30

Terms Related to Steel Design

1. ANCHOR BOLT
An anchor bolt is used to attach objects or structures to concrete. All
consist of a threaded end, to which a nut and washer can be
attached for the external load.

2. BEARING PLATE
A bearing plate takes the reaction of a steel beam and
distributes that force over a larger area that is made of a
material that is not as strong as steel. The action is essentially
the same as a footing that distributes a large load to softer
soil. The bearing plate is necessary to avoid crushing of the
weaker material and to distribute the reaction force over a
sufficient length of beam to prevent web yielding or crippling.

3. BRACED STEEL FRAMES

Braced frames are a very common form of construction,
being economic to construct and simple to analyse. Bracing,
which provides stability and resists lateral loads, may be from
diagonal steel members or, from a concrete 'core'. In
braced construction, beams and columns are designed
under vertical load only, assuming the bracing system
carries all lateral loads.

4. BUCKLING
Buckling is characterized by a sudden failure of a structural member
subjected to high compressive stress, where the actual compressive
stress at the point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive
stresses that the material is capable of withstanding

5. BUILT-UP MEMBER

A structural element fabricated from a number of other

structural elements connected by welding, blots or other
means
6. CASTINGS
Steel castings are formed by pouring molten metal into a mould
containing a cavity which has the desired shape of the component.
liquid metal cools and solidifies in the mould cavity and is
then removed for cleaning. Heat treating may be required
to meet desired properties, but there is no need for
subsequent hot or cold working.

The

7. CELLULAR BEAMS
Cellular beams, with regularly spaced holes in the web of an Isection beam, are created by cutting along the web of a beam
section (usually a universal beam) to a particular profile, separating
the two parts and then welding these Tee sections to form a deeper
beam section.

8. CHANNELS
Steel channels are used ideally as supports and guide
rails. These are roll-formed products. The main metal
used for making channels is steel along with aluminum.

9. COLUMN BASE PLATE

Usually a thick plate at the bottom of a column through
which anchor bolts mechanically connect the column and
transfer forces to the foundation.

10. DECKING

A composite steel deck floor is designed in bending as

either a series of simply supported spans or a
continuous slab. Strength in fire is ensured by the
inclusion of mesh (sometimes called fabric) or fibre
reinforcement. Mesh reinforcement can be that
present in ordinary room temperature design; it may
not be necessary to add reinforcement solely for the
fire condition.
11. FABRICATION
Fabrication is the process used to manufacture
steelwork components that will, when assembled
and joined, form a complete frame.

12. GALLING
Galling is a form of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces.
When a material galls, some of it is pulled with the contacting surface,
especially if there is a large amount of force compressing the surfaces
together.
Galling
is
caused
by
a
combination
offriction and adhesion between the surfaces, followed by slipping and
tearing of crystal structure beneath the surface.

13. HOT BENDS

Hot bends are accomplished on a bending slab. This slab
requires little maintenance beyond a light coating of machine
oil to keep rust in check.
14. I BEAM
An I-beam, is a beam with
an Ior
H-shaped crosssection. The horizontal elements of the "I" are
known as flanges, while the vertical element is
termed the "web". I-beams are usually made
of structural steel and are used in construction.

15. MOMENT RESISTING CONNECTIONS

Moment resisting connections are used in multistorey un-braced buildings and in single-storey
portal frame buildings. Connections in multi-storey
frames are most likely to be full depth end plate
connections and extended end plate connections.

16. MEGA COLUMN

A very large column, typically used for outrigger or
externally braced tube in high rise Structures.

17. PIN CONNECTION

A joint that does not resist a moment and in the
structural computer model allows the joint to rotate
eliminating the moment in a structural member. Pin
connections are common in the design of trusses.

18. PLATE GIRDERS

Modern plate girders are
two flanges
used

fabricated
by welding together
and a web plate. Plate girders are
where standard rolled sections are
inadequate in terms of load carrying
capacity or stiffness. Typical uses
include long-span
floors in
buildings, bridges and
crane
girders in industrial buildings.

19. PORTAL FRAME

Portal frame construction is a method of
building
and
designing
structures,
primarily using steel or steel-reinforced
precast concrete although they can also
be constructed using laminated timber
such as glulam. The connections between
the columns and the rafters are designed
to be moment-resistant
20. PRELOADED BOLTING
Bolting
is
generally
preferred
for
the
site connections in short and medium span steel
bridges because it can be carried out more
quickly than welding, and with less interruption to
the flow of erection. Installation and tightening of
bolts is a major site activity and the designer
should consider the access for operatives and
equipment.
21. STEEL ANGLE
A steel angle is long steel with mutually vertical sides. The
steel angles are the most basic type of roll-formed steel.
The most commonly found steel angles are formed at a 90
degree angle and has two legs of equal length.

22. STEEL FLATS

Flats are actually thin strips of mild steel having the
thickness of the strip commonly varying from 12mm to
10mm but thicker flats than this are also available. Steel
flats are produced by the utilization of relatively smooth,
cylindrical rolls on rolling mills.

23. STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL

A steel
plate
shear
wall (SPSW) consi
sts of steel infill
plates bounded
by
boundary
elements.
24. STIFFENERS
Stiffeners are secondary plates or sections which are
attached to beam webs or flanges to stiffen them against out of plane deformations.

25. STRUT CHANNEL

Strut channel is a standardized formed
structural system used in the construction and
electrical industries for light structural support,
often for supporting wiring, plumbing, or
mechanical
components
such
as
air
conditioning or ventilation systems.
26. STUD
A vertical cylindrical bar of steel with a larger
cylindrical cap fastened to metal decking used to
form a mechanical connection between the metal
decking and the poured-in-place concrete slab such
that the two form a composite structural elements.
27. TEMPLATES

Whatever method you use to bend pipe, you should

normally have some pattern that represents the desired
shape of the bend. Templates made from wire or small,
flexible tubing can be invaluable in preparing new
installations as well as in repair work. When properly
made, they will provide an exact guide to the bend
desired.

28. WEATHERING STEEL

Weathering steel or weather resistant steel are colloquial
terms used to describe structural steels with improved
atmospheric corrosion resistance. These steels are high
strength low alloy steels that under normal atmospheric
conditions give an enhanced resistance to rusting compared
with that of ordinary carbon manganese steels.

29. WELDING
Welding is used to prepare joints for connection on
site and for the attachment of other fixtures and
fittings. Different welding techniques are used for
different activities within the fabrication factory.

30. WRINKLE BEND

A wrinkle bend may not be made on steel pipe to be operated at a
pressure that produces a hoop stress of 30 percent, or more

WHY STUDY STEEL DESIGN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO

ARCHITECTURE
As an Architecture student and future professional in the construction
industry, the design process particularly the concept design is a relevant stage. By
studying Structural Steel Design and its application to building design will explore
limitless possibilities to the construction world. The versatility of steel gives
architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions. Structural steel is an
essential
component
of
most stadia, shopping
centres and commercial
developments; steel cladding systems adorn iconic, landmark structures worldwide.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and
durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing
quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development. Building
owners value the flexibility of steel buildings, and the value benefits they provide,
such as the light, open, airy spaces that can be created, making it ideal for
modernisation, reconfiguring, extending or adapting with minimal disruption, and
without costly and sometimes harmful demolition and redevelopment. Even without
these benefits, steel is often the first choice on the basis of cost alone. Many of the
advantages of steel construction are applicable to all building types and sectors.