
Simple Drop & Insert of traffic channels
direct access to lower level systems without
synchronization
Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH systems
SDH is open for new applications
It can carry PDH, ATM, HDTV, MAN, IP...
SDH provides TMN (ECCs)
for centralized network control
Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
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Synchronous Network Structure

ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer
DXC : Digital Cross Connect
TM : Terminal Multiplexer
DSC: Digital Switching Center
LAN: Local Area Network
DWDM: Dense Wavelength Multiplexing

DWDM
ADM

STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s

ATM
Switch

ADM

STM-4/-16 ADM

140Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
8Mbit/s

STM-1

2Mbit/s

DXC
LAN

DSC
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1

Telecomm. Dept.
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STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET

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SDH Bit rates

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Path Denominations
Lower Order Path
Higher Order Path
Multiplex
Section

VC-2
VC-1

VC-4

VC-4
VC-3

Reg

STM-n
RSOH

VC-4

SMX

VC-3

SMX

VC-12

Regenerator
Sections

VC-3

VC-4
VC-3

VC-12

VC-2
VC-1

STM-n
RSOH

STM-n MSOH
VC-4/3 POH
VC-1/2/3 POH

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

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11

Network Node Interface (NNI)

SDH
Reg.

NNI

The Network Node Interface (NNI)

specifications are necessary to enable
interconnection of synchronous
digital network elements for
transport of payloads

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

SDH

MUX /
DEMUX

PDH

CC

MUX /
DEMUX

SDH

NNI

PDH

NNI

ITU-T Rec.:
G.707
G.703
G.957

Synchronous Multiplex Structure

Electrical characteristic
Optical interface characteristic

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12

STM-1 Frame
The 2-dimension representation of an STM-1 frame includes 9 rows with
270 bytes each
1 byte can carry a traffic = (1:125us)*8 = 64 kbit/s

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14

STM-1
An STM-1 frame consists of three blocks:
Section Overhead (SOH): additional transmission capacity
Pointer (PTR): indicates the start address of the tributary information
Payload: tributary signals/information
The frames are transmitted in intervals of 125us (from top left to bottom right)
An STM-1 frame is repeated (1s:125u) = 8000 times per second. Thus, every byte
in an STM-1 frame has a transmission capacity of 64 kbit/s

(all values are given in bytes)

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15

STM-N Multiplexing
Transmission Frame 3 x STM-1 1 x STMx3
STM-1

STM-1

STM-3
STM

STM-1

3*270 bytes

270 bytes

What is the duration of STM-3 frame? (125us like STM-1 frame)

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16

Pointer Adjustment
In a synchronous network, the frames STM-1 #1 and STM-1 #2
are usually delayed in time (e.g. due to different run times): PTR
adjustment
The modification of PTR during synchronization is called pointer
adjustment operation
Types of pointer adjustment: positive and negative

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

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17

Optical Line code

The optical line code for all STM-N signals is a scrambled NONE-RETURNTO-ZERO (NRZ) code
By scrambling the NRZ code it is ensured that when sending an STM signal
on the line, the signal includes sufficient clock edges to allow timing
recovery on the receiver side. The transmission of long 0 or 1 bit
sequence must be avoided

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18

Mapping 140Mbps to container C-4

Container C-4: 260 byte x 9 row x 8 bit = 18720 bit
Number of bits (Nominal bit rate: 139.264 Mbit):
139.264 Mbit/s : 8000 Hz = 17408 bit
140 Mbit/s can be mapped to C-4
Over-capacity:
Fixed justification bits and byte (approximate clock alignment)
Justification opportunity bits (positive justification for precise clock
alignment)
Justification control bits (justification information bits)

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19

Integrating 140Mbit/s into STM-1

Plesiochronous signal

140Mbit/s

Container

C4

Virtual Container

VC-4

Administrative Unit

AU-4

Synchronous Transport Module

STM-1

Path Overhead

Pointer

Section Overhead

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20

Interleaving C-4 to STM-1

9

261

RSOH
260

AU Pointer

MSOH

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5

C-4
140 Mbit/s

C-4 transport capacity?

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

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21

Mapping 3x34Mbps -> STM-1

The reason for the over-capacity is a recommendation by ITU-T specifying
that the transmission of a 44,736 Mbit/s signal (ANSI) must also be carried
out in the container C-3
44,736 Mbit/s : 8000 Hz = 5593 bit
When considering the number of payload bits per STM-1 frame:
9 byte x 261 x8 = 18720 bit
It emerges only 3 C-3 (3x 6048 bit) at maximum can be transmitted
per STM-1 frame: only 3x34 Mbit/s instead of 4 x 34 Mbit/s

6048 bit total capacity of the C-3

5593 bit of the 44 Mbit/s signal (ANSI)

84
Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

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22

Mapping 3x34Mbps -> STM-1

The interleaving of 3 x 34 Mbit/s signals into the STM-1:

261

RSOH
260

AU Pointer
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5

MSOH

H1

H1

H1

H2

H2

H2

H3

H3

H3

J1
B3 J1
C2 B3 J1
G1 C2 B3
F2 G1 C2
H4 F2 G1
Z3 H4 F2
K3 Z3 H4
Z5 K3 Z3
Z5 K3
Z5

fixed stuffing

VC-4 POH

VC-3 POH

VC-3 #3
VC-3 #2
VC-3 #1

C3
C-3
34 Mbit/s

84

C-3 transport capacity: 84 X 9 x 64 kbit/s = 48.384 kBit/s

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
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23

Mapping 3x34Mbps STM-1

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

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24

Mapping 3x34Mbps STM-1

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25

Mappings 63 x 2 Mbit/s
RSOH
AU pointer

MSOH

VC-4

TUG-3

Tu pointer

TU-12

TUG-2

VC-12

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

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26

Mapping and Multiplexing (1)

1

RSOH

10...........................................261

J1

C2

AU-4 Pointer

G1
F2
H4

MSOH

Z3

S T U F F I N G
S T U F F I N G

B3

K3

A B C A B C A

Z5

. ......

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

TUG-3 86
(A)

A B C

. ......

TUG-3 86
(B)

. ......

TUG-3
(C)

86

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27

Mapping and Multiplexing (2)

N
P
I
S T U F F I N G

TUG-3

TU-12
#1

10...........................................86

NPI: Null Pointer Indication

1001 XX11 1110 0000 XXXX XXXX

A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2

123 1231231 23

TUG-2
(A)

S T U F F I N G

123 123123123

TUG-2
(B)

.....

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

E3 F3 G3

TU-12 TU-12
#3
#1

123 123123123

TUG-2
(G)

.....

TU-12
#3

TU-12
#1

.....

TU-12
#3

TU-12s
occupy 36
bytes per
frame

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28

Mapping 2 Mbps (asynchronous)

VC-4 POH
V4

VC-12 Structure:
XXX XX00
V5
R
32 bytes (32x8I)
R
J2
C1 C2 O O O O R R

140 Bytes

32 bytes (32x8I)
R
N2
C1 C2 O O O O R R
32 bytes (32x8I)
R
K4
S2 I I I I I I I

35
bytes in
one
VC-4

H4

VC-4 Payload
V1
XXX XX01

H4

V5: VC-12 Path Overhead

R:
fixed stuffing bits
J2: Path Trace
C1/2: Justification control bit
O:
Overhead bit
N2: Network Operator byte
K4: APS
S2: Justification opportunity bit
I:
Info-bit

V2
XXX XX10

H4

Payload
VC-4 Payload
V3

XXX XX11

H4

Payload
VC-4 Payload
V4

XXX XX00
R

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Payload
VC-4 Payload

32 bytes (32x8I)

500 s

Payload

H4: Indicates the number of Vx

V1,V2,V3: TU-12 Pointer

H4

Payload
VC-4 Payload

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29

Mapping ATM STM-1

ATM cell: 53 bytes
Multimedia data

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

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30

Summary

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Faculty of EEE

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31

Jitter and Wander

Jitter: Jitter is the short-term phase variations of the significant
instants of a digital signal from their ideal positions in time. It is
the deviation of the significant instants of a digital signal from
the ideal, equidistant values. The significant instant can be any
convenient, easily identifiable point on the signal such as the
rising or falling edge of a pulse. Otherwise stated, the
transitions of a digital signal invariably occur either too early or
too late when compared to a perfect square wave.
Wander: A second parameter closely related to jitter is wander.
Wander similarly refers to long-term variations in the significant
instants. ITU-T G.810 classifies jitter frequencies below 10 Hz
as wander and frequencies at or above 10 Hz as jitter.

Telecomm. Dept.
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32

Jitter and Wander Definitions

Jitter
free
clock
(ideal)
jittered
clock

phasedeviation

time
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33

Sources of Jitter and Wander

Interference signals
Pattern dependent jitter
Phase noise
Delay variation
Stuffing and wait time jitter
Mapping jitter
Pointer jitter

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

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34

Jitter Measurement Filters

Amplitude / dB

Values according to ITU-T Rec. G.825 and G.813

STM-1: 500 Hz
STM-4: 1 kHz
STM-16: 5 kHz

Wander

65 kHz
250 kHz
1 MHz

10 Hz

Total
Jitter

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Frequency / Hz

Jitter
including
lower
Frequency
Components

Max. Jitter Amplitude:

1.3 MHz
5 MHz
20 MHz

1,5UI

High
Frequency
Jitter

0,15UI
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35

VC-4 Pointer
The AU pointer block comprises 9 bytes, 3 of which are used to address a
VC-4 (AU-4 pointer)
The remaining 6 bytes are required for two further pointers in the ANSI
hierarchy.

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

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36

Negative justification
Every MUX is controlled by an internal clock (values assumed: f1, f2, f3
which slightly differ from each other
The clock f1 at the MUX 2 input is somewhat higher than the internal
clock (f2). Therefore, an additional transmission capacity must be
provided in the MUX2 output signal
How to solve this problem in SDH without losing information?

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

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37

Negative justification
The VC-4 which participate the negative justification, is shifted 3 bytes. The
next VC-4 starts one address earlier (address -1)
In SDH, a justification operation (positive or negative) can be carried out no
more than once in every third STM-1 frame

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

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38

Positive justification
The VC-4 involved in the positive justification operation is delayed
by 3 bytes.
The next VC-4 starts one address later (address +1)

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39

Overhead bytes

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40

Overhead Byte Functionality

SOH

VC-3/4
POH

VC-1/2
POH

Telecomm. Dept.
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A1, A2
B1, B2
J0
D1... D3
D4.. D12
E1, E2
F1
K1, K2
S1
M1

Frame synchronisation
Parity bytes for transmission error monitoring
Regenerator section trace
Regenerator section DCC
Multiplex section DCC
Orderwire for voice communication
User channel for maintenance purposes (data, voice)
Automatic protection switching (APS)
Synchronisation status message
MS-REI (remote error idication)

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2, F3
H4
K3
N1

Higher order path trace

Path parity byte for error monitoring
Signal Label (composition of payload)
Path status and performance
Path user channels
Payload specific byte
Automatic protection switching (APS)
Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)

V5
J2
N2
K4

Error check, path status, signal label

Lower order path trace
Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)
Automatic protection switching (APS)

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41

BIP
A special parity procedure is employed for bit error monitoring in an
SDH signal/path, the so-called Bit Interleaved Parity procedure (BIP)

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42

BIP - Principles
A BIP-4 code, for example, is generated in the following way: The
message to be monitored (test block) is subdivided into 4-bit unit
and passed to the parity generators

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43

BIP - Principles
On the receiver side, a CODE WORD is generated on the basis of
the same procedure, and is then compared to the code word on
the transmit side
Interferences on
the line can thus be
detected

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44

SOH-B1: Regenerator Section BIP-8

The B1 byte transmits a parity code, which is used for bit error monitoring
on STM-1 regenerator sections
The b1 byte is transmitted only in STM-1 #1 of an STM-N
B1 Byte is calculated over all bits of the previous STM-N frame after it has
been scrambled. This calculated value of B1 is then placed in the next
following frame before it is scrambled. In the case of an STM-1 frame, the
value of the parity byte (B1) is calculated over 9 rows by 270 columns or
2430 bytes

Telecomm. Dept.
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45

SOH-C1: STM Indication Byte

Every STM-1 frame is assigned an identification (ID) number before being
multiplexed to an STM-N
During demultiplexing, the identification is used for determining or checking
the position of the individual STM-1 in the STM-N

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46

SOH-E1..E2: Orderwire Bytes

These two bytes provide service channels and can be used for voice
communication (64kbit/s in each case)
The E1 byte is used as a voice channel between regenerators and
multiplexers (OMNIBUS channel)
The E2 byte is used only as a voice channel between multiplexers (EXPESS
channel)
E1 and E2 are defined in STM-1 #1 of an STM-N signal only

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47

SOH-F1: User Channel Byte

The F1 byte is reserved for the network operator and can be used as 64
kbit/s auxiliary channel (e.g. data communication via PC)
This byte is only transmitted in STM-1 #1 of an STM-N signal

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48

SOH-D1..D12: Data Communication Bytes DCC

These 12 bytes are provided for the transport of monitoring and
control data in a network management system.
The byte D1-D3 (DCCR) are used for the communication between
TMN and multiplexers and regenerators respectively
The byte D4-D12 (DCCM) handle only the communication between
TMN and multiplexers

Example of a Small Management System

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49

SOH-B2 : Multiplex Section BIP-24

3 bytes B2 transmit a parity code used for bit error monitoring on
multiplex sections. All B2 bytes are defined for transmission of an
STM-N signal.
B2 bytes are calculated prior to scrambling, but exclude the
Regenerator Section Overhead bytes (A1, A2, J0, B1, E1, Dn, etc.).
They are then placed in the appropriate column, i.e., B2 Col.1, B2
Col.2, B2 Col.3 (for an STM-1). of the next following frame before it
is scrambled

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50

SOH-K2: Automatics Protection Switching APS

The entire K1 byte as well as bits 1-5 of the K2 byte can be used for an
automatic, bi-directional 1+1 switchover to a standby line

MUX1 initiates (via K2 byte) the switchover in MUX2

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51

SOH-K2: AIS, FERF

The bit 6,7 and 8 of the K2 byte fulfill error indication functions. If these bits
are set to 110 and then transmitted, the receiver interprets the message
as multiplex section FERF (Far End Receive Failure)
If these bits are set to 111: multiplex section AIS (Alarm Indication Signal)

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52

SOH-S1: Synchronization Status Message

In order to avoid synchronization loops, the content of S1 in the backward
direction is always Dont Use for Synchronization

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53

SOH-M1: Multiplex Section-Far End Block Error

Byte (MS-FEBE)
By evaluating the 3 x B2 bytes, the M1 byte can report bck the number
of parity code violations

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54

POH-J1: Path Trace Byte

Using the J1 byte, every path can be assigned a trace. This trace enables
the path to be trailed through the SDH network
This is of particular importance in the case of cross-connect controlled
through-connections

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55

POH-B3: Path BIP-8 byte

The B3 Byte is used to provide an error-monitoring function for Path data
including the payload and the Path Overhead POH
The bit error monitoring is performed in accordance with a parity procedure
The B3 byte transmits the parity code of an VC-4. The byte is generated at
the beginning of the path and is evaluated only at the end of the path

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56

POH-C2: Signal Label

The C2 byte indicates type and composition of the VC-4 tributary
information

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57

POH-G1: Path Status

The G1 byte is used to report back the fault from path end to path start
Bits 1-4: contain the number of defective blocks (parity violations)
detected by the receiver B3 byte and are returned to the opposite
direction
0000: 0 error
.
1000: 8 errors
Bit 5 contains an alarm indicator and is returned in the opposite direction
if no valid signal was received in the VC-4. It is set to 1 if there is:
No valid signal
An AIS
A wrongly through-connected path (J1)

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58

POH-F2: Path User Channel

The F2 byte (64 kbit/s) is defined for communication purpose for the
network provider (e.g. exchange of data between 2 PC)

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59

POH-H4: Multiframe Indicator

Bits 7 and 8 functions as a frame
label for a multiframe TU-12
Bits 7 and 8 = 0 0 mark the
beginning of a multiframe TU-12
(V1) in the next VC-4

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60

POH-V5: Path BIP-2, Signal Label and Path Status

The V5 byte is used for bit error monitoring, signal detection and path
status indication on the VC-12
Bit 1 and bit 2 carry the parity code of a VC-12. It is generated at the
beginning of a path and evaluated at the end of the path
Bit 3 is set to 1 and returned in the opposite direction if one or more
errors were detected via the BIP-2 = PATH Far End Block Error
Bits 5 to 7 indicates the type and composition of the VC-12 tributary
information
Bit 8 is an alarm indicator and is returned as 1 in the opposite
direction if:
No valid signal
An AIS
A wrongly through-connected path (J1)
was received in the VC-12 = PATH Far End Receive Failure
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61

Monitoring: Far End Block Error

There are two types of FEBE:

PATH FEBE
if a code error was determined in B3 byte:
B3 BER>10-4
AIS in the VC-4
No signal in the VC-4
Wrong path trace in J1 byte
Bit 5 of the G1 byte in VC-4 POH is set
to 1
Telecomm. Dept.
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SECTION FEBE
if a code error was determined in B2 byte:
B2 BER>10-3
SECTION AIS
Loss of STM-N signal
Loss of frame alignment
Bite 6,7 and 8 in K2 byte in MSOH are set
to 110
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62

Monitoring: Far End Receive Failure

There are two types of FERF:

PATH AIS

B3 BER>10-4
No signal in the VC-4
Wrong path trace in J1 byte
Path AIS already received

SECTION AIS

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Section AIS already received (in

generators)
NO signal in the STM-N (in generators)
Loss of frame alignment (in
generators)
Internal functional disturbances in the
MUX/REG systems
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63

Tandom Connection Monitoring

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64

A simple network using SONET equipment

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65

SDH Network Elements

Terminal Multiplexer
PDH &
STM-m
Tributaries
m<n

STM-n

Applications:
Point-to-Point
Transmission Systems
(STM-1, STM-4, STM-16)

SDH Repeater
STM-n

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STM-n

Applications:
Line Signal Regeneration
in Point-to-Point and Ring
Networks
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66

Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

WEST

ADM

EAST
STM-1/4

STM-1/4

......

Tributary Ports : n x 2 Mbit/s ( 34 Mbit/s)

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Telecom Networks
HCMUT

67

Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

68

Synchronous Cross Connect (CC)

2.4 Gbit/s

16x

622 Mbit/s

4x

SDH
Multiplexer

140 Mbit/s

VC12
VC12

2 (1.5)Mbit/s

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

VC4

VC 4
VC 3
VC 12

140

140 Mbit/s

VC4
140
VC3

140 Mbit/s
34 (45)Mbit/s

VC3
VC11
VC12

VC12

34
2

VC12

34

34 (45)Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s

VC12

140

140 Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s

VC4

140

622 Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s
155

34

16x

4x

155 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s

2.4 Gbit/s

2 (1.5)Mbit/s

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

69

Synchronous Line Equipment

4

16 x 140 Mbit/s
or
16 x STM-1

4
4

Sync
MUX

PC / TMN (Q)

Management
Communication Unit

Service
Channels
Data
Channels

Service Channel Unit

Optical
Transmit
Unit

STM-16

SLX 1/16

Overhead
Processing Unit
4

16 x 140 Mbit/s
or
16 x STM-1

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

4
4
4

Sync
DEMUX

Optical
Receive
Unit

STM-16

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

70

AT4848 SoC
MSTP: Multiservice Transport Protocol
MSPP: Multiservice Provisioning Platforms

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

http://www.arrivetechnologies.com/arrive_products_tech_msadm.htm

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

71

AT4848 SoC

http://www.arrivetechnologies.com/arrive_products_tech_msadm.htm

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

72

Hybrid Networks Connect Old and New Technologies

140Mbit/s

STM-1

TM

2Mbit/s

ADM
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s

ATM
Switch

ADM

STM-4/-16 ADM

140Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
8Mbit/s

STM-1

2Mbit/s

DXC
LAN
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer
DXC : Digital Cross Connect
TM : Terminal Multiplexer

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

2Mbit/s
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
STM-4
Telecom Networks
HCMUT

73

SDH Network Topology

STM-4

Trunk
Network L 2

Trunk Network
L1
STM-16

STM-1

Trunk Network
L2

Exchange

Local Network
Local
Exchange

FlexMux

Subscriber
Access
Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Mux
64/2M
Telecom Networks
HCMUT

74

Taxonomy of SONET networks

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

75

Configuration: SONET networks

Point-to-Point network

Multipoint network
Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

76

Automatic protection switching in linear networks

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

77

A unidirectional path switching ring

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

78

A bidirectional line switching ring

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

79

A combination of rings in a SDH network

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

80

A mesh SDH network

Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

81

Future Trends - WDM Systems

Current Systems :

4, 8, 16 x OC-48 (MCI, Sprint)

Pirelli :

WaveMux 3200
32 x OC-48 channels
80Gbit/s over 1200km

Ciena :

40 x OC-48 channels
100Gbit/s over 600km

There may not be a near term need, but this is the direction
that networking will take next for 3 or 4 years.
Telecomm. Dept.
Faculty of EEE

Telecom Networks
HCMUT

82