Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv
bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx
cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl
Heat interchargers
Joaquin Zarco Diaz
zxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghj
klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg
hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd
fghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopa
sdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuio
pasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyu
iopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwert
yuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwe
rtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq
wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn
mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv
bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx
Joaqun Zarco Daz
HEAT INTERCHANGERS
Introduction
In this application the heat interchanger has two effect: increasing the gas
temperature (superheat) as it enters the compressor suction and increasing the
degree of liquid subcooling as it enters the expansion valve.
Increasing the suction gas temperature (superheat)
Most refrigeration compressors are rated at suction gas temperatures
considerably above freezing point and to achieve this rating this heat must he
extracted from the evaporator.
In most instances this is difficult to obtain from the evaporator in low
temperature applications it is impossible, so consequently there can easily be a
shortfall of 5% in the compressor rating and therefore the system capacity.
The only way that this superheat can be achieved, albeit indirectly, is from a
heat interchanger which can be sized to restore and, sometimes, slightly
increase the system evaporator capacity. This is achieved by superheating the
suction gas and subcooling the refrigerant liquid in an exchange of heat, this
sub heating then being usefully employed in the evaporator and fulfilling the
requirements stated in the first paragraph.
The temperature interchange between the refrigerant vapour and the liquid is
approximately equal too:
? t subcooled liquid = 'C' x ? t superheated vapour.
Refrigerant type
Factor C
R12
0.6
R22
0.5
R502
0.55
R12
R22
R502
4.9K
3.1K
2.9K
6.2K
3.5K
3.4K
IMPERIAL UNITS
R12
R22
R502
6.1 F
3.8 F
3.6 F
3.4 F
1.9 F
1.8 F
and
the
approximate
related
APPLICATION
SUPERHEAT
SUBCOOLING
10 K (18 F)
5.5 K (10 F)
15 K (27 F)
8 K (14 F)
20K (36F)
11 K (20 F)
The total system superheat is the above plus the TEV superheat and the
subcooling is the above plus the condenser subcooling which for a condenser
without a special subcooling section is about YK (5 F)
A realistic appraisal of heat interchanger usage would be:
APPLICATION
USAGE
High temperature
Recommended
Commercial temperature
Essential
Low temperature
Essential
Evaporator booster.
Any direct expansion evaporator will perform at its best when the suction gas
superheat is low and it is possible to achieve this if the major part of the TEV
superheat is obtained from the heat interchanger.
When a heat interchanger is used in this manner the majority of the
advantages listed are not applicable and it is possible on systems where the
TEV is set far too low that the system will become very unstable due to the
erratic temperature of the sub-cooled liquid.
This can he overcome by increasing the superheat to a more reasonable level
which will achieve the objective of increasing the evaporator performance
without any undue instability.
A heat interchanger selected for this type of application can be chosen for its
superheating ability or the suction side pressure drop when this data is
available.
Air cooled condenser booster.
Only the cast aluminum type of heat interchanger can be used on this
application. Air cooled condensers suffer from the fact that when their
maximum performance is required the ambient air temperature is high.
However, as this may only occur on a few days a year, it could be
uneconomical to size the condenser for this temperature.
The use of a heat interchanger in the refrigerant discharge line between the
compressor and condenser with water connected UP to the smaller connections
will be capable of boosting the condenser capacity to that of a water cooled
type while still retaining the advantages of the former.
For maximum utilisation of the water a refrigeration condenser pressure
operated water valve should be fitted to allow water to flow through the heat
interchanger when the pressure rises above a pre-set value
Installation
Most heat interchangers can be fitted in any location except that the larger
steel type with the offset suction connection should be fitted with this
connection below the centreline when fitting horizontally to prevent excessive
oil trapping.
To eliminate any possibility of hydraulic damage from ice build up during pump
down the liquid line solenoid valve should be fitted between the heat
interchanger and the TEV as shown on the appropriate sketches.
Shell and tube heat exchangers are comprised of multiple tubes through which
liquid flows. The tubes are divided into two sets: the first set contains the liquid
to be heated or cooled. The second set contains the liquid responsible for
triggering the heat exchange, and either removes heat from the first set of
tubes by absorbing and transmitting heat awayin essence, cooling the liquid
or warms the set by transmitting its own heat to the liquid inside. When
designing this type of exchanger, care must be taken in determining the correct
tube wall thickness as well as tube diameter, to allow optimum heat exchange.
In terms of flow, shell and tube heat exchangers can assume any of three flow
path patterns.
Plate heat exchangers consist of thin plates joined together, with a small
amount of space between each plate, typically maintained by a small rubber
gasket. The surface area is large, and the corners of each rectangular plate
feature an opening through which fluid can flow between plates, extracting
heat from the plates as it flows. The fluid channels themselves alternate hot
and cold fluids, meaning that heat exchangers can effectively cool as well as
heat fluidthey are often used in refrigeration applications. Because plate heat
exchangers have such a large surface area, they are often more effective than
shell and tube heat exchangers.
In a regenerative heat exchanger, the same fluid is passed along both sides of
the exchanger, which can be either a plate heat exchanger or a shell and tube
heat exchanger. Because the fluid can get very hot, the exiting fluid is used to
warm the incoming fluid, maintaining a near constant temperature. A large
amount of energy is saved in a regenerative heat exchanger because the
process is cyclical, with almost all relative heat being transferred from the
exiting fluid to the incoming fluid. To maintain a constant temperature, only a
little extra energy is need to raise and lower the overall fluid temperature.