Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PAPER
This paper is proposed to fullfil
assignment of English for International Relations Course
in Department of International Relations
By:
Fasya Fadhila 142030177
Fepy Intan Kirana 142030153
Siti Nabilah 142030155
Nur Aini Oktavia 142030143
CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND
Israel and Palestinian conflict is a conflict that is still going on since
long.
The conflict that has lasted so long it becomes a conflict that is
consuming the attention of people around the world.
Israel and Palestinian conflict build a assumption as religious
conflicts. Because people believe that Palestinians to be one of the symbols of
Islamic spirituality, and the victims of these conflicts are largely Islamic
society. But Another fact to mention that there is a political dimension too, in
this Israel and Palestinian conflict.
This is becomes an interesting thing, to raise as a
important to analyze.
topic that is
CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION
1. What role does religion play in the conflict between Israel and
Palestinian?
What role has religion played in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
especially since the Six Day War in 1967? First, it is important to clarify how
the terms of Palestine/ Israel vary through different times.
Palestine refers to the period before 1948, from the Roman Empire to
the Ottoman Empire and the British Mandate. Israel refers to the period after
1948 with Jerusalem as its capital city, as of 1967, but without the temporarily
occupied West bank and the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian Authority refers to
Gaza and the West bank, the territories annexed by Israel during 1967 that
were subject to the negotiations of Oslo II and led to the creation of the
Palestinian Authority and mutual recognition between Rabin and Arafat, but
even more important led to the recognition of the mutual right of the two
people to coexist in peace, security and self-determination in two sovereign
states.
How is religion used? Intentionally and symbolically. How does
religion influence the achievement of political goals? Which segments of both
societies have experienced an increase in the importance of religion since
1967 and has it had direct influence on the conflict? I will concentrate more
deeply on interactions between Islam and Judaism since 1967.
One issue may be brought up right at the beginning. Using and
emphasizing history as the foundation for claims over Palestine/ Israel
provides endless possible nationalist claims, as Palestine was ruled by various
empires and people across different eras in history. Or as a Jewish lawyer alKabir from Baghdad commented in the Iraqi times in 1936; If one goes
reconstituting history two thousand years back there is no reason why one
should not go further back, and presently have the world ruled by militant
archaeology. Of course, most Sephardic Jews, as al-Kabir, had neither
experienced the brutal Pogroms in Eastern Europe nor would most of the
Sephardic Jews have to experience the Holocaust to come.
It is important to remember that in Judaism there is no single, highest
authority. This fact provides ground to very diverse groups and attitudes
within the Jewish religious tradition. However, in the early 20th century
Zionists were predominantly secular Jews. Orthodox Jews appeared to resist
to the idea of a Jewish homeland without the installment of Jewish law, the
halakha. Influenced by the spirit of colonial period secular Zionist groups
even discussed the possibility of other locations for the Jewish homeland,
such as the British Uganda Proposal first proposed by Chamberlain, who
sought to give territory in British East Africa, more precisely the Mau Plateau
in what is today modern Kenya. Besides the fact that Jews had no historical
nor religious connection to the Mau Plateau in British East Africa, looking
back on the disastrous outcomes of the colonial era it is more than
questionable if such a decision would have led to peaceful coexistence.
However, after the Balfour declaration, no Zionist could anymore think
of another homeland for the Jewish people than Palestine. Not only secular
Jews called for resettlement in Palestine. For example, Rabbi Abraham Isaac
Kook, was among the first religious thinkers to advocate political activism for
Palestine in the form of resettlement. Jerusalem seems to have had a very
special place in the hearts and minds of Jews throughout the two thousand
years of Jewish Diaspora. Nevertheless, during the first half of the twentieth
century the symbolic importance of Jerusalem increased stedily and saw
efforts being made by Zionist organizations to buy holy Jewish pilgrimage
sites, such as the Wailing Wall from the Muslim trust that owned it.
According to scholars the nationalist claims of the Muslim majority of
Palestine are based on a religio-legal concept called waqf, translated into
trusteeship. It is understood that God has permanently entrusted Palestine to
the Muslim people. This is maybe best exemplified in the words of Sultan
Abd al-Hamid of the Ottoman Empire in his response to Theodore Herzls
offer to buy Palestine for twenty million lire. Please advise him never to
mention this ever. It does not belong to me. It belongs to my people. My
people acquired this Ottoman Empire by their blood.
the beginning of a new sort of conflict. The Sinai Peninsula, the Golan
Heights, Gaza and the West Bank were conquered and occupied by the Israeli
army, but at the centre of these dramatic days was the liberation or
occupation, depending on the standpoint, of East Jerusalem and the control
over its religious sites sacred to all three monotheistic traditions. This had
several far reaching consequences.
First, with the occupation of Gaza and the West Bank more than a
million Palestinians came under Israeli control. Second, for the Muslim the
loss of the sovereignty over the holy sites through the occupation of
Jerusalem by Israel seems to have turned a regional, political conflict over
territory into a religious war. Religious identity and symbolic became
increasingly important. Not surprising then, that the Yom Kippur War in 1973
was launched on the most distinct Jewish holy day. The implementation of
Jewish settlement in these years around the Palestinian cities is another
example of how religion was used to legitimate occupation. It was promoted
in form of the strongly ideological notion of expanding the boundaries
according to the biblical Israel. The longer the occupation of Palestinian land
continued the more the paradox between a Jewish and democratic state
became apparent. If Palestinians were granted full citizenship, within a few
years the state would have an Arab majority and would cease to be Jewish in
its traits, character, ethos and legislation. If, on the other hand, Palestinians
were denied citizenship an civil rights in order to preserve the Jewish
character of the state, Israel would find itself in the uncomfortable situation of
being a democracy only for Jews, and an apartheid regime for the rest of its
inhabitants.
Unfortunately, it seems that Israel has chosen to remain an essentially
Jewish state, and although I wouldnt go that far and call the Israeli
government an apartheid regime, remembering the fact that all Israeli citizens
may vote and be elected, it seems that institutionally Jews are being favored.
The 1990s saw at the same time an Israeli government under Rabin reaching
out and recognizing the Palestinian cause and Baruch Goldstein opening fire
on worshipers gathered in a Muslim holy site killing 29 people and injuring
a further 150. For many radical, militant Jews Rabin betrayed the biblical
Israel. These events culminated on the 4th of November 1995, when Yitzhak
Rabin was shot by a Jewish fanatic named Yigal Amir after one of the
biggeest Peace rallies ever held in Tel Aviv.
The phenomenon of militant Judaism as the Gush Emunim combines
both Orthodoxy and Zionism. Striving for an expanded Jewish state, this
right wing religious group has pushed for the extension of Jewish settlements
into Palestinian territory and does not recognize the rights of non-Jews
(Palestinians) to exist in a sovereign state.
On the Palestinian side there has been a radicalization since the first
Intifada in 1987. Since then religion has become increasingly important.
Islamic movements such as the Islamic Jihad or the Hamas have promoted the
notion of Palestine as an Islamic state, within which Jews would be a
commentators
have
observed
that
the
conflict
over
combustible. Since September 11, 2001, much has been written on the
paradox of religion: how it can inspire the most noble and altruistic human
behavior and can also be used to endorse actions that to outside observers are
clearly criminal.Over the centuries, the Holy Land has offered more than
enough evidence of both tendencies in religious traditions.
Since the dangers of nationalistic religion are considerable, many
political analysts and theorists of conflict resolution see religion as a negative
factor in society. They favor keeping religious leaders out of any
peacemaking process. But for Israel/Palestine, as elsewhere, this doctrinaire
stance risks forfeiting the positive contribution of religious peacemakers.
Some experts in the field of conflict transformation argue that
religiouselements must be incorporated into the theory and praxis of healing
international disputes. To effect genuine reconciliation in the IsraeliPalestinian context, he asserts, peacemakers need to tap the resources of both
Judaism and Islam (since Jews and Muslims are the two majorities). I share
this conviction andbelieve, also, that local and international Christians have
their own constructive roles to play in healing this tragic conflict.
CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION
Although the the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is largely a conflict over
land and can be resolved through the application of international law,
religious groups do play several important roles in the ongoing crisis.
Fanatical religious groups use their religions to perpetuate the conflict, while
peaceful religious groups use the teachings of their religions to call for peace.
The Israeli settler movement, in particular, which is responsible for
stealing a huge portion of Palestinian land, is primarily based on this
chauvinism. Particularly disturbing is the description of their land theft as
redeeming the land transfering holy land from non-Jewish ownership to
Jewish hands.
The conflict isnt territorial (even though it has many territorial
symptoms, and we fight over every acre and every house), but a war of
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In His Own Words, New York and Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 2005.
Burrell, David, and Yehezkel Landau, eds. Voices from Jersualem: Jews and
Christians Reflect on the Holy Land. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1992.
Gopin, Marc. Holy War, Holy Peace: How Religion Can Bring Peace to the
Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Gorenberg, Gershon. The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the
Temple Mount. New York: Free Press, 2000.
Halevi, Yossi Klein. At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden: A Jews Search for
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