SSP Pps

Safe Slinging Practices
www.prothermindia.com
Types of Slings
1) Wire Rope Slings
2) Chain Slings
3) Synthetic Web Slings
Ropes, chains, and slings

Primary hazard is structural failure due to:
Overloading (the weakest link)
Deterioration and/or wear
Environmental exposure
Improper rigging
Abuse
Natural fibre ropes

IS: 10841969 Manila Rope
IS: 13211970 Sisal Rope
MANILA Black Yarn
Grade-I
SPECIAL QUALITY ALL THE THREE

STRANDS
Grade-II
STANDARD QUALITY ALL THE TWO

STRANDS
Grand-III
MERCHANT QUALITY ONE STRAND
SISAL
Red or Green YARN in one strand

SWL of Fibre ropes

Value
Condition
ONE
Rope of which
Same as per new
original Fibre strength Rope
is not reduced
TWO
Rope which has been

used and shows
slight external wear
and chafe
THREE
Rope which has fair

NOT TO BE USED
amount of usage,clear FOR HOISTING
indication of internal
and external wear,
loosening of strands
SWL
80% of the New
Fibre ropes
Once a Fibre Rope is condemned it should be cut

with a knife so as to ensure that it should not be
used again.
Fibre ropes
Causes of Deterioration
ROUGH USE
Rubbing against sharp edges

Damaged groves of sheaves
Dragging from under the load
HARMFUL CONTACT
With water, oil, chemicals and

heat
BAD STORAGE
Heap on wet floor, poorly

ventilated godown
Internal wear by Repeated Flexing

Synthetic Fibre ropes

IS: 4572 1968
Polyamide (Nylon Filament Rope)
IS: 5175 1969
Poly Propylene Rope
IS: 8674 1978
Polyethylene Rope
Advantages
Light in Weight
Higher Strength
Increased Resistance to Repeated Bending, Flexing
and Abrasion
Resistance to water and
Choice of Selection
Wire Rope and Wire Rope

Slings
Components of Wire Rope

Left Lay
Right Lay
Crushing
Because of loose winding on drum,
rope was pulled in between
underlying wraps and crushed out of
shape.
Birdcaging
The sudden release of a load cause
birdcaging.Here individual strands open
away from each other, displacing the
core.
Locking of strands
Premature breakage of wires resulted
from "locking" of strands, which was
caused by insufficient lubrication.
Abrasion
Neglect of periodical inspection left this
rope in service too long, resulting in
considerable abrasion.
Kinking
Kink or "dog leg was caused by improper
handling and/or installation. A kink causes
excessive localized or spot abrasion.
Reverse bending
Running this rope over one sheave and
under another caused fatigue breaks in
wires.
Pitting
Too much exposure combined with
surface wear and loss of lubrication
caused corrosion and pitting.
.
Wear
Too long in service. Repeated
winding
and overwinding of this rope on a drum
while it was under heavy stress caused
the unusually severe wear.
Wire Rope
Wire Rope Sling Identification
Rated Load (rated capacity)
Load test date
Manufacturers name
Periodic inspection due date
Broken wires (10 in one lay or 5 in one strand)
Severe corrosion
Localized wear
Reduction in outer wire
Damaged end fittings
Distortion, kinking, etc
Wire rope Permissible Stretch
6 strand wire rope
6 in. for 100 ft. length
8 strand wire rope
9 to 10 in. for 100 ft.

length
Wire rope
Dia of rope
Permissible reduction in
dia. (inch)
3/4
3/64
7/8 to 11/8
1/16
11/4 to 11/2
3/32
Wire Rope Slings
single-rope legs
Wire Rope Slings
sling with single-rope legs, Torpedo

loop-locks and choker hook
TWO LEGGED BRIDLE SLINGS

THREE LEGGED BRIDLE SLINGS

FOUR LEGGED BRIDLE SLINGS

Chain and Chain Sling
Parts of Chain Sling

Single Chain Sling
Double Chain Sling
Triple & Quadruple Chain Sling
Adjustable Chain Sling

Chain Sling Identification

Chain Size
Manufacturers Grade
Rated load and angle
Reach
Number of legs
Manufacturers name and
trademark
Next inspection
What should you avoid while

using chain slings?
impact loading: do not jerk the load when lifting or
lowering the sling. This increases the actual stress
on the sling.
Do not drag chains.
Do not splice a chain by inserting a bolt between
two links.
Do not shorten a chain with knots or by twisting.
Do not force a hook over a link.
Do not use homemade connections. Use only
attachments designed for the chain.
Do not heat treat or weld chain links: the lifting
capacity will be reduced drastically.
Various defects in chain slings
Wear
Twist or
Bend
Cut
Stretched
Links
Periodical inspection
Clean sling before inspection.
Hang the chain up or stretch the chain out on
a level floor in a well-lighted area. Remove all
twists. Measure the sling length. Discard if a
sling has been stretched.
Make a link-by-link inspection and
discard if
a. Wear exceeds 15% of a link diameter.
b. Cut,, cracked,, burned, or corrosion pitted
c. Twisted or bent
d. Stretched-- Links tend to get longer
Chain Sling Inspection Items

Cracks, stretches, or deformed master links,
coupling links, chains or other components.
One leg of a double or triple chain sling is longer
than the others.
Hooks have been opened more than 15% of the
normal throat opening measured at the narrowest
point or twisted more than 10 degrees from the
plane of the unbent hook.
Chain size at any point of any link is less than
stated in the chart on the next slide, the sling
shall be removed.
Chain Slings
Only chain slings purchased from
the manufacturer are allowed.
No homemade slings allowed!!
Special Precautions
It is important to realize that the
capacity of a sling decreases as the
angle at which it is used to lift
increases.
Rigging Devices
Shackles
Hooks
Wire Rope Clips
Wedge Sockets
Eyebolts
Spreader Beams
Slings
Shackles
Recommended
Not Recommended
Recommended
Proper Use of Shackles

Never replace a shackle pin with a bolt
The load will bend the bolt
Avoid eccentric
loads
Bad
Good
Proper chocking
of shackles.
Bad
Good
Shackle Inspection
Hooks
Manufacturers
identification.
Never weld on hooks.
Working safety latch.
Wire Rope Clips

The most common use of wire rope
clips on cranes is at wedge and
socket-end fittings.
The clip does not provide strength to
the wedge and socket connection.
It is there to prevent the wedge from
accidentally being released.
Installing Wire Rope Clips
Installed properly as to number, direction, spacing and torque.
Wedge Sockets
Most common
method of
terminating ropes
on cranes.
All parts must
match in size.
Measure rope
diameter to ensure
proper size.
Wedge Socket - Correct Rope Installation
Live end of the

rope, the straight
side of the
socket and the
pinhole all line
up.
WINDING WIRE ROPE
Rigging
Basic Rules of Rigging
Know the Weight
Know the Capacity
HITCHES
STRAIGHT PULL
HITCHES
CHOCKER HITCH
HITCHES
BASKET HITCH
Marked with the

capacity and proof
tested to 125
percent of that
capacity.
Load should not
be left suspended
or unattended
How Horizontal Angle Affects Sling Capacity
Note: A good operating practice is to keep sling

angles from going below 60 degrees
Sling Angle Factor

Sling Angle Factor
= L/H
Where:
L = Length of the
sling.
H = Height of the
connection point
from the horizontal
plane of the load.
Sling Angles
Hook load increases on brake application during lowering

Loading lowering Stopping distance (ft)
speed (ft/ min)
10
5
2
100
150
200
250
300
350
450
0.4
1.0
1.7
2.7
3.9
5.3
6.9
0.7
1.6
2.9
4.5
6.5
8.8
11.5
2.2
4.9
8.6
13.5
19.4
26.4
34.5
Increase
in hook
load
(%)
Avoid rapid acceeration

or deceleration of load
Hand Signals
An illustration of the signals must be posted at the job site

Sheave grooves may become grooved if

cables nominal diameter is reduced,
indicating wear.
Safe Usage Practices

Slings should be stored off
the floor and hung on racks
whenever possible in a clean,
dry environment.
Never drag slings across the

floor.
Safe Usage Practices (Cont.)

Never shock load slings.
Keep loads balanced to
prevent overloading slings.
A sling should not be pulled

from under a load when the
load is resting on the sling.
Always lift loads straight up.
Make sure the hook is always

over the center of gravity of
the load before lifting it.
Never rest a load on a sling,

or pinch a sling between the
load and the floor.
Do not apply a load to a

twisted, knotted or kinked
chain.
Do not force or hammer
hooks or chains into position.
Safe Usage Practices (Cont.)

Hands and Fingers shall
not be placed between the
sling and the load while
the sling is being
tightened around the load.
Clean chains regularly as
dirt and grit can cause
excessive wear at the link
bearing points.
Never shorten a sling with

knots, bolts or other
makeshift devices.
Protect the chains surface
from contact with sharp
corners, which can cause
permanent damage
through gouging or
abnormal stress and wear.

Factors affecting load capacity
Hitch type
Leg angle from vertical
Other issues
Hook deformation (maximum 10 twist, 15%
throat opening)
Rope wear
Consider replacement if more than 12 randomly
distributed broken wires within a single strand
within a single lay (ANSI B30.2)
Chain deformation

Selected controls
Proper selection of rigging materials
Proper use
Keeping loads within limits
Regular inspection/testing of rigging
components
Training of riggers
Other issues
Hook retainers
Load capacity charts
for field use
Review
Select the right sling for the job.
Inspect slings prior to use,
removing from service any in
question.
Remember the effect of sling
angles on load capacities.
Properly store slings when finished
to avoid damage.
Conclude
Associates in the direction of travel
be warned to move and remain
lifted load at all times.
should
clear of a
Loads should not be suspended over personnel

below.
Under no circumstances may anyone ride the hook
or load.
Directional movement should be made smoothly
and deliberately. Avoid rapid movements in any
direction.
Conclude
Locate the hoist directly above the lifting
point of the load before lifting.
Lower loads directly below the hoist.
Keep hoisting ropes vertical. Do not pull
or push the load.
Maintain two full wraps of cable on the
hoisting drum.
Never pull a hoist by the
pendant cable

SSP Pps

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Safe Slinging Practices

Ropes, chains, and slings

Natural fibre ropes

SPECIAL QUALITY ALL THE THREE

STANDARD QUALITY ALL THE TWO

MERCHANT QUALITY ONE STRAND

Red or Green YARN in one strand

SWL of Fibre ropes

Rope which has been

Rope which has fair

80% of the New

Once a Fibre Rope is condemned it should be cut

Rubbing against sharp edges

With water, oil, chemicals and

Heap on wet floor, poorly

Internal wear by Repeated Flexing

Synthetic Fibre ropes

Polyamide (Nylon Filament Rope)

IS: 5175 1969

Poly Propylene Rope

IS: 8674 1978

Wire Rope and Wire Rope

Components of Wire Rope

Wire rope Permissible Stretch

6 strand wire rope

6 in. for 100 ft. length

8 strand wire rope

9 to 10 in. for 100 ft.

Wire Rope Slings

Wire Rope Slings

sling with single-rope legs, Torpedo

TWO LEGGED BRIDLE SLINGS

THREE LEGGED BRIDLE SLINGS

FOUR LEGGED BRIDLE SLINGS

Chain and Chain Sling

Parts of Chain Sling

Chain and Chain Sling

Single Chain Sling

Chain and Chain Sling

Double Chain Sling

Chain and Chain Sling

Triple & Quadruple Chain Sling

Chain and Chain Sling

Adjustable Chain Sling

Chain Sling Identification

What should you avoid while

Various defects in chain slings

Chain Sling Inspection Items

Proper Use of Shackles

The load will bend the bolt

Wire Rope Clips

Installing Wire Rope Clips

Installed properly as to number, direction, spacing and torque.

Wedge Socket - Correct Rope Installation

Live end of the

WINDING WIRE ROPE

Marked with the

How Horizontal Angle Affects Sling Capacity

Note: A good operating practice is to keep sling

Sling Angle Factor

Hook load increases on brake application during lowering

Avoid rapid acceeration