DOKUZ EYLL UNIVERSITY

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES

FATIGUE DAMAGE IN COMPOSITE CYLINDERS

by
Serkan ERKAL

October, 2007
ZMR

FATIGUE DAMAGE IN COMPOSITE CYLINDERS

ABSTRACT
In this study, optimal angle-ply orientations of symmetric shells designed for fatigue burst
pressure were investigated. Burst pressure of filament wound composite pressure vessels
under alternating pure internal pressure has been investigated. The cylindrical section of
composite pressure vessels is conducted. Experimental approaches are studied to verify
optimum winding angles. Glass reinforced plastic (GRP) pipes are made of E-glass/epoxy
applied internal fatigue pressure test close ended condition. For this study, a PLC controlled
hydraulic pressure testing machine has been established. Study deals with the influences of
winding angle on filament wound composite pressure vessels. The layers were oriented
symmetrically [ 75]2 , [ 60]2 , [ 55]2 , [ 45]2 and [ 88]2 orientations. Specimens

static burst pressure values were known from before studies. Fatigue test applied %70, %60
and %50 stress levels of burst pressure. Damage propagation on these stress levels are
observed as whitening, leakage and final failure and these cycles noted. When [ 75]2 angleply orientations composites damage propagation observed, these are determined: whitening
and leakage do not occurred and final failure occurred suddenly. Stress and final failure cycle
values which are known %70, %60 and %50 stress levels of burst pressure on fatigue pressure
test utilized to obtain S-N (stress-cycle) curves. A relation between %70, %60 and %50 stress
levels final failure cycles and chancing winding angles investigated and final failure versus
winding angle diagrams obtained. The optimum winding angle for the composite pressure
vessel analysis with the internal fatigue pressure loading case was obtained as [45 ].
Key words: Composite pressure vessels, fatigue life, internal pressure, damage propagation.
KOMPOZT SLNDRLERDE YORULMA HASARLARI
Z

Bu almada simetrik ekildeki tabakal ince cidarl kompozitlerin yorulma basnc altnda
mrleri aratrld. Kompozit basnl tpn iten basnca maruz olmas durumundaki
davran incelenmitir. Kompozit basnl tpn silindirik ksmna deinilmitir. Deneysel
almalarla en uygun sarm as saptanmaya allmtr. E-cam/epoxy CTP borular
retilmi ve kapal ulu i basn yorulma testleri uygulanmtr. Bu alma iin PLC

kontroll hidrolik basn test cihaz kullanld. almada filaman sarml kompozit tpler
zerinde sarm alarnn etkileri ele alnmtr. Tabakalar simetrik olup [ 75]2 , [ 60]2 ,

[ 55]2 , [ 45]2

ve [ 88]2 a oryantasyonlarnda ele alnmtr. Numunelerin statik

patlama basnc nceki almalarla bilinmektedir. Patlama basnlarnn %70 , %60 ve %50
gerilme seviyelerinde yorulma testi yaplmtr. Bu gerilme deerleri zerinde hasar
ilerlemeleri beyazlama, ilk sznt ve son hasar olmak zere gzlendi ve evrim saylar
kaydedildi. [ 75]2 a oryantasyonuna sahip kompozit tpn hasar ilerlemesi incelendiinde
beyazlama ve ilk sznt hasarnn olumad ve son hasarn aniden olutuu tespit edildi.
Patlama basnlarnn %70, %60 ve %50 gerilme deerlerinde bilinen son hasar evrim
saylar ve gerilme deerlerinden faydalanlarak S-N (gerime-mr) erileri elde edildi. %70,
%60 ve %50 gerilme deerlerindeki evrim saylar ile deien sarm alar arasndaki iliki
incelendi ve hasar evrim says-sarm as grafikleri elde edildi. Bu sayede iten yorulma
basncna maruz helisel ada sarml kompozit tplerde en uygun sarm asnn [45]
civarnda olduu tespit edildi.
Anahtar szckler: Kompozit basnl tpler, yorulma mr, i basn, hasar ilerlemesi.
1.Introduction

The technological advances in various sectors have created demand for newer materials,
where they are required to perform in stringent conditions high pressure and temperature,
highly corrosive environments, with high strength requirement, which the conventional
materials failed to service. This has triggered the development needs for engineered materials
to cater to customized needs. Industry has recognized the ability of composite materials to
produce high-quality, durable, cost-effective products. While the concept of composites has
been in existence for several millennia, the incorporation of composite technology into the
industrial world is less than a century old. The first known polymer composite product was a
boat hull manufactured in the mid 1930s as part of a manufacturing experiment using a fiber
glass fabric and polyester resin lay in a foam mould.
From such a beginning, composite applications have revolutionized entire industries,
including aerospace, marine, and electrical, chemical/pharmaceutical, transportation etc.
Composites have proved to be a worthy alternative to other traditional materials even in the
high-pressure situations of chemical processing. Besides superior corrosion resistance,

composite materials exhibit good resistance to temperature extremes and wear, especially in
industrial settings. The tailorability of composites for specific applications has been one of its
greater advantages and also one of its most perplexing challenges to adopt them as an
alternative material for metallic ones. The composites industry has now begun to recognize
that the composites promise to offer excellent business opportunities in an array of
applications.
A composite material is a macroscopic combination of two or more distinct materials,
having a recognizable interface between them. Modern composite materials are usually
optimized to achieve a particular balance of properties for a given range of applications. The
constituents do not dissolve or merge completely and therefore normally exhibit an interface
between one another. In this form, both reinforcing agents and matrix retain their physical and
chemical identities, yet they produce a combination of properties that cannot be achieved with
either of the constituents acting alone.
Given the vast range of materials that may be considered as composites and the broad
range of uses for which composite materials may be designed, it is difficult to agree upon a
single, simple, and useful definition. However, as a common practical definition, composite
materials may be restricted to emphasize those materials that contain a continuous matrix
constituent that binds together and provides form to an array of a stronger, stiffer
reinforcement constituent. The resulting composite material has a balance of structural
properties that is superior to either constituent material alone. The improved structural
properties generally result from a load-sharing mechanism. Although composites optimized
for other functional properties (besides high structural efficiency) could be produced from
completely different constituent combinations than fit this structural definition, it has been
usually made with respect to the matrix constituent applications also provide attractive
performance in these other functional areas as well. As a result, this simple definition for
structural composites provides a useful definition for most current functional composites.
The concept of composites was not invented by human beings; it is found in nature. An
example is wood, which is a composite of cellulose fibers in a matrix of natural glue called
lignin. The shell of invertebrates, such as snails and oysters, is an example of a composite.
Such shells are stronger and tougher than man made advanced composites. Scientists have
found that the fibers taken from a spiders web are stronger than synthetic fibers. In India,
Greece, and other countries, husks or straws mixed with clay have been used to build houses

for several hundred years. Mixing husk or sawdust in a clay is an example of a particulate
composite and mixing straws in clay is an example of a short fiber composite. These
reinforcements are done to improve performance.
The main concept of a composite is that it contains matrix materials. Typically, composite
material is formed by reinforcing fibers in a matrix resin as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Formation of a composite material using fibers and resin.

The reinforcements can be made from polymers, ceramics, and metals. The fibers can be
continuous, long, or short. Composites made with a polymer matrix have become more
common and are widely used in various industries. This book focuses on composite materials
in which the matrix materials are polymer-based resins. They can be thermoset or
thermoplastic resins. The reinforcing fiber or fabric provides strength and stiffness to the
composite, whereas the matrix gives rigidity and environmental resistance. Reinforcing fibers
are found in different forms, from long continuous fibers to woven fabric to short chopped
fibers and matrix. Each configuration results in different properties. The properties strongly
depend on the way the fibers are laid in the composites. All of the above combinations or only
one form can be used in a composite. The important thing to remember about composites is
that the fiber carries the load and its strength is greatest along the axis of the fiber. Long
continuous fibers in the direction of the load result in a composite with properties far
exceeding the matrix resin itself. The same material chopped into short lengths yields lower
properties than continuous fibers, as illustrated in Figure 2. Depending on the type of
application (structural or non-structural) and manufacturing method, the fiber form is
selected. For structural applications, continuous fibers or long fibers are recommended;
whereas for non-structural applications, short fibers are recommended. Injection and

compression molding utilize short fibers, whereas filament winding, pultrusion, and roll
wrapping use continuous fibers.

Figure 2 Continuous fiber and short fiber composites.

The solution of composite cylinders is based on the Lekhnitskii's theory (1981). He

investigated the plane strain case or the generalized plane strain cases. Roy and Tsai (1988)
proposed a simple and efficient design method for thick composite cylinders; the stress
analysis is based on 3-dimensional elasticity by considering the cylinder in the state of
generalized plane strain for both open-ended (pipes) and closed-ended (pressure vessel).
Adali et. al. (1995) gave another method on the optimization of multi-layered composite
pressure vessels using an exact elasticity solution. A three dimensional theory for anisotropic
thick composite cylinders subjected to axis symmetrical loading conditions was derived. The
three dimensional interactive Tsai-Wu failure criterion was employed to predict the maximum
burst pressure. The optimization of pressure vessels show that the stacking sequence can be
employed effectively to maximum burst pressure. However Adalis results werent compared
to experimental testing and the stiffness degradation wasnt considered during analysis.
Mirza et al. (2001) investigated the composite vessels under concentrated moments applied
at discrete lug positions by finite element method. Jacquemin and Vautrin (2002) examined
the moisture concentration and the hygrothermal internal stress fields for evaluating the
durability of thick composite pipes submitted to cyclic environmental condition. Sun et al.
(1999) calculated the stresses and bursting pressure of filament wound solid-rocket motor
cases which are a kind of composite pressure vessel; maximum stress failure criteria and
stiffness-degradation model were introduced to the failure analysis. Hwang et al. (2003)

manufactured composite pressure vessels made by continuous winding of fibrous tapes

reinforced in longitudinal and transverse directions and proposed for commercial applications
instead of traditional isotensoid vessels. Sonnen et al. (2004) studied computerized calculation
of composite laminates and structures.
Parnas and Katrc (2002) discussed the design of fiber-reinforced composite pressure
vessels under various loading conditions based on a linear elasticity solution of the thickwalled multilayered filament wound cylindrical shell. A cylindrical having number of sub
layers, each of which is cylindrically orthotropic, is treated as in the state of plane strain.
The effect of surface cracks on strength has been investigated theoretically and
experimentally for glass/epoxy filament wound pipes, by Tarakiolu et al (2000). They were
investigated theoretically and experimentally the effect of surface cracks on strength in
glass/epoxy filament wound pipes which were exposed to open ended internal pressure.
Sayman (2005) studied analysis of multi-layered composite cylinders under hygrothermal
loading. Mackerle (2002) gives a bibliographical review of finite element methods applied for
the analysis of pressure vessel structures and piping from the theoretical as well as practical
points of view. Xia et al. (2001) studied multi-layered filament-wound composite pipes under
internal pressure. Xia et al. (2001) presented an exact solution for multi-layered filamentwound composite pipes with resin core under pure bending. Rao and Sinha (2004) studied the
effects of temperature and moisture on the free vibration and transient response of
multidirectional composites. A three-dimensional finite element analysis is developed for the
solution.
Tarakolu et al. (2006) were studied, behavior of filament wound composite [45]3

pipes with surface crack under alternating internal pressure has been investigated
experimentally. Glass reinforced plastic (GRP) pipes are made of E-glass/epoxy and tested
open-ended condition.
Tarakcolu et al. (2004) studied, fatigue behavior of filament wound composite pipes
[55]2 under alternating internal pressure has been investigated experimentally. Glass
reinforced plastic (GRP) pipes are made of E-glass/epoxy and tested open-ended condition.
Perreux et al. (1997) The eect of frequency on the fatigue performance of filament wound

pipes under biaxial fatigue experimental results and damage model investigated.

Tarakcioglu et al. (2006) studied fatigue behavior of (55)3 filament wound GRP pipes
with a surface crack under internal pressure, composite structures investigated open ended
conditions.
In this study:
Predict service life of composite pressure vessels under alternating loading close-ended

conditions.
Determine optimum winding angles of composite pressure vessels under fatigue test.
Observation damage process on fatigue life.
2. Numerical study
2.1Thin shell equations

Let us consider a long thin cylindrical shell of radius R and thickness t, subject to an
internal pressure p. By thin shells we mean the ones having the ratio R/t typically greater than
about 10. If the ends of the cylindrical shell are closed, there will be stresses in the hoop as
well as the axial (longitudinal) directions.
A section of such a shell is shown in Figure 3. The hoop (circumferential) stress, hoop and
the longitudinal stress, long are indicated in the figure. The shell is assumed to be long and
thin resulting in hoop and long to be uniform through the thickness. Therefore in this case
hoop and long are also referred to as membrane stress (there are no bending stresses

associated with this type of loading).

Considering equilibrium across the cut section, we have,
pL(2R) = 2hoop tL
which gives:

hoop =

pR
t

(5.15)

Figure 3 Thin cylindrical shell.

Considering a cross-section of the shell perpendicular to its axis, we have

pr 2 = long (2Rt)

Which gives:

long =

pR
2t

(5.16)

2.2 Fluctuating stresses

Many engineering components must withstand endurance various load or stress reversibly
during their service life. Examples of this type of loading include alternating stresses associate
with rotating shaft or beam, pressure changes in air craft fuselage during landing or take off,
temperature variations, etc. Depending on number of factors these loads may be introduces
between fixed strains or stress limits.

Figure 4 Alternating stress.

min = minimum stress.

max = maximum stress.
m = mid range or mean stress.
s = steady, or static stress.
a = stress amplitude.
The following relations are evident from Figure 4.

m =

a =

R =

A=

max + min
2

max min
2

min
max

a
m

3. Experimental study
3.1 Production of composite pressure vessels
In this study, Vetrotex E-glass-fiber with 600 Tex and 17 m diameters was used as

reinforcement. The matrix

material used was used Ciba Geigy Bisphenol A Epoxy CY225

resin. Mechanical properties of these matrix and reinforcement materials are given in Table 1.
The filament wound pipes were produced at the filament winding facilities of Izoreel Composite
Insulating Materials Ltd., Izmir, Turkey. Filament wound GRP pipes were manufactured
using a CNC winding machine. Before winding operation, resin was mixed for 4 5 min at
40 o C resulting in an appropriate viscosity with a 4h gel time The fibers were wetted by
passing through a resin bath for impregnation just before they were wound onto the mandrel.
Helical winding was used for the desired angle of

[ 88 ] , [ 75 ] , [ 60 ] , [ 55 ] , [ 45 ]
o

which are symmetrical. Components were cured first at 160 o C for 2 h and at 140 o C for
another 2 h. Then, the filament wound tubes were cut down specified test length.
The geometry of the specimen is shown in Figure 5. Four layers of reinforcement provided the
thickness of 1.6 mm. The length and the inner diameter of the test specimens were 400 and 100
mm, respectively.
Table 1 Mechanical properties of the fiber and resin.

E(GPa)

TS (MPa)

(g / cm3 )

t (%)

E-glass

73

2400

2.6

4-5

Epoxy resin

3.4

50-60

1.2

6-7

Figure 5 Geometry of the specimen.

Table 2 Stacking sequences of specimens.

Type
Ply Angle ()
[ 88]2 [+88 / 88 / 88 / + 88]

[ 75]2
[ 60]2
[ 55]2
[ 45]2

[+75 / 75 / 75 / + 75]
[+60 / 60 / 60 / + 60]
[+55 / 55 / 55 / + 55]
[+45 / 45 / 45 / + 45]

3.2 Setting experimental equipments

We use in this study close ended internal test apparatus for fatigue pressure test. GRP
pipes fixed with this apparatus. We can show this apparatus in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Closed-end internal pressure test apparatus.

Figure 7 Details of test apparatus.

1 = Composite pressure vessel

2, 4 = Compressing parts
3= Rubber seal element
5= Flange
6= System locking member component
7= Nut
Fatigue tests were conducted using a 250 bar PLC controlled servo-hydraulic testing machine.
The procedure for determining the long term strength of a composite pipe is based on ASTM
standard D2992. The ASTM standard stipulates cycling the internal hydrostatic pressure at a

rate of 25 cycles per minute (frequency of 0.42 Hz) over the full pressure range. Figure 8 shows
a PLC controlled servo-hydraulic testing machine.

Figure 8 A PLC controlled servo-hydraulic testing machine.

PLC controlled servo-hydraulic testing machine designed for doing three specimens test at
the same time. For this reason two apparatus were used in the experiments. Using two
apparatuses simultaneously have advantages for experiments.

Figure 9 A photograph of test apparatuses.

Protective test boxes were manufactured for observing the test specimen during pressure
tests. It provides taking photo and video easily and protects harmful effects of hydraulic oil.

Figure 10 Protective test boxes.

3.3 Stress amplitude values during fatigue test

In This hydraulic machine, R=0.05 when during the fatigue pressure test. Stresses on
specimens can be formulized using Figure 11.

Figure 11 Stress amplitude depicted on composite tubes.

Point A=Max Stress values on fatigue test= Pburst *Stress levels

Point B=Min Stress values on fatigue test= Pburst *Stress levels*R
As understand this Figure 11 and formulization, stress amplitude chancing between Point
A (Mpa) and Point B (Mpa) for all stress levels. Stress levels are %70, %60 and %50 of burst
pressure. Pburst is static burst pressure for all type of specimen ( [ 75]2 , [ 60]2 , [ 55]2 ,

[ 45]2

and [ 88]2 ) which are obtained before this study experimentally.

4. Result and discussions

In this study, process of fatigue damage in filament wound GRP pipes are observed
experimentally. For obtained the S-N curves, it was necessary to know their stress and final
failure cycle values during the fatigue test.
During the fatigue tests, three damage mechanism stages are observed. The first damage
mechanism is whitening. At this stage debonding and delamination occur. White zones grew
wider and deeper along the fiber winding direction. The micro crackings were started along
the fiber winding direction. As the number of cycles increases, the small cracks are combined as

a thin line. These thin lines form the strips and then the strips form the concentrated whitening at
the intersection region of the winding angles (whitening initiation).
Especially at the high stress levels, many concentrated whitening regions were observed. One of
these regions begins with a pin hole formation. At the high stress levels, the whitening
propagation grew rapidly. Then, with eect of the delamination the pin hole occurs. Pin hole,

which progresses from the inner surface to the outer surface, is open and close under

pressurized fluid eect at each loading cycle. When the pin hole reaches the outer surface, the
leakage damage begins.
The leakage begins at the pin hole region as a small droplet. After a few number of cycles,
the initiation point of intense leakage begins.

At the last stage in the damage progress, fiber breakage or matrix damage takes place. These are
an unstable phases in which the structure starts losing its structural integrity.
In this study, especially observed, [ 75]2 , [ 60]2 , [ 55]2 , [ 45]2 composite tubes.
Because [ 88]2 composite tubes have low burst pressure values. PLC controlled servo-hydraulic
testing machine has a valve system which is not suitable low pressure fatigue test. [ 88]2
composite tubes generally do not have a widely place in industry. Result of these reasons [ 88]2
composite tubes are not determined %60 and %50 stress levels.

[ 75]2

composite tubes do not have significant whitening process. Before the final failure

generally do not observed leakage initiation. Its process go on final failure, there are not significant
chance on composite tubes surface. Only at %50 stress levels leakage initiation occurred. At the
high stress levels final failure occurred suddenly.
Table 3 Results of experimental studying.

[ 88 ]

Static burst
pressure
(Bar)
17.4

[ 75 ]

33.22

[ 60 ]

74

[ 55 ]

102.4

[ 45 ]

108

Type
o

Stress
levels

Whitening
cycle

0.7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.5

34.5
124.5
244.5
17
240
387.5
236
358
754

Leakage
initiation
cycle
1736
112
425
909.5
400
795
1089.5
1313.5
3540
4947

Final failure
cycle
455
937
1148
1885.5
183
580
1099
455
855
1378
1494
3893
5440

Attention the values between leakage initiation cycles and final failure cycles in Table 3.
When these are observed, it is seen that, these values increasing, when the stress levels
degreasing.
Table 4 Applied stress values for all stress levels (R=0.05).

Type

[ 88 ]
o

Static
burst
pressure
(Bar)
17.4

[ 75 ]

33.22

[ 60 ]

74

102.4

[ 55 ]
o

108

[ 45 ]
o

Stress
levels

Applied
min hoop max long
max hoop
stresses
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)

0.7

1.22

38.06

1.9

19.03

0.95

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.5

2.33
1.99
1.66
5.18
4.44
3.7
7.17
6.14
5.12
7.56
6.48
5.4

72.67
62.29
51.91
161.88
138.75
115.63
224
192
160
236.25
202.5
168.75

3.63
3.11
2.6
8.09
6.94
5.78
11.2
9.6
8
11.81
10.13
8.44

36.33
31.14
25.95
80.94
69.38
57.81
112
96
80
118.13
101.25
84.38

1.82
1.56
1.3
4.05
3.47
2.89
5.6
4.8
4
5.91
5.06
4.22

Result of these values, S-N curves can be obtained.

[75]2

Stress (Mpa)

2,50
2,25

S-N curve

%70 Stress level

937;2,33
%60 Stress level
1148;1,99

2,00

%50 Stress level

1885,5; 1,66

1,75
1,50
900

min long
(MPa)

1150

1400
Cycle (N)

Figure 12 S-N curve for [ 75o ]2 composite tubes.

1650

1900

[60]2

S-N curve

Stress (Mpa)

%70 Stress level

183; 5,18
5,00

%60 Stress level

580; 4,44
4,25

3,50
150

%50 Stress level

1099; 3,70

350

550

750

950

1150

Cycle (N)

Figure 13 S-N curve for [ 60 o ]2 composite tubes.

[55]2

Stress (Mpa)

7,00

S-N curve

%70 Stress level

455; 7,17

%60 Stress level

855; 6,14

6,00

%50 Stress level

1378; 5,12
5,00
400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Cycle (N)

Figure 14 S-N curve for [ 55o ]2 composite tubes.

[45]2

Stress (Mpa)

8,00

S-N curve

%70 Stress level

1494; 7,56

7,00

%60 Stress level

3893; 6,48

6,00

5,00
1400

%50 Stress level

5440; 5,40
2400

3400
Cycle (N)

Figure 15 S-N curve for [ 45o ]2 composite tubes.

4400

5400

[75]2 , [60]2, [55]2 , [45]2

9,00

1494; 7,56

Stress (Mpa)

455; 7,17
6,50

3893; 6,48
75 degree

855; 6,14
183; 5,18

60 degree
1378; 5,12

55 degree

5440; 5,40

580; 4,44
4,00

45 degree

1099; 3,70
937; 2,33
1148; 1,99
1885,5; 1,66

1,50
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Cycle (N)

Figure 16 S-N curves for [ 75o ]2 , [ 60 o ]2 , [ 55o ]2 , [ 45o ]2 composite tubes.

To determine optimum winding angle for these composite tubes, it is necessary to

determine winding angle versus fatigue life cycle diagrams.

%70 Stress level

(N)- Curve

2000

45
Cycle (N)

1500

75

1000

55

500

60
0
40

50

60

70

Winding angle ()

Figure 17 Cycle (N) versus winding angle () diagram for % 70 stress level.

80

%60 Stress level

(N)- Curve

5000

45

Cycle (N)

4000
3000
2000

75

55
1000

60

0
40

50

60

70

80

Winding angle ()

Figure 18 Cycle (N) versus winding angle () diagram for % 60 stress level.

%50 Stress level

(N)- Curve

6000

45

Cycle (N)

5000
4000
3000

75

2000

55

60

1000
0
40

50

60

70

80

Winding angle ()

Figure19 Cycle (N) versus winding angle () diagram for % 70 stress level.

%70 Stress level

All Stress levels

%60 Stress Level

%50 Stress level

6000
45

Cycle (N)

4500

45

3000
75

45
1500

55
55
55

0
40

50

60

75

60

75

60
60

70

Winding angle ()

Figure 20 Cycle (N) versus winding angle () diagram for all stress levels.

80

Last diagram shows that, [ 75]2 , [ 60]2 , [ 55]2 , [ 45]2 composite tubes have firstly
decreasing fatigue life when winding angle increasing. Secondly, curves passing nearly 60 point,
fatigue life increasing when winding angle increasing at %70, %60, and %50 stress levels. As seen
in this figure optimum winding angle for these composites are [45] .

Figure 21 [ 75o ]2 Composite tubes fiber breakage.

Figure 22 [ 60 o ]2 , Composite tubes fiber breakage and final failure.

Figure 23 [ 55o ]2 , Composite tubes fiber breakage.

Figure 24 [ 45o ]2 composite tubes fiber breakage.

Figure 25 [ 45o ]2 Composite tubes whitening damage occur.

5. Conclusion and recommendations

Experimental studies are main part of this thesis. Theoretical study was not investigated in this
study. Because experimental studies certain way how composite tubes behave on fatigue damage
process. These three macro stages; whitening (fiber/matrix interface debonding and
delamination), leakage initiation and final failure were sequential.
For each winding angles S-N curves were found at %70, %60 and %50 stress levels. S-N curves
are important role to predict fatigue life on these composite cylinders between %70 and %50 stress
levels.
To determine optimum winding angle on fatigue life for e-glass/epoxy composite tubes, final
failure cycle versus winding angle diagrams were obtained. The optimum winding angle for the
composite pressure vessel analysis with the internal fatigue pressure loading case was
obtained as [ 45 ].

[ 75]2

composite tubes do not have significant whitening and leakage damage process and

burst suddenly.

[ 88]2 composite tubes out of this study at %60 and %50 stress levels. Especially, [ 75]2 ,
[ 60]2 , [ 55]2 , [ 45]2 ply-angle composite tubes investigated.
In this work, only internal fatigue pressure was studied. Other loads such that impact,
variation in temperature, external pressure and their combinations are possible.
Antisymmetrical specimen can be used to determine differences between symmetrical and
antisymmetrical composite tubes fatigue life. The topic of liner materials and associated
behavior was not broached.
References

Adali, S., Verijenko, V. E. (1995). Optimization of multilayered composite pressure vessels

using exact elasticity solution, Composites for the Pressure Vessels Industry, PVP-V302,
ASME, 203-312.
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