ByzantineChantanditsLocal

TraditionsinSouthernItaly
beforeandahertheReformof
Desiderius,
AbbotofMontecassino
TheassociationofMontecassinowithByzantineItalywas
originallyanideaofDrewMaxwell,whospokeabout
B y z a n t i n e S o u t h e r n I t a l y, M o n t e C a s s i n o a n d t h e
EstrangementofEastandWestattheGreifswaldconference
ByzanzinEuropain2007.1Thepresentessayisintendedas
ananswertohisstudy,andcontainsreferencesaswellto
WesternastoEasternchantsourcesinItaly.
Itwouldbequiteeasytonishthispaperwiththesecond
paragraph.Therearetwotypicalwaysofgivingashortanswer
tothequestionwhetherDesideriusreformhadanyimpacton
ItaloByzantinechant.Theydependonthepointofview.
1)TheshortanswerfromaLatinpointofview:2
DesideriusreformhadnoimpactonItaloByzantine
traditions,itwasonlyconcernedwiththeLatinrite.TheAbbey
TheproceedingswillbepublishedsoonatBrepols.

For example Pete rH er desar ticlefr om1970anditsItalian

republication1973,whichwasrecentlyrevisedandtranslatedinto
EnglishbyCarinevanRhnandIngeLyseHansen:ThePapacyandthe
GreekChurchinsouthernItalybetweenthe11thand13thCentury(Loud
&Metcalfe2002,213251).
2

OliverGerlach

ofS.BenedejodiMontecassinohadalwaysgoodrelationships
withtheGreekChristiansinItaly,andthemostohenquoted
evidenceofthatisusuallySt.NeilosstayinMontecassinoand
Desideriusroleasadiplomatemediatingbetweenthe
ByzantineemperorsandRomanpapacy,andasanabbot
employingByzantinecrahsmentodecoratetheinteriorofthe
abbey.
2)TheshortanswerfromaGreekpointofview:3
TherewerenoconictsbetweentheEasternandthe
We st e rn c hu rc h, in ste a d the con ictsexistedbetween
ByzantiumandtheNormanconquerorswhoeventually
expelledByzantiumanditschurchfromItaly.
Bothanswersdealwithideologicalpresuppositions:
Therstshortanswertreatsthereformasaninternalaaire
ofthepapacy,whichitwascertainlynotforreasonsIwill
explainfurtheron.
Thesecondshortanswertransformstheconictbetween
theGreekandtheLatinchurch,whichwasmainlycausedby
thesupremacyofthepope,intoapoliticalconictbetween
NormaninvadersandByzantineauthorities.Theassumption
thattheItaloByzantineliturgywhichtheVaticanohen
referredtoastheGreekritewasexpelledbytheNorman
invaders,issomehowjustied,astheNormanconquestof
ByzantineApuliaandLucaniawasthebeginningofaslow
processofLatinization.TheItaloByzantinetraditiondidnot
onlycontinueunderthistendencyofLatinizationinthe
followingcenturies,but,evenaherthefallofConstantinople,it
ourishedespeciallyinthefourmonasticcentresbetween
Sicily,SouthernCalabriaandApulia.Sometracesofthisunique
traditionsurvived,thoughitwasmoreorlessviolently
ThishistoricalvisioncanbereadinthehomepageoftheOrthodox
ArchdioceseItalyandMalta:<h6p://www.ortodossia.it/>(01/01/11).
3

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

eliminatedbyRomanchurchpoliciesduringthe16 th a n d
17thcentury.
ItisplausiblethattheharmonybetweenRome,Byzantium
andBeneventowasdecisivefortheexistenceofthreedierent
liturgicaltraditions,andthereisnodoubtthatthisharmony
wasdestroyedbytheunexpectedappearanceofafourth
protagonist:theNormans,whoservedasmercenariesfor
certainabbotsofMontecassinoaswellasforcertainprincesof
BeneventoandCapua.ButtheNormaninvadershadtheirown
wayoflookingforabalance.Partlyinuencedbythe
A n d a l u s i a n c o u r t c u l t u r e a n d p a r t l y i n s p i r e d b y t h e
Carolingianstrategyofdealingwiththepope,theirwaywas
quiteodd.
OnthepoliticalsidetherelationsbetweentheNormans
andthepapacystartedwithanexchange.Ontheonehand,in
1059thePopesformalrecognitionoftheinvaderspolitical
powerhelpedthemtojustifytheirpresenceamongthelocal
population,somuchsothattherewasnoneedforthemto
conquertherestoftheprincipalityofBenevento.Ontheother
handthesupremacyofthepapacyinthechurchadministration
ofSouthernItaly(withtheexceptionofSicily)wasnally
recognizedbytheNormans,aherPopeNicolasIIhadfoundin
themthemostpowerfulallies.Beforethen,PopeLeoIXhad
triedinvaintoallywiththeByzantineEmperorandwithlocal
dukes,inordertodefendSouthernItalyagainsttheNorman
invaders.
Inmyopinion,theimpactoftheliturgicalreform,inwhich
AbbotDesideriusparticipated,hastobestudiedfromfour
perspectives,whichpartlyneedtobedevelopedbyfurther
research:
1. Theperspectiveofthereform:Therelationshipbetween
theAbbeyofMontecassinoandthepapacywithAbbot

OliverGerlach

FrederickofLorraineasPopeStephenIXbecame
strongerthaneverbefore.Butitwasduringthepresence
ofEmperorOjoIatMontecassino,thattheAbbeywas
askedagaintoconrmtheFrankishconceptofRoman
chant.TheharmonybetweenConstantinopleandRome
wasmuchmoreseriouslydisturbedthenthanduringthe
socalledorientalschism.Whe reasByzantine
authoritiesofthecatepanateacceptedthelocalLatin
liturgyandnevertriedtochangeit,therestorationofthe
CarolingianreforminspiredcantorsinBeneventoand
MontecassinotopreparetheirvisionofaNeogregorian
reform.
2. TheByzantineperspective:Therelationshipbetween
GreekandLatinChristianswasinmostofthecases
neitherbadnorhostile,butsince1059itcouldonly
continueonconditionthatthebishopsoftheGreekrite
sworetheoathofdelitytothepope.Theywereforced
tosubordinatethemselvestotheRomanadministration
ofthesuraganseesinApulia,Campania,Lucania,and
Calabria.Thisconditionwascertainlynotacceptedbyall
bishopelectsoftheGreekrite.Aherthelongperiodof
ArabSicily(about300years),theSicilianpopulationwas
mainlyAraborGreek.ALatinchurchadministration
hadtobeestablishedbytheNormansforthersttime,
whilethepapacywasforcedintoaratherpassiverole.4
3. TheNormanperspective:Therelationshipbetweenthe
Normanrulersandthepapacywasambivalentandquite
pragmatic.TheNormanswereacknowledgedasrulers
bythechurch,buttheywerechargedwiththeconquest
HorstEnzensberger sessayaboutDielateinischeKircheunddie
Bistumsgrn d u n g e n i n S i z i l i e n z u B e g i n n d e r n o r m a n n i s c h e n
Herrschahcanberecommendedforahistoricview,whichtriedto
recognizetheohenfakeddocuments(Enzensberger2000b).
4

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

ofSicily.AhertheconquestofSicilywascarriedout,a
collaborationwiththeArabandtheGreekpopulation
wasneeded.InconrmingtheMuslimlawschools,the
NormansfollowedrathertheprototypeofAndalusia
thanofanyChr ist ianempir e.Bytheendofthe
11thcenturyalotofFrancoNormanaristocratshad
becomepatronsandfoundersofLatinandGreekabbeys
inSouthernCalabriaandSicily.Asthefundamental
studiesofDavidHileyandJeremyJohnshaveshown,
theNormanliturgywasveryeclecticandopenminded,
anditexperimentedwithvariousreligioustraditions. 5
TheacclamationLaudesrexgloriaewa s su n g b yt h e
monksofMontecassinowhentheyconrmedRichardof
AversaasprinceofCapuaandRobertGuiscardasduke
ofApulia,CalabriaandSicily.Itwastherstaction,aher
Desideriushadbeenelectedasthenewabbot.His
pragmaticacceptanceofthenewauthoritiesandhis
willingnesstomediatebetweentheNormansandthe
papacywereastonishing,consideringthathisfatherhad
dieddefendingBeneventoagainsttheNormaninvaders
(Loud2007,7071).6
NeitherthedissertationofJeremyJohnsnorofDavidHileywereever
published.Botharestilltheonlymonographicstudiesdedicatedtothis
topic,whichisverycrucialfortheunderstandingofliturgictraditionsof
SouthernItalyanditsarchitecture(Hiley1981;Johns1984;Hiley2001;
Johns2002).FurtherstudiesareintheeldoftheNormancourt
ceremonials(Moran1977;Elze1990;Tronzo1997;Elze1998;Tronzo
2007).Fromamusicologicalpointofviewscholarsstillmissmono
graphicalstudiesasthoseaccomplishedbyThomasKellyforThe
BeneventanChant(1989)andthereisstillnoentryaboutNorman
chantinthestandardencyclopaediasofthediscipline.
5

GrahamLoudsimageoftheNormanrulersasconventional
Christianscontradictsthequiteunconventionalformsofthecathedrals
builtduringthisperiod(includingsphinxesassculpturesinthefacades),
thefactthatseveralofthemgrewupwiththeSicilianArabculture,and
6

OliverGerlach

4. TheAndalusianperspective:Therelationshipbetween
Christians,SephardimandMuslims,andbetween
NormanSicilyandAndalusiainparticular,wasnotonly
idealizedbyhistorians,butalsobycontemporaryJewish
andMuslimtravellersfromfarawaycountries,who
werequitesurprised,whentheyvisitedSicilyand
understoodtherealityofRogerIIsSicily.Heimitated
theAndalusiancourtcultureoftheTaifarulers,
includingcertainelementsofitsarchitectureandthe
harems,buttheArabcourtierswereforcedtoconvertto
ChristianityandcalledaherLatinnames.Hencealotof
scientistsandartistslehSicilyforAndalusianSpainor
itsAfricanprovinces.Neverthelessthepresenceof
SaracensinSouthernItalywasnotonlythetimeof
insecurity,asitwasclearlyshownbytheuncontrolled
invasionsoflooters,piratesandslavetraders,itwasalso
thetimeofanopenmindedexchangebetweenMuslims,
Sephardim,andChristians,untiltheLatinizationof
SicilyledtonewprogromsagainsttheJewishand
Muslimpopulations.
Ingeneral,thecurrentresearchaccompanyingtheongoing
excavationsoftheCrdobaPalacemightchangescholars
approachtothestudyofNormanApulia,Calabria,andSicily
andtheirinterpretationofapastage,duringwhichSouthern
Italywasrecognizedforitsculturaldiversityanditsmost
famousmedievalchurchesandcastleswerebuiltinaunique
style.InthefollowingsectionIwillfocusonthersttwo
perspectives,butitmightbeusefultokeepinmindtheothers
forafullunderstandingoftheeortsofDesideriusreform.He
himselfwaseducatedattheconventSt.SophiainBenevento.

certainlytheadoptionofMuslimcourtculture(includingharemsand
eunochs)butMuslims,whowereforcedtoconverttoChristianity.

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

ThePerspectiveoftheReform
TherehadbeennocloserelationbetweentheAbbeyof
Montecassinoandthepapacyforalongtime,astherehadnot
beenanyforlargepartsofSouthernItaly.Alotofdioceseswere
installednotbeforetheendofthe10thcentury,plentyofthem
werevacantordidonlyexistonpaper,whichexplainsthe
presenceofformerlocalliturgiesforsuchalongtime,whenthe
cathedralsweremostlycentresoflocalcultsandrites(Loud
2007,37).TheconceptoftheomnipresenceoftheFranco
Romanchantcanonlybeveriedbysomedocuments,which
trytoestablishanimageofthepast,asitwasrequestedbythe
currentsituationanditspoliticalcontext. 7Buttheideaofusing
therichAbbeyofMontecassinoasacentreforaliturgical
reformcameprobablynotearlierthanduringthepresenceof
theEmperorOjoI,whorestoredMontecassinosaliationto
theFrankishempire.Beforethen,Montecassinohadcooperated
withtheByzantineauthoritiestodefendtheregionagainstthe
Arabinvaders.Butthecatastrophicdefeatofhisson,OjoII,
againsttheArabsatColonnain982putanendtotheEmperors
plansofliberatingChristianItalyfromtheMuslims.Fromthen
ontheAbbeyofMontecassinohadtopayhightributesfor
privilegesoeredbytheauthoritiesofthecatepanate.
Amongthepopesofthe11 thcenturyLeoIX(104954)was
thersttoreorganizetheLatinchurchinSouthernItaly.Axel
Bayerregardedthereinstallationofthepapaljurisdictioninits
formerfrontiersnotonlyasalongtermproject,butalsoasthe
Otherdocumentsandfakedchartaestressthegoodandcontinuous
relationsbetweenMontecassinoandByzantium,butitseemsusefulto
understandthepragmaticintentionsofacertainchroniclerinthecontext
ofthecontemporarydiplomacy(includingctivekinshipsbetween
abbotsandCarolingiandynasties),asGrahamLouddidinhisessay
MontecassinoandByzantiuminthetenthandeleventhcenturies
(Loud2000,EssayII).
7

OliverGerlach

motivationbehindPopeLeoIXshesitationtoagreetoan
alliancewithByzantiumaimingtodefendSouthernItaly
againsttheNormaninvaders(Bayer2004,59):
DiesesVerhaltenerklrtsichausderAbsicht,daskirchlichKonstantinopel
unterstehendeSditalien(Lukanien,wahrscheinlichganzKalabrien,denSdteil
derSalentinischenHalbinsel)wiederdemPrimatRomszuunterwerfen.Zwar
wardieslediglicheinFernzielderrmischenSditalienpolitik,deren
Hauptaugenmerkseit1051aufdasFrstentumBeneventgerichtetwar.Doch
h`eeingemeinsameserfolgreichesmilitrischesVorgehengegendie
NormanneneineFestigungderbyzantinischenHerrscha_ inSditalienzur
Folgegehabt,unddieswredenAussichtenaufRckgewinnungderalten
rmischenJurisdiktionsgrenzenabtrglichgewesen.

LeoIXpaidwithhislifethefactthatheunderestimatedthe
poweroftheNormans.Buthisreformprojectwaslater
continuedbyPopeStephenIX(8/10573/1058),theformer
AbbotFrederickatMontecassino,soitwashardlysurprising
thattheunicationoftheliturgyandofitsmusicinSouthern
Italy,whichwasneverrealizedbefore,becamepartofit.8
In1054Frederickwaspartofthedelegacythatwentto
Constantinopleandmadeascandal. 9Butthisepisoderather
provedthatchurchmendidnotreallycooperatewiththeplan
ofPopeLeoIXandtheEmperorConstantineIX,butitdidnot
changetheirpolicies.Thethesisconcerninganestrangementis
FrdricdeLorrainemusthavebelievedintheFrenchcantors
GregorianorRomanFrankishconceptoftheRomanliturgy.Onthe
otherhand,therewasaneedtointegratetheItaliancantorsidea
concerningtheuniedrite.ForanexchangebetweenMontecassino,
GlanfeuilandSt.MaurdesFosssseeJeanFranoisGoudesennes
contributioninthisvolume.
8

In1054thefuriousCardinalHumbertofCandida,likeFrdricpartof
LeoIXslegacy,leh apapalbullintheHagiaSophia,inwhichthe
cardinalpretendedtoexcommunicatethePatriarchKeroulariosby
ordersofthePope,whohadalreadydied.Otherscholarsregard
HumbertasaclericwhowassofamiliarwiththeGreektraditionastobe
chosenbyLeoIXforthisdiplomaticmission.
9

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

usefultorecognizecertainconictsbetweenGreekandLatin
churchmen,buttherelationsbetweenConstantinopleand
RomewerecertainlybejerthaninOjonictimesincontrast
withthelaterhistoricalconstructionofanorientalschism.
Hence,thereisnorealconnectionbetweenanantiByzantine
ajitudeandPopeStephenIXsprohibitionoftheAmbrosian
chant,aslongasitisunderstoodasaLatinliturgyinspiredby
thepresenceofGreekmonksinGreekdominatedregions
(SouthernApulia)oftheformerDuchyBenevento.
WhatwasthediscontinuitybetweenOldBeneventanchant
andtheBeneventanchantredenedbytheNeogregorian
reform10? TowhatextentdidDeside riusobeyStephens
exclusionoftheAmbrosianrite?
Ifweobservetheexperimentsofcantorsintheearliest
Beneventanchantmanuscripts,wendvariouscollections
followingdierentproportionsofBeneventanandRoman
Frankishchant.HereIwilldiscusssomemanuscriptsof
Desideriusschoolbeforehisreform:thechantbookswhich
werepresumablywrijenfortheuseinSt.Sophia.
TheGreekandLatinprocessionalantiphonsforGoodFriday
areohe n perceivedasadoubletwhichbelongstotheOld
Beneventanchant,butnottotheNeogregorianchant.The
troparion(Ex.1)isthesecondoftwoantiphons
whichcanbealsofoundastropariainByzantinemanuscripts,
whiletheotherantiphonsoftheGoodFridayprocessionare
ratherpresentinItaliantraditionsliketheonesofRome,Milan,
RavennaandAquileia.Thesameistrueforthistroparionanda
comparativetranscriptionbyNeilMoranshows,thatthe
BeneventanversionisclosertotheByzantinesources(Moran
2010).ThesimpleRomanantiphonwasbasedontheByzantine
ThetermNeogregorianisusedherefollowingtoLuisaNardinis
suggestiontoemployittodistinguishtheCarolingianredactionof
GregorianchantfromtheBeneventanofMontecassino(Nardini2007).

10

OliverGerlach

Ex.1:Benevento,Bibliotecacapitolare,MS40,fol.1011

psalmodyofplagiosdevteros,emphasizingtheopenFending
byadierentiaofthepsalmody,whiletheAmbrosianantiphon
wasaproperrealizationoftheByzantinepsalmody. A
comparisonwithByzantinechantmanuscriptshasrsttoface
thediculty,thattheByzantinesourcesarelater.Ingenerala
systematicdistributionoffullynotatedmanuscriptsdidnot
developbeforethe11th a n d 1 2thcenturyandadiastematic
notation(MiddleByzantinenotation)wasnotusedbeforethe
13thcentury.TheearlierformsofPalaioByzantinenotationwere
usedbetweenthe10thand12thcentury.Theseconddicultyis
thatthebookswhichcontainthistroparion,areusuallychant
booksoftheConstantinopolitancathedralrite.

10

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

Theearliestmanuscriptscannotbedatedearlierthantothe
12thce ntu rya nda re t hose oft he Slavicreceptionofthe
cathedralrite.TheSlavictraditiondevelopeditsownnotation
systemandtodaythereisjustavagueunderstandingofit.The
earliestlayerofasmatika,psaltikaandkontakariahassurvivedin
theItaloByzantinemanuscriptspresentingByzantineround
notation(notbeforethe13 thcentury).Characteristicforthe
Italiantraditions,GreekaswellasLatin,isthepresenceof
dierentlayersofthesamesong,becausethebooksofthe
cathedralriteusuallycontainthemelismaticelaborationof
simplermodels,astheycanbefoundinbooksofthedierent
Latintraditions.Thereasonforthisdierenceisthatthevast
collectionsofthereformedchantrepertoriesaretentimes
largerthantheByzantinemasschantthechantsungduring
theDivineLiturgy.Thereareveryfewchantgenreswhichare
changedfrequently(proprium).Alargerrepertoryofproprium
chanthastobesungduringthemorningservice(orthros)andit
canbefoundinthe kontakarion, wh ile largerpartsofthe
ordinariummissaedidnotchangeatall,soitwasusuallysungin
melismaticvariationsespeciallythesoloistsparts.
T h e melos o f t h i s troparion hasopen
cadencesonaandG,notonF,whiletheclosingandnal
cadenceisonE.TheByzantinemodalsignatureischosplagios
devterosenaphnos,becausetheEmodehasoneGcadence
whichisprolongedbyanFendingwithapoderma.
ThewrijentransmissionofthistroparioninBeneventan
manuscriptsissoconstant,thateventheNeogregorianmissal
(Benevento,Bibliotecacapitolare,MS33),whichcorrespondsto
theCarolingiansacramentariesexceptthatitisdatedabout100
yearslater,alreadyoerstheearliestversion,thoughonlyin
Latintranslation.Thisprovesthatthisalienelementwasfora
Beneventancantornotastrangeratall.ButtheAmbrosian
textredactionmighthaveservedasajustication,whileits

11

OliverGerlach

modalstructureratherfollowedtheByzantineredaction.Ithad
obviouslyaByzantineorigin(cantopatriarchino) a n d h a d
probablyderivedfromanearliertime,whenBenevento
overtookpowerinApulia,whichhaduntilthenbeenruledby
theRavennaexarchate.TheBeneventanversionhasinuenced
themodernredactionofthesocalledGregorianchant,not
theFrankishone(Moran2010,3,ex.1).
IproposetodistinguisholderlayersofaByzantine
inuencefromthecontemporaryinuencebetweentheGreek
andtheBeneventanchant,asitexistedduringtheearly
11thcentury.Theantiphon Crucemtuamadoramus w a s
probablyneitherGregoriannorNeogregorian,butitwas
notatedinseveralchantmanuscripts,becauseitwasa
paraliturgicalsong.Theprocessionalantiphonasagenrewas
alwayswithinthelimitedmeasure,whichallowedacantorto
inscribehislocaltraditionintothemediumofthereform.11
Thisexamplewasobviouslynotatallrejected b y t h e
reform,becausethetroparionh a d b e e n k e p t in t h e la t e r
Beneventanmanuscripts.Butinacontemporarymanuscriptthe
beginningofthedismissalofkatechoumenoiwasremovedthe
exaposteilarionSiquiscathecuminisest(Ex.3),whichispartof
theEasterVigilMassinthetraditionofRavennachant(Levy
1970).Itsmelodicstructure,whichwastakenfromtheSanctus
duringtheAnaphorapartoftheDivineLiturgy.Itsmelosisthe
mesosdevteros(theGmodeasamediantbetweenbnaturaland
E)inByzantinemanuscripts(Levy1958).
ThedivisionoftheDivineLiturgyintwoparts,the
ItwasalreadytheexperienceoftheCarolingianreform,thatthe
Romanliturgyhadnotprovidedanyantiphons f o r a l o t o f l o c a l
processions,solocalantiphonswerexedintonotationforthersttime.
Inthisparticularcase,theCarolingianantiphonhastheOldRomantext
redaction,butitiscombinedwiththetrisagion,whiletheRomancantors
usedthesametrisagionasanantiphonforthefollowingImproperium.
11

12

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

scripturalreadingsandtheeucharisttheformerisopenfor
t h e katechoumenoi,whilethelajerisjustreservedtothe
baptized(),wasaswellusedinearlypreGregorian
massformularies,whethertheywereGreekorLatin.The
exclusionofthesecondpartwasratherusefulduringtheearly
Christianperiod,whenChristianityasanewstatereligion
requiredthebaptismoflargerpartsofthepopulation.

Ex.2:Benevento,Bibliotecacapitolare,MS40,fol.19

Similartextscanalsobefoundintheearliermassformsof
GallicanandAmbrosianchant.Butinthecontextofthegradual
forSt.Sophia(Ex.2)aswellasinanothergradualofBenevento
(Ex.3)thedismissalchantonlyappearsonceayearinthemass
forHolySaturdaynotaher,butbeforethescripturalreadings.
HereitsimplycorrespondstothelateroertoryOmnesquiin
christobaptizatiestis(fol.1920),sobaptismwasobviously
associatedwiththevesperofHolySunday.
InthecontextoftheByzantineliturgyandstillinOrthodox
servicestoday,theordinarychantoftrisagion,whichwasjust
usedasanantiphon(troparion)oftheentranceandbecamelater
a troparionwithoutanyantiphonalstichonbeforetheepistel,
wasreplacedbythebaptismhymnbetweenEasterand

13

OliverGerlach

Pentecost.Thelajerstonalityandmelosisthesameasthatof
theresurrectionhymn: th e plagiosprtos.The
Latinoertorywiththesametextisacompositioninthe
Hypodorianmode(plagalD),whichismadeupaccordingto
theCarolingianpajerns:itstartswithinthelowerfourthunder
thenalisD,whiletheBeneventancompositionisjustmore
melismaticthantheversioninthemoderneditionofthe
Gradualetriplex.InthecontextoftheBeneventanmassforHoly
Saturday,thegradualbeforetheepistleisaveryshortversionof
theGreekDoxaenypsistis(Gloriainexcelsis),whichremindsof
theGallicanhabittoreplacethetrisagionwiththedoxaduring
themassonfeastdays.

Ex.3:Benevento,Bibliotecacapitolare,MS38,fol.46

Intheothergradualtheliturgicalcontextisthesame,buta
palimpsestoftherstpartofthedismissalchantshows,thatit
wasnolongerused.Onlythebeginningwasremoved,sothat
itsformerpositionwasstillrecognizable.Theprecedinglitany,
whichisanothertraceofanoldermassliturgy,isthesameasin
theformergradual o f S t .Sophia,butslightlycorruptedto
assimilateittotheRomankyrie:christeeleysoninsteadof
christe,audinos(MS40,fol.19).
SincetheAbbeyofMontecassinobecamethecentreofthe

14

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

LatinchantreformforSouthernItaly,therewasthechancefor
Beneventancantorstoinuenceinalimitedmeasurethe
conceptofGregorianchant,asaresulttheBeneventan
gradualsshowdierentredactionsdealingwiththeFrankish
RomanandtheBeneventanschool.Inthisrespecteventhe
missalMS33isnotsofarfromthegradualsofBenevento,the
RomanFrankishrepertorywasjustmoredominantinthis
collectionthaninthoseofthelatermanuscripts.

Ex.4:Rome,BibliotecaApostolicaVaticana,Regin.lat.334,fol.8787

AlastexamplemayillustratethecreativityofSouthern
Italiancantors,usingwellknownformstakenbothfrom
ByzantineandfromolderLatinliturgies(Ex.4).12
Thistranscriptionisalreadywellknown,becauseitservedasan
exampleofGallicanchantinBrunoStbleinsentryGallikanischer
RitusintheoldMGG,thoughitiscertainlynotGallican.Kenneth

12

15

OliverGerlach

Thislitanycouldbeconservedasaprocessionalantiphon
i n a processionalwrijenforS.DomenicodiSora(Molise)in
Beneventanscriptureandnotation.Butitisnotaprocessional
antiphonatall,itwasjusthiddenthere.13Mytranscriptionalso
followsthemistakes:TheredFlineatthebeginningoftherst
rowisslightlytoolow,butinthemanuscriptthereisanother
linecoredintothefolioandthesecondligature(pes)startson
thisline.ThismeansthatthelowestnoteisalwaysF.
Accordingtomyinterpretationthebisalwaysnatural,
evenifthemelosjumpsintothetritone.Thiskindoftonalityis
certainlynottheGuidonianconceptoftheautentustritus,butit
isthediatonicconceptofchosvarys(tritusplagalis),whilebat
asthepurefourthtothenalisFisindicatedbytheenharmonic
phthoranana().14Inthisrespectthelastexampleis
aLatincompositionwhichtestiesaninspiringexchange
betweenBeneventancantors(inMolise)andGreekpsaltes.

LevysearlyarticleaboutthehistoryoftheSanctusmentionsanother
processionalantiphonforDedicationinthismanuscript,whichhasa
Latintranslationofthecherouvikon(Levy1958,39).
Thisisthereason,whysomeeditionsofSanctustropesdonotmention
it,butitisaSanctustropeindeed.Themanuscriptconsistsoftwobooks
boundtogether,sotheprocessionalstartsonfolio57andcanbedated
around1100.
13

Thismelosbelongstothe,butitsnalisisGsol.Christian
Troelsgrdtranscribedapsalmodyforvarysendingonthetetartos(2006),
butitwasalsoknownintheRomanandGregorianreceptionofthe
koinnikon fo rH olySatur day inthe oertory
Gustateetvidete.Hence,itisnotsurprisingthatthetonaryofToulouse
(Paris,Bibliothquenationale,fondslat.1118,fol.109)describesunder
therubrictritusjusttwoplagalitherstisidentiedwithanintonation
formulastartingoncandendingonG[!].Thesecondplagalish as
anothermelos,itdescendstotheplagalfourth,butitsambitusisgoing
upsohighaswellthatitincludesthemeloiofautentustritus.
14

16

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

TheByzantineperspective
TherelationshipbetweenGreekandLatinChristianswas
notalwaysasunproblematicasithasohenbeenassumed.15
AherPopeNicholasIIabandonedtheplanofhispredecessors
toallywiththeByzantineempire,hefoundintheNorman
dukesthemostpowerfulpartners.WithsuchalliesthePopeno
longerhadtodealwithcompromisesasearlierpopeshaddone
withtheByzantinepatriarchswhowerewillingtocollaborate
withRome.
Hence,theecclesiasticaladministration,asfarasitwas
establishedinSouthernItaly,wasruledbythepapacy.Greek
archbishops(inCalabria,Campania,Lucania,andApulia)had
toswearanoathofdelitytothepopeandtojointhepapal
synods.16Theseconditionswerenotacceptedbyallbishop
elects,asforexampleBasiliodiReggio,whowaselecteda
secondtimeunderRuggeroBorsaandwhorefusedasecond
Itisnotnecessarytorepeat,whathasbeenwrijenbyVeravon
Falkenhausen(1983b;2007)andGrahamLoud(2000,EssayII;2007,494
524)abouttherelationshipbetweenGreekandLatinChristiansin
SouthernItaly.
15

InhisHabilitationsschrihGeorgGresserwroteaboutthesynods,that
theyhadbecomeaveryimportanttoolforthereformingpapacy
(Reformpapsjum)sinceLeoIX(Gresser2006,542):
16

WenndieReformppste,allenvoranLeoIX.,durchdieunglaublicheSteigerung
derSynodenfrequenzdieDurchsetzungderReformzieleauchmitder
DurchsetzungdesppstlichenPrimatesinganzEuropaverbindenwollten,
mutensiesicheinGremiumschaen,dasganzaufsiezugeschni`enwarund
indemdieKommunikationdabeigewissermaeninFormeinerEinbahn
straeverlief.DiezahlreichenBelegedafr,dagenaudiesesVorgeheneben
nichtdenBeifalldesdieKirchereprsentierendenEpiskopatesfand,lassensich
inderDarstellungimmerwiedernden.

Thisveryspecicrolewhichthesynodshadduringthereform,might
alsohelptoexplaintheajitudeofBasiliodiReggioandotherGreek
churchmen,whowereexcluded,becausetheydidnotacceptthe
primacyofRome.

17

OliverGerlach

time,beforehewasreplacedbyaLatincandidate.17
IfweregardtheNeogregorianreformaspartoflong
termtasksofthecontemporarypapalreform,itisalso
necessarytounderstandthekeyrolewhichtheNormans
played,whentheywerechargedaspapalvassalstoreconquer
ArabSicily.ParalleltothereconquestofSicily,therewerealso
theCluniacplansconcerningthereconquestoftheNorthern
partofAndalusianSpaininthesecondhalfofthe11 thcentury,
especiallytheJerusalemoftheWest:SantiagodiCompostela.
ButthemoststrikingdierencewasthattheNormansasthe
newkingsofSicilybecameadmirersandimitatorsofthe
Andalusianculture,astheyhadfounditinArabSicily.
ConcerningtheestablishmentofaLatinchurchad
ministrationinSicily,Franconormannobleandroyalfamilies
actedaspatronsbothforGreekandforLatinmonasteries.
LargeLatinAbbeyswerefoundedtosejledownLatin
ChristiansinSicily,whentheislandwaspopulatedbyanArab
majority,GreekandSephardicminorities,andaverysmall
numberofLatinChristians.SmallerGreekabbeyswere
foundedaswelltoholdtheGreekpopulation,andthereason
whyalotofthemdidnotsurvivealongtime,wasratherthat
someoftheirpatronizingfamiliesweremoreambitiousthan
theycouldaordoverthenextgenerations.
DuringthisprocesscentresofGreekmonasticismhad
grown,whichhadneverexistedbefore.Ahierarchywas
establishedbetweenlargerandsmallerabbeys,inwhichthe
archimandritsofthelargermonasterieswerechargedwiththe
t a s k o f c o n t r o l l i n g t h e s m a l l e r a b b e y s , w h i c h w e r e
subordinatedcells(metochia) . I n 1 1 3 2 t h e rstcentrewas
FordiplomaticreasonstheNormandukestriedtwicetoestablisha
GreekarchbishopinReggio,andinbothcasestheyhadtolookfora
Latinprelate,becauseBasiliowasnotpreparedtosweartheoath,to
subordinatetothepopeandtojointheWesternsynods.

17

18

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

establishedinMessina:theArchimandritatodelSS.Salvatore.18
Ot he r a rc h im an dr i t at e s we r e e st ab l is he d in C al ab r i a
(S.AdrianodiRossano,since1192S.MariadelPatiron),in
Lucania(SS.EliaeAtanasioinCarbone)andinTerradOtranto
(S.NicoladiCasole,nearNard).Historianshavedebatedon
whetherthisconceptwastakenfromaBenedictinepracticeor
fromLucasstayonMountAthos(Loud2007,507),butthereis
nodoubtthathistypikoncreatedalotofconictsbetweensome
abbotsandthearchimandrite (Falkenhausen1983a),especially
conictsbetweentheDioceseorArchdioceseofMessinaand
theArchimandritateSS.Salvatore(Enzensberger2000a).
C o n c e r n i n g t h e s o u r c e s m o s t m a n u s c r i p t s o f r a t h e r
representativeliturgiescannotbedatedearlierthantothe
13thcentury,afewtothe12thcentury.Butespeciallyforthe
olderformsofmonasticism,wehavemainlyevangeliariesand
prophetologia,afewdocumentsandeuchologia.19
DuringtheperiodofArabSicilysomeGreekabbotsand
charismaticreligiousfromValDemoneexiledtothemainland
nor th war d s, a nd t he ir hig ha c ti vit yi n fou nd in gn e w
monasteriescanbeeasilyexplainedbythefrequentchangesof
locationtheyfeltforcedtododuringtheirlives.20These
TheAbbeyS.SalvatoredellAcroteriowasbuiltsince1122onthe
peninsulaS.Ranieri.In1131RuggeroIIorderedatypikonbyBartolomeo
diSimeri,AbbotofS.MariadelPatiron,butitwaswrijenbyhisnovice
Luca,whobecametherstarchimandriteofthenewbuiltAbbeyin1132
(Enzensberger2000a).AherfurtherdonationsbytheKingtheAbbey
becameoneoftherichestlandownersofSicily.Duringthe16thcentury,
underCharlesV,thecommunityhadtomoveandtheformerbuildings
becamepartoftheforticationsfortheportofMessina.
18

AndrJacobsstudiesofeuchologiahaveshowntheveryunique
redactionofdierentformulariesoftheDivineLiturgyincludingthe
ItaloByzantineLiturgyofS.Pietro(1974;1980;1984;1985).
19

TypicalroutesareSicily,Calabria,Peloponnes,Calabria,Lucania,
Sardiniaetc.(Mnager1958).Thegeneraltendencywastoescape
20

19

OliverGerlach

movementsweremainlycausedbySaracens.Thisexternal
viewofArabSicilycanbeexplainedbydocumentswhichshow
thatMuslimmercenariesweresometimesemployedbythe
caliphate,byByzantineauthorities,andevenbyBeneventan
princesorthepapacy.Inadditiontothem,therewerealso
lootersandpirates,whousuallyburneddownsejlementsand
soldtheinhabitantsasslaves,oraskedforhightributesas
compensation,inordertoleaveanabbeylikeMontecassinoin
peace.
EvenaprestigiousrefugeeliketheAbbotNeilosofRossano
hadexactlythesamedestiny,anditmusthavebeenasurprise
forthemonksofMontecassinotoreceivearareanachoretelike
himintherichAbbey.21Andhelookedforit,becausehewas
mainlyinterestedinitsforticationsanditssoldierswhocould
defendtheAbbeyagainstinvaders.
AsafamouscharismaticAbbotwhowasongoodterms
withAbbotAligernofMontecassino,hecouldintroducehis
communityinaveryelegantway.Followinganinvitationof
theAbbot,hearrivedpossiblyona20thMarchofthe980s,to
performaserviceonthenextmorning(orthros)inhonourofthe

northwards.TheterritoryofthePrincipalityofBeneventoandCapua
hadbecomesosmallduringthe10 thcentury,thatitspopulationwas
mainlyLatin,butalotofGreeksfromSicilyorCalabria,likeS.Niloda
Rossano,arrivedtherelookingforarefugefromtheSaracens.
InordertoillustratetheeconomicautonomyofGreekmonasteriesin
Neilostime,VeravonFalkenhausenreferstoanepisode,inwhich
Neilosabsenceinsynodswasexcused.Inthisexcusehewascompared
toaunicorn,whichcanbehardlyfound(Falkenhausen1978).Infactthe
lijlemonasteriesfoundedbyGreekmonkslikeNeiloswereveryhardto
controlbothbythepatriarchandbythepope.Thisexplainsthechange
thattheRomanreformcouldachieveundertheNormanrule,when
RogerIIestablishedmonasticcentresaccordingtothemodel,codiedin
thetypikonoftheArchimandritateS.SalvatoreinMessina.
21

20

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

AbbeyspatronSt.Benedict.22
ItisnotonlymentionedinhisVita,thathecomposeda
hymnforS.BenedejodaNorcia,inhisanthologyofNeilos
poemsSofroniGassisipublishedalso24akrostichadedicatedto
S.Benedejof or t he odes o f t h e kanntakenfromacertain
heirmos(1906,4449).Hiscriticaleditionismainlybasedonthe
mnaionforMarch,asitwaswrijendownbyNeilosIIforthe
AbbeyofGrojaferrataduringthe12thcentury(Grojaferrata,
BibliotecadellaBadiagreca,..VII,fol.8488)thelaststation
andabbeyfoundedbyNeilosI,thepoetoftheseakrosticha.
InthispaperIwouldliketoanswerthequestionfroma
musicologicalpointofview:whichwasNeilosmethodof
composingtheakrostichaforoneofthemostimportantsaintsof
theLatinchurch,whodoesusuallynotappearinaByzantine
mnaion?
Hiswaywasthemostcommonpossible:hechosea
monasticgenre,becausehewasanabbotaddressingthemaster
ofWesternmonasticism,andasusualhetransformedan
existinghymntextofthisgenre,dedicatedtothemotherofgod
(theotokos) , a n d a d a p t e d i t t o S .Benedejo.Followingthe
conventionofheirmologichymns,hecomposedthepoem
alongamelodicmodel(heirmos)whichalreadyexistedto
memorizetheverycomplexmeteroftheodes. Oursources,
whichdatebacktoabout150yearslater,tellusthattheuseof
commemoratingS.Benedejoduringthemorningserviceof
ThereisnoexactdateinhisVitaandonlyfewtestimoniesinLatin
hagiography,butNeiloscommunityarrivedmostlikelyinthoseyears,
whenRossanowasnearlypermanentlyajackedbylooters(Mnager
1958,758)andwhentheEmperorOjoIIwasdefeatedandkilledby
ArabsoldiersinsouthernCalabriaandhisplantoconquerSicilyfailed
denitely.ThediplomaticrelationshipbetweenMontecassinoand
Byzantiumbecamemorerelaxed,andtheAbbeywasinterestedin
improvingagaintherelationshipwiththeByzantineauthorities.
22

21

OliverGerlach

St.ByrillosdaywascontinuedinByzantineItalyatleastin
thosemonasteriesfoundedbySt.NeilosofRossanosince
Valleluce,theGreekmonasteryonthelandedpropertyof
Montecassino.
Theheirmologionanditsoktchossystemwhichconsistedof
eightdiatonicmodes(choi)andtwophthorai(thechromatic
nenanandtheenharmonicnana),wasoriginallycreatedby
monksoftheLavraAgiosSabasnearJerusalemduringthe
7thcentury,anditwasintendedtoreplacetheConstantino
politantraditionofthekontakion,ahomileticgenreofpoetry
whichbecameveryfamousthankstothecontributionsof
RomanosMelodosduringthe5thcentury.TheHagiopolitan
reformintroducedtheoktchosbymelodicmodelsofthebooks
tropologionandheirmologion,whichorderedthedierentmeloi
accordingtotheeightchoi,whileConstantinopolitanpsaltes
usedthesystemoftheAsma:asystemof4kyrioi, 4 plagioi,4
mesoi, a n d 4 phthorai.Thegenreofheirmologionreferredin
contenttothecanticlesorbiblicalodes(cantica),whichhad
beenrecitedduringtheorthrossincetheoldestservices.For
certainoccasionsthisrecitationwasreplacedbythekontakiain
theConstantinopolitancathedralrite.ThemonasticSyrian
ArmenianoktchosreformwasalreadyconrmedbyaGreek
synodin692,buttheGreekaswellastheItalianredaction
whichwasestablishedduringthe9 thcentury,favoredthe
hymnologistsofthe8 thcentury.23Untiltodaythehymnsofthe
heirmologionh ave ha d t o b e s u ng t og e t he r w it h f u r t he r
akrostichacomposedoverthesamemelodicmodelofthe
heirmologion,whichiscalledheirmos.Theakrostichahadalways
beensungfromasecondbookwithoutnotation,calledmnaion.
BythetimewhenIoannisDamascene,AndreasandKosmasjoinedthe
LavraAgiosSabas,thereformhadalreadybeendone.Theircreations
wereestablishedinatypeoftropologion,whichbecamefamousunderthe
nameofitsintroductorytreatise,Hagiopolites(Jeery2001).
23

22

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

InthemnaionofGrojaferrata,thereisonecompositionof
St.NeilosofRossanowhichconsistsoffourstrophesforeachof
theeightodesofthekann,andtheyfollowthemelodicmodel
oftheheirmosinthechosplagiosdevteroswhichwerepreceded
andidentiedwithitstextintheheirmologion.Itsincipitis
wrijeninredinkoverthetextoftheakrosticha:

Ex.5:Gro`aferrata,BibliotecadellaBadiagreca,..VII,fol.84

Thebeginningoftherststropheistakenfromanother
famoushymnoftheheirmologion,butit
isnotreferredtotherstbiblicalode(theprayerofMosesaher
leadingthepeopleofIsraelthroughtheRedSea),itisahymn
dedicatedtothemotherofGodandtakenfromanotherheirmos
ofthechostetartos.
I n o r d e r t o nd t h e m e l od y of t h e r s t ode
inthechosplagiosdevteros,whichis
themod elu sed her e,I consult ed thre e heirmologia f r o m
dierentperiodsandwassurprisedtondthattheyalldeliver
thesamemelodyinaquitedierentversion.24HereIwantto
concentrateontheearliestversionofanheirmologion,whichwas
wrijenaboutthesametimelikethemnaion:
Theothertwolaterheirmologiawereonecopyofanheirmologionin
Constantinopolitanredaction,madewithseveralmistakesbyLector
Theophylaktosin1281(E..),andanothermuchlaterheirmologionfrom
the15thcentury(VaticanLibrary,Palat.gr.243).Eventhecadencesofthe
threeversionsareohennotonthesamepitch,neitherarethecadence
formulasthesame.Despiteallthesedierencesitseemsthatthe12 th
and15thcenturyItalianredactionareclosertoeachotherthantothe
Constantinopolitanversion(Ex.7).
24

23

OliverGerlach

Ex.6:Gro`aferrata,BibliotecadellaBadiagreca,..III,fol.186186

Thecadenceoncwiththexron()attheendofthe
thirdline()cannotbefoundintheotherheirmologiaand

Ex.7:Gro`aferrata,BibliotecadellaBadiagreca,..II,fol.171171

forasimplemodel,representingamelosofacertainchos,itis
aratheroddchange.Inthe15thcenturyitisjustacadenceon
thekyriosdevteroslikebnatural.

24

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

TheConstantinopolitanversionisnoteasytoreconstruct,
becausetheinkwasremovedfromthesurface,sothatfolio171
rectoishardlyreadable(Ex.7).Neverthelessitisreadable
enoughtounderstandthattheredactingnotatorhaschanged
thecadencesonprtosanddevterosfromaandbtothelower
octave(octaveequivalance),probablyinspiredbytheimageof
thetyrannicforcesatthebojomoftheRedSea.
Thesamesubjectistreatedinthe15 thcenturyversionby
changingthenalcadence,sothatitendsonthekyrios
bnatural,andnotontheplagios.Inthe12thcenturyversionthe
cadencesonprtosanddevterosareDandE(hhequivalence).
Butthemaincontrastisherebetweenthetonalityofplagios
devteros(lowE)andthephthoranana(likeCmajor)onGcf
withthecadenceoncinthehigherregister.
The12thcenturyversion(Ex.6)tsthemosttothetextof
theakrostichon,becausethetemporarychangeinregisterandin
tonality(thephthoranana)occursexactlybeforethebeginningof
thenextline(),whichisaddressingBenedictdirectly.
Butthefollowingkolonendsanthekyriosdevteros:
,
,
,
,

Openmymouth
andclarifythetongue
andenlightenmymind,
ovenerableholyTrinity,

throughthepuresupplications
ofBenedict,yoursaint,
wholivedinasaintlyway
whichpleasesyou.25

Thenewcolourofthephthorananaisassociatedwiththe
understandingofthemimeticpurifyingideasofthehonoured
saint,whichareinapowerfulcontrasttothemelosofchos
plagiosdevteros,usedforthecherouvikonandfortheantiphonon
IwouldliketothanktheItalianhymnologistDonatellaBuccawho
preparedanItaliantranslationoftherstandthehhstropheforthe
presentationandwhocorrectedtheEnglishtranslation.
25

25

OliverGerlach

GoodFriday(Ex.1).
TheCoislinVnotationusedintheearlierheirmologion (Ex.
6),isalatePalaioByzantineform,closesttotheMiddle
Byzantinenotation.Onlyatthebeginningthefallingthirdis
notindicatedbythelatersystematicuseofthepnevmata.But
thechangetothelowerregisterisindicatedbythechamil
()inthesecondlineaherthekolon.
Neverthelessamongthethreeheirmologiatheoldestone
presentsthemostchanges,and,althoughitwaswrijenabout
150yearsaherNeilosvisit,itisineveryrespecttheclosestone
totheoraltransmissionamonghiscontemporaries.

Ex.8:Gro`aferrata,BibliotecadellaBadiagreca,..VII,fol.84

Thiswasalsotrueforthethirdode,whichservedasmodel
forthenextfourakrosticha(5th8th).26Itchangestothechromatic
genosbythegreatsignintheolderheirmologion,
butwhilethephthoranenanreignsthroughthewholeodeinthe
Constantinopolitanredaction,itisresolvedagainbythephthora
nana(xron).Aherthisresolution,themelosjumpsbackintothe
lowregistertoswitchbackintothediatonicmelosofchos
plagiosdevteros.

Thesecondodedoesnotexistintheheirmosaccordingtothegolden
kannofJohnDamascene.Itisnotusedatallintheheirmologia
nowadays,whileitwassungincertainheirmoiofthefasteningtime.
AlthoughthefeastofSt.Benedictisonthe21March,Neilosparticular
choiceoftheheirmoshasnosecondodeinitskann.
26

26

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

Ex.9:Gro`aferrata,BibliotecadellaBadiagreca,..III,fol.186

Thetextoftherstakrostichoncreatedoverthethirdode
modelreferstoanepisodeofS.BenedejosVita:
,

Revealingthedivinegrace
youhavemade
thebrokenkneadingtrough
new,

andyouhavewithdrawninacave
for36months,
obeying
toRomanservantofChrist.

Alaterreadermightsuspectthatthesewordsweremeant
asanallusiontothepolemicazymondebate70yearslater27,but
inhissituationNeiloswouldhavehardlytalkedaboutbreadif
hehadknownabouttheselatercontroversies.Hewasrather
wellknownforhisemphasisontheasceticaspectsofthe
anchoritetradition.28Thiswasalsohismotivationtoadmire
Duringthe1050sthePatriarchKeroulariosaskedtheProtosynkellosto
interrupttheserviceintheLatinchurchesofConstantinople,todele
thesacramentalbread,andtoclosedownthechurches,whichuse
unleavenedbreadfortheeucharist.Inabout1045,theazymondebatewas
usedagainstthemonophysitismpro claimed byt hechur chinth e
ArmeniankingdomAni,aheritwasconqueredbytheByzantineempire.
ThepolemicbytheArchbishopLeoofOhrid,wrijenagainstLatin
Christiansduringthe1050s,wasinspiredbythisdebate.
27

InanepisodeofhisVitathepeasantStefanosaskedtoNeilosifhe

28

27

OliverGerlach

andtohonourBenedictasthemasterofWesternmonasticism.
NeilosofRossanoasaguestoftheAbbeyS.Benedejodi
Montecassinohadchosenarathercomplicatedmodelofthe
heirmologion.Itsperformancehadnotonlytoimpress,butalso
tocommunicatethedistinctionoftheGreekmonasticriteand
itsindependencefromtheBenedictinetraditioninSouthern
Italy.Iamtemptedtoregardhischoiceasadiplomaticstrategy
toconvinceAbbotAligernandhiscommunity,thatNeilosand
the Gr e e k mon ks we r e re c ogn iz e d a sa n au t onom ou s
communitythatwasallowedtostayinaplaceseparatedbythe
AbbeyofMontecassino.ThemonksofMontecassinoinvited
NeilosandhismonkstostaytogetherwiththemintheAbbey
St.Benedict,whichwouldhavemeanttoabandonsooneror
latertheirowntradition.ButattheendNeilosdiplomatic
intentionbehindtheuseoftheGreekserviceinhonourof
St.Benedictwassuccessful:hiscommunitywasallowedtostay
inanindependentlocationinValleluceaplace,whichwas
situatedwithintheAbbeysestates.29

couldbecomeamonkunderthedirectionofSt.Neilos,butNeilos
refusedhimwiththewordsyouwilldieofhunger,heshouldrather
enterintoacenobitemonastery.ButStefanosrepliedthatasapeasanthe
wasusedtohunger.Healreadyknewmonasticlife,buthedislikedit,
hence,hepreferredtostayinthecavewithNeilos(Falkenhausen2010,
149).
WhileNeiloswasongoodtermswithAbbotAligern,hewasdisgusted
byManso,whofollowedAbbotAligernaherthepoliticalmurderof
PrinceLandenulf,butalsobyhisownprosperingcommunity,sothathe
leh ValleluceandfoundedanothercommunitynearGaetathelast
stationbeforeGrojaferrata.Neiloswouldcertainlynothaveliked
Basilio,theonlyGreekAbbotofMontecassino,whowasrecognizedby
thechroniclerLeoofOstiaratherastheprincesbusinessagentthanas
anabbot(Loud2000,II,44).
29

28

ByzantineChantinSouthernItaly(10th11thcentury)

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