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A Stylistic Approach
IV.1 A specific use of stylistic devices
What we don't know about Emily Dickinson fills many books. The
identity of the man she called "Master" in her poems and her letters; the nature
of the "terror" that she "could tell to none," which informs many of her major
lyrics; whether carnal knowledge lay behind her intensely erotic imagination these and other mysteries have produced a small library of speculation. And as
for the poems themselves, critics endlessly debate Dickinson's images, tones,
intentions, and sources.
There's another mystery, which has to do with the poems as scripts for
performance. Anyone who has read Dickinson with care knows how her
insistent rhythms, pauses, and gaps or splices of thought create an unmistakable
"voice" that infiltrates and colonizes the mind of the silent reader. Similarly,
anyone who has heard, say, Aaron Copland's song cycle based on twelve
Dickinson poems knows how beautifully her work can be set and sung. But how
should her poems be said? She carefully preserved her work, so we can assume
she intended it to be read - but did she intend it to be read out loud? Given all of
her infamous ambiguities - eccentric punctuation, indeterminate parts of speech,
phrases that "float" syntactically - to decide how we say a Dickinson poem is, to
a large extent, to decide what it means.1
As an effort to avoid this extravagant use of potential, Dickinson
introduces stylistic devices that interrupt syntactic conclusion as a way of
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Of freckled Human Nature Of Deity - ashamed It's such a common - Glory A Fisherman's - Degree Redemption - Brittle Lady Be so - ashamed of Thee - (c. 1862)
The genteel ladies of Amherst here provoke Emily Dickinson to a kind
of erotic hilarity: one would as soon commit sexual assault upon a plush chair as
upon them, or attempt to rape a remote star. Society has labeled women as
fragile creatures with only one real desire in the world, to cater to a mans needs
and stay tucked away in the corner, hidden away from the worries of the
business world, the wars, and affairs of that butch nature. Yet, it is almost
inevitable that in every era of this world, a rebel is born. One woman who stands
and breaks the stereotype society so maliciously hangs over our heads. Times,
however, have changed. In the world we live today women have strong upper
hands in the way things are run in this country. A chance to stand and lea women
on that path of justice in a male dominated society seldom shoes its face and yet
so many women fail to see how much they truly are worth.2
They have a horror of human nature as it actually is: freckled, tainted, prone to
sin. Similarly, they feel that redemption should be reserved for the few, like
the A.B. degree at Amherst College; they are ashamed that it is available even to
fishermen (like St. Matthew).
The poem concludes with an expectedly severe irony: redemption and the
Redeemer wilt be ashamed of them. Whosoever shall be ashamed of me, of
him also shall the Son of man be ashamed when he cometh in the glory of the
father (Mark 8:38).3
My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun In Corners - till a Day
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The Owner passed - identified And carried Me away And now We roam in Sovereign Woods And now We hunt the Doe And every time I speak for Him The Mountains straight reply And do I smile, such cordial light
Upon the Valley glow It is as a Vesuvian face
Had let its pleasure through And when at Night - Our good Day done I guard My Master's Head 'Tis better than the Eider - Duck's
Deep Pillow - to have shared To foe of His - I'm deadly foe None stir the second time On whom I lay a Yellow Eye Or an emphatic Thumb Though I than He - may longer live
He longer must - than I For I have but the power to kill,
Without - the power to die -
Adrienne Rich's4 view of this poem: ...I think it is a poem about
possession by the daemon, about the dangers and risks of such possession if you
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are a woman, about the knowledge that power in a woman can seem destructive,
and that you cannot live without the daemon once it has possessed you
The central figure in the following poem is remarkable, even shocking:
the female lover as a loaded hunting rifle stimulate into life by its huntsman
owner. It is an unconscious defiance of the Freudian theory of symbolism,
according to which a rifle is always a phallic symbol. But the poem gains much
of its strange force from Emily Dickinsons tact in sometimes exploiting the
implications of her symbol (as in the yellow eye of the gun barrel) and
sometimes contains them.
The poem is a type of ballad and conveys the same sense of closeness and
isolation as the old English ballad did, which, with the hymn book and the
rhyme, was still another source for the shape and tone of Emily Dickinsons
poems. It may be noticed, too, that the speaker was not only taken hold of by her
master, she was identified, and she was given identity. For Emily Dickinson,
love was an identifying emotion; before love a person is not even a he or a
she, but merely a neutral it. Congratulating a friend upon her engagement,
Emily once wrote: Till it has loved - no man or woman can become itself.
Wild nights! Wild nights!
Were I with thee,
Wild nights should be
Our luxury!
Futile the winds
To a heart in port,
Done with the compass,
Done with the chart.
Rowing in Eden!
Ah! the sea!
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the joyful solitude of an Emersonian communion, the Soul should not become
permanently closed in a tomb - like world or frozen in a static posture. The
closed valves are after all considered valves of attention, the fact that they are
closed in a stone - like a fortress - emphasizes on the weight, the certainty of the
act of selection. Further on the use of the past perfect in the last stanza: Ive
known her, indicates that there were valves have been closed before. This
image suggests an alternation that takes place, just like the valves of the heart,
the valves of Soul can be both opened and closed. It symbolizes a way of
controlling the flow of ideas, events for the sake of memory and poetic talents.
Dickinsons poem offers a defense of isolation, self - reliance, exclusive
friendships and particular moments in her Souls conversation with her own
society.
Renunciation - is a piercing Virtue The letting go
A Presence - for an Expectation Not now The putting out of Eyes Just Sunrise Lest Day Day's Great Progenitor Outvie
Renunciation - is the Choosing
Against itself Itself to justify
Unto itself When larger function Make that appear Smaller - that Covered Vision - Here -(c. 1863)
In the following poem we hear Emily Dickinson meditating aloud,
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examining slowly for the precise image, the painfully articulated series of
images by which the act of renunciation can be identified and made tolerable.
Renunciation is a virtue, but it is a virtue that wounds and must be explained to
the unconscious soul. How can renunciationthe choosing against ones inmost
desire, the acceptance of the covered visionbe made to seem the supreme
human gesture?
Words like expectation (perhaps of a life hereafter) and justify (as in
justification by faith) suggest that Emily Dickinson may to some extent be
drawing upon the Protestant doctrine of renunciation, the turning away from the
fascinating things of this world. That same doctrine haunted the Puritandescended imaginations of Hawthorne and, perhaps even more, of Henry James;
renunciation is one of the major themes of nineteenth-century American
literature. But like both Hawthorne and James, Emily Dickinson dramatizes and
personalizes the theme: for all its abstraction, this is a tremblingly personal
poem. For a visionary poet like Emily Dickinson, no more personally terrible
image could be created than that of putting out ones eyes just as the sun was
rising on a new day.
I Dreaded That First Robin, So,
But He is mastered, now,
I'm accustomed to Him grown,
He hurts a little, though I thought If I could only live
Till that first Shout got by Not all Pianos in the Woods
Had power to mangle me I dared not meet the Daffodils For fear their Yellow Gown
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irreconcilability and lack of communication between the poet and the natural
environment.
During the period this poem was written, Dickinson became a withdrawn
person, somehow an outsider. Clearly, as the Queen of Calvary (Calvary was
the mountain on which Christ was crucified and it suggests extreme suffering
-the personification of torment itself) she found aspects of life that are both
painful and difficult. The Robin which she dreads so symbolizes the change
from winter to spring, whose urge to survive emphasizes the richness of life.
Dickinson evokes the anxiety in it.
The nightmare begins with the central stanzas - where the bird songs in the
woods would twist her in her raw emotional state, and the very charm of the
daffodils would pierce her - are subdued by the opening and closing verses,
where it is made clear that what she desperately feared would happen but which
did not quite. He hurts a little, though.
The third line -Im accustomed to Him grown -, shows Emily Dickinson
adapting, as she often did, a concise New England colloquialism for her poetic
expression. Dickinson has become used to the sight of the Robin, as it is such a
common sight in spring and she knows that she has to adapt : But he is
mastered now. That first shout could be a reference to the birdsong and it
symbolizes happiness which apparently depresses her. The Piano is another
term for a soft sound. In the verse I wished the Grass would hurry Dickinson
urges the grass to grow so that it could offer some sort of hiding place for her.
Despite her feelings nature is unavoidable, indifferent to her although Each one
salutes me, as he goes. Despite her hostility to nature it does not seem to be
hostile back. The plants, the bees and birds acknowledge her. Everything dazzles
her, the colours and the sounds.
This poem is a personal one, a confession; she looks at her life and sees
how dull it can be compared to the vitality of everything that surrounds her.
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open:
afternoons,
That oppresses,
like
the
weight
Of cathedral tunes.
Heavenly hurt it gives us;
We can find no scar,
But internal difference
Where the meanings are.
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He himself had, of course, already written several such, including Out of the
Cradle Endlessly Rocking and When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd.
If in Emily Dickinsons case death was a reality constantly invading the scene of
mortal aspiration, nevertheless it was contradicted by the recurring hope of
immortality. These final seven poems display some of the twists and turns Emily
Dickinsons imagination so brilliantly took as it moved among the enormous
ultimates.
Emily Dickinson - rather like Albert Camus7 in some of his philosophical
writings - declares that the man is mortal by identifying him as being destined to
death. The sentence that is read and reviewed in the first lines, is the death
sentence. The poem then expands on that notion in a neat service of legal and
courtroom language - a somber parody, as it was, of the legalistic vocabulary of
Calvinist doctrine.
I read my sentence - steadily Reviewed it with my eyes,
To see that I made no mistake
In its extremest clause The Date, and manner, of the shame And then the Pious Form
That "God have mercy" on the Soul
The Jury voted Him I made my soul familiar - with her extremity That at the last, it should not be a novel Agony But she, and Death, acquainted Meet tranquilly, as friends Salute, and pass, without a Hint And there, the Matter ends -
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claimed is freedom from the grave, a soul purified (white) and regenerate, and
the life eternal (long Ages steal!). And where the legal language in 1 read my
sentence - steadily serves to rivet the acknowledgment of mans mortality here
the legalisms - right, seal, prison, bars, repeal, charter - all work in the other
direction.
At the same time, her euphoric vision of immortality has its effect upon her
sense of the earthly life. The human world is a scarlet (sin - infested) prison, as
against the white election promised her. More expressively, she asserts:
mine - here - in Vision - and in Veto! Here on earth, she is granted the vision
of eternal life, but she receives it at the cost of earthly desire. Immortality is the
quid pro quo of renunciation.
Mine by the right of the white election!
Mine by the royal seal!
Mine by the sign in the scarlet prison
Bars cannot conceal!
Mine, here in vision and in veto!
Mine, by the graves repeal
Titled, confirmed,delirious charter!
Mine, while the ages steal!
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Notes
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http://www.americanpoems.com/poets/emilydickinson/10353/comments
http://bible.cc/mark/8-38.htm
Adrienne Rich (born May 16, 1929 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American feminist, poet, teacher,
and writer.
5
Concept developed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in one of his essays: Spiritual Laws
Whitman made a few predictions for the future of the U.S. in his essay, "Democratic Vistas". In
this November 1868 passage Whitman's prediction is mostly false; however, it does reveal a
confidence in an ever-expanding America.
7
Albert Camus (November 7, 1913 January 4, 1960) was an Algerian-French author and