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HEAT TREATMENT

Intro & Annealing

Introduction

A combination of heating and cooling operations, timed


and applied to metal or alloy in the solid state in a way
that will produce desired properties ASM Metals
Handbook
Modification of microstructure through a thermal process
in order to get certain properties

Introduction
General procedure:
heating holding cooling

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lin g
co o

ng

Holding (time)

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Introduction

Annealing
Hardening
Tempering
Surface hardening
Do not forget about I-T and C-T diagram
More about steels

Introduction

Annealing

A heat treatment in which a material is


exposed to an elevated temperature for an
extended time period and then slowly cooled
Purposes:
- Relieve stresses
- Increase softness, ductility, and toughness
- Produce a specific microstructure

Annealing

Stages: heating to desired temperature,


holding or soaking, then cooling
Time and temperature dependence;
- Internal stress
- Sufficient time for transformation
- Diffusion

Annealing

Process annealing
Stress relief annealing
Normalizing
Full annealing
Spheroidizing
Homogenizing

Range of Annealing
Temperature

Plain carbon steels


More & detail process in heat treaters
guide handbook

Process annealing

Heat treatment that is used to negate the effects of


cold workthat is, to soften and increase the
ductility of a previously strain-hardened metal
It is commonly utilized during fabrication procedures
that require extensive plastic deformation, to allow a
continuation of deformation without fracture or
excessive energy consumption
Recovery and recrystallization processes are
allowed to occur fine grained microstructure
heat treatment stop before grain growth

Process annealing

Surface oxidation or scaling may be prevented or


minimized by annealing at a relatively low
temperature (but above the recrystallization
temperature) or in a nonoxidizing atmosphere
Some people call it recrystallization annealing
Common: 1 hour at 600-650 C
Yield strength and tensile strength drastically
reduced
Commonly used in the production of steel wires,
nails, etc

Process annealing

Stress relief annealing

Heat treatment that is used to eliminate internal or


residual stresses in metallic components
Internal stress distortion and warpage
Source of internal stress:
- plastic deformation processes such as machining
and grinding
- nonuniform cooling of a piece that was processed
or fabricated at an elevated temperature, such as a
weld or a casting
- a phase transformation that is induced upon
cooling wherein parent and product phases have
different densities

Stress relief annealing

General process: heating to the


recommended temperature, held there long
enough to attain a uniform temperature, and
finally cooled to room temperature in air
Annealing temperature relative low, up to 678
C effects of cold working and other heat
treatments are not affected

Full annealing

Heat treatment that is used to fully soften a carbon


steel, such that the steel is in its most ductile state
Often utilized in low- and medium carbon steels that
will be machined or will experience extensive plastic
deformation during a forming operation.
Process: heating to about 50 C above A3 line for
hypoeutectoid steel, and 50 C above A1 for
hypereutectoid steel austenitizing holding
furnace cooled

Full annealing

The microstructural product of this anneal is


coarse pearlite (in addition to proeutectoid
phase)
Time consuming
Yields a microstructure having small grains
and a uniform grain structure
Typical cooling rate 1 C/min

Normalizing

Heat treatment that is used to refine the


grains (i.e., to decrease the average grain
size) and produce a more uniform and
desirable size distribution; fine-grained
pearlitic steels are tougher than coarsegrained ones
Process: heating to about 55 C above A3 line
for hypoeutectoid steel, and 55 C above Acm
line for hypereutectoid steel austenitizing
holding air cooled

Normalizing

Cooling rate 5-10 C/min


Produce fine pearlite structurehigher
strength, hardness than product of full
annealing

Full annealing vs Normalizing

C-T diagram shows


the difference in
the cooling rate
and final structure

Full annealing vs Normalizing

Microstructure
mechanical properties

Spheroidizing

Heat treatment that is used to develop spheroidite


structure
Spheroidized steels have a maximum softness and
ductility and are easily machined or deformed
improving machinability
Common for medium and high carbon steels
Coalescence of the Fe3C to form the spheroid particles
during spheroidizing
To some degree, the rate at which spheroidite forms
depends on prior microstructure. For example, it is
slowest for pearlite, and the finer the pearlite, the more
rapid the rate. Also, prior cold work increases the
spheroidizing reaction rate.

Spheroidizing
Methods:
Heating the alloy at a temperature just below the
eutectoid or at about 700 C in the +Fe3C region of
the phase diagram. If the precursor microstructure
contains pearlite, spheroidizing times will ordinarily
range between 15 and 25 h.
Heating to a temperature just above the eutectoid
temperature, and then either cooling very slowly in
the furnace, or holding at a temperature just below
the eutectoid temperature.
Heating and cooling alternately within about 50 C of
the A1 line

Spheroidizing

Homogenizing

Heat treatment that is used to eliminate the


effect of segregation
Time consuming
Requires annealing after homogenizing

Mechanical properties after


annealing

Difference of
microstructure
leads to difference
in mechanical
properties

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