EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS

XXIV
2014

ROMANIAN ACADEMY
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ART CLUJNAPOCA
EDITORIAL BOARD
Editor: Coriolan Horaiu Opreanu
Members: Sorin Coci, VladAndrei Lzrescu, Ioan Stanciu
ADVISORY BOARD
Alexandru Avram (Le Mans, France); Mihai Brbulescu (Rome, Italy); Alexander Bursche (Warsaw,
Poland); Falko Daim (Mainz, Germany); Andreas Lippert (Vienna, Austria); Bernd Pffgen (Munich,
Germany); Marius Porumb (ClujNapoca, Romania); Alexander Rubel (Iai, Romania); Peter Scherrer
(Graz, Austria); Alexandru Vulpe (Bucharest, Romania).

Responsible of the volume: Vlad-Andrei Lzrescu

n ar revista se poate procura prin pot, pe baz de abonament la: EDITURA ACADEMIEI
ROMNE, Calea 13 Septembrie nr. 13, sector 5, P. O. Box 542, Bucureti, Romnia, RO76117,
Tel. 021411.90.08, 021410.32.00; fax. 021410.39.83; RODIPET SA, Piaa Presei Libere nr. 1,
Sector 1, P. O. Box 3357, Fax 021222.64.07. Tel. 021618.51.03, 021222.41.26, Bucureti,
Romnia; ORION PRESS IMPEX 2000, P. O. Box 7719, Bucureti 3 Romnia, Tel. 021301.87.86,
021335.02.96.

EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS
Any correspondence will be sent to the editor:
INSTITUTUL DE ARHEOLOGIE I ISTORIA ARTEI
Str. M. Koglniceanu nr.1214, 400084 ClujNapoca, RO
email: choprean@yahoo.com
All responsability for the content, interpretations and opinions
expressed in the volume belongs exclusively to the authors.
DTP i tipar: MEGA PRINT
Coperta: Roxana Sfrlea

2014 EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMNE

Calea 13 Septembrie nr.13, Sector 5, Bucureti 76117
Telefon 021410.38.46; 021410.32.00/2107, 2119

ACADEMIA ROMN
INSTITUTUL DE ARHEOLOGIE I ISTORIA ARTEI

EPHEMERIS
NAPOCENSIS
XXIV
2014

EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMNE

SUMAR SOMMAIRE CONTENTS INHALT

STUDIES
Florin Gogltan, Alexandra Gvan
Der bronzezeitliche Tell von Pecica anul Mare. Ein metallurgisches Zentrum des
Karpatenbeckens (I)

Alfred Schfer
Deliberate Destruction and Ritual Deposition as Case Study in the Liber Pater-Sanctuary
of Apulum
39
Zvezdana Modrijan
Imports from the Aegean Area to the Eastern Alpine Area and Northern Adriatic in
Late Antiquity
51
Coriolan Horaiu Opreanu, Vlad-Andrei Lzrescu,
Anamaria Roman, Tudor-Mihai Ursu, Sorina Frca
New Light on a Roman Fort Based on a LiDAR Survey in the Forested Landscape from
Porolissvm
71
O. V. Petrauskas
Komariv ein Werkstattzentrum barbarischen Europas aus sptrmischer Zeit
(Forschungsgeschichte, einige Ergebnisse und mgliche Perspektiven)
87
Joan Pinar Gil
Coming Back Home? Rare Evidence for Contacts Between the Iberian Peninsula and the
117
Carpathian Basin in the Late 5th early 6th Century
Alexandru Avram
Marginalien zu griechisch beschrifteten Schleudergeschossen (IV)

131

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND EPIGRAPHICAL NOTES

Ligia Ruscu
On Cult Associations at Istros and Tomis

139

Andrs Szab
Interprex Dacorum Commentarioli Ad RIU 590

153

Vitalie Brc, Lavinia Grumeza

Sarmatian Burials in Coffins and Funerary Timber Features Recently Discovered in the
Western Plain of Romania
157
Csaba Szab
Roman Religious Studies in Romania. Historiography and New Perspectives

195

Radu Zgreanu, Dan Deac

New Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum

209

Cosmin Onofrei
The Jews in Roman Dacia. A Review of the Epigraphic and Archaeological Data

221

tefan-Emilian Gamureac
The Roman Common Pottery Discovered in an Archaeological Complex from the Middle
237
of the 3rd Century at Micia
Monica Gui, Sorin Coci
Millefiori Inlaid Hilts, Strigil Handles, or What?

257

Gbor Pintye
Hun Age Single Graves at the Track of Motorway M3

277

Claudia Radu, Vlad-Andrei Lzrescu, Szeredai Norbert,

Cecilia Chiriac, Bogdan Ciuperc
Paleoanthropological Inferences Regarding Four Skeletons from an Archaeological
Contex at Gherseni, Buzu County
299
Clin Cosma
A 7Th Century Warrior House at Iernut/Sfntu Gheorghe (Mure County)

315

REVIEWS
Ovidiu entea, Ex Oriente ad Danubium. The Syrian Units on the Danube Frontier of the Roman
Empire, 2012, 234 p. (Cosmin Onofrei)
339
Radu-Alexandru Dragoman, Sorin Oan-Marghitu, Arheologie i Politic n Romnia, Editura
Eurotip Baia Mare, 2013, 297 p. (Paul Vdineanu)
343
Abbreviations that can not be found in Bericht der Rmisch-Germanische Kommission

347

Guidelines for Ephemeris Napocensis

351

Reviste publicate la Editura Academiei Romne

353

New Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in

Porolissum
Radu Zgreanu1, Dan Deac2

Abstract: This paper aims to present four artefacts discovered in the Roman settlement of Porolissum.
One of them is an armour garniture decorated plaque (Ger. Panzerbeschlge) with a depiction of Mars
previously published through a drawing together with a comment suggesting a representation of Hercules.
The artefact was discovered in the courtyard next to the LM 3 building from the vicus militaris and based
on the archaeological context must be dated in the 3rd century AD. The second artefact is a sculptural
monument made out of limestone depicting Hercules, the Farnese type. It was found in the praetentura of
the fort of Porolissum, being most probably part of a sacrarium in one of the buildings of the fort. The third
monument which is a subject of this paper represents a marble statuette of Apollo?, found together with an
altar dedicated to the same deity somewhere behind the principia of the fort. Finally the fourth artefact is
represented by another marble statuette depicting Amor and Psyche. Unfortunately we do not possess any
bits of information regarding the exact place of discovery but the idea that it came from the Pomet hill
fort can be considered. Except for the first artefact, all the other three cannot be dated in a particular time
frame, which forces us to propose a very wide period, namely the 2nd3rd centuries AD.
Keywords: Porolissum, Roman Sculpture, Hercules, Mars.

Porolissum represents one of the most important Roman settlements of the Roman
province of Dacia, benefiting of a substantial bibliographical work from scholars all around3.
The purpose of this paper is to put into scientific circulation some new artefacts found
during archaeological excavations, properly analysing them from the iconographical, typological
and functional point of view as far as the discovered fragments permit.
These artefacts enrich the repertoire of the artistic and sculptural finds from Porolissum,
offering new types of iconographic depictions unknown before not only in Porolissum, but in the
whole of Dacia Porolissensis. As we will be able to see further on, these artefacts represent parts
and pieces of information regarding the religious system of the above mentioned settlement,
thus helping us in better understanding- especially referring to the Roman fort- the religious
manifestations of the military camped there.

1. Decorated armour garniture (Ger. Panzerbeschlge) (pl. I, fig. 1 a-b)

Dimensions: Length=11.3cm; Width= 6.1cm; Thick=0.2cm.
Complexul Muzeal Bistria-Nsud, Grigore Blan str. 19, 420016, Bistria, Bistria-Nsud county, RO;
e-mail: raduzagreanu@gmail.com
2
Muzeul Judeean de Istorie i Art Zalu, Unirii str. 9, 450042, Zalu, Slaj county, RO; e-mail: dan_deac1923@
yahoo.com.
3
GUDEA 1989, remains still the most important monographic work yet to be published regarding Porolissum.
For the military vicus adjacent to the fort see TAMBA 2008. In recent years scientific approaches concentrated on
non-invasive methods, some of the results being recently published (see OPREANU ET ALII 2013, 83106).
1

Ephemeris Napocensis, XXIV, 2014, p. 209220

210

Radu Zgreanu, Dan Deac

Material: bronze with silver patina.

Place of discovery: LM 3 building in 2004, S1, quadrant 3/1, depth 0.25cm.
Place of preservation: History and Art County Museum, Zalu, inv. no.: currently being processed.
Description: The plaque is made in the au repouss technique and has a fairly good state of preser
vation being slightly damaged on the edges, on the left part of Mars` torso and on the god`s
forehead. The piece is divided in two main registers, marked on the left, right and lower edges
with ovum lines, while de demarcation line of the registers and the upper line have beveled line
decorations.
The artefact was previously published through a drawing, no dimensions being given,
while the individual on the plaque was identified as Hercules4.
In the superior register the war-god Mars is represented, nude, with his right leg stretching
out of the register. On his head he wears a specific helmet, but with no comb, probably because
the artisan did not have room to make it. His left hand is kept downwards with the palm resting
on a round depicted shield seen from profile (decorated with parallel lines going from the edges
to the umbo), while his right hand is kept upwards and bent from the elbow in a 90 degrees
position. In his right palm the god has a javelin, very difficult to distinguish. Both arms are
disproportionate with too large palms and fingers. He wears a chlamys on his shoulders, raped
around his neck, while the edges fall down in plaits on his right bicep and respectively on his left
forearm at the antecubital level. Mars is represented with curly hair falling down his shoulders
while his face is looking slightly upwards, with the eyes, nose and mouth easy distinguishable.
On his torso the craftsman depicted accurately the pectorals with semicircle lines, the abdomen
also with incised lines, and the groin with the genital organs. The umbilical area cannot be
observed properly.
In the inferior register a feline in attacking position is depicted, standing to the right,
with the forelegs stretched forward. His head is proportionate with the mouth, nose and ears
clearly distinguishable. The hind legs have the ankles and thighs recognizable and a bent torso.
The tail takes a form of a volute.
Altogether some general remarks can be made while analysing this Roman parade
plaque. The artistic characteristics must point out to a local, provincial manufacturer, coming
from Porolissum or another settlement of the province. These types of garnitures with straight
edges were worn on lorica squamata or hamata, in the area of the chest, usually in pairs5. The
archaeological context in which it was found is a late aggrading layer on an outer courtyard
north of the Streifenhaus conventionally named LM3, suggesting the fact that this particular
artefact was manufactured and worn somewhere in the 3rd c. AD. Unfortunately, we do not
possess any pieces of information regarding the owner or the connection between the ownership
of the house and the owner of the artefact in question.
Until now eleven other armour decorated garnitures were discovered on the territory
of Dacia Porolissensis: two in Porolissum (Moigrad/Jac, Slaj county)6, two in Buciumi (Slaj
county)7 five in Potaissa (Turda, Cluj County)8 and two in Samum (Ceiu, Cluj County)9.
The best analogy is the one discovered in the principia from the legionary fort from
Potaissa, which was found alongside parts of a lorica squamata. The dimensions are similar:
TAMBA 2008, 251, fig. VI. 5. 35; TAMBA 2008a, 172, fig. 35.
For 3rd century examples see also BISHOP/COULSTON 2006, 170173, especially fig. 109, no.1.
6
BUDAY 1914, 73, fig. 5/1; ISAC/BRBULESCU 2009, 72 and 75. The second one is mentioned only with a
drawing and no dimensions in GUDEA 1997, 21.
7
CHIRIL ET ALII 1972, 7475, pl. LXXXIV-LXXXV; PETCULESCU 1987, 159, fig. 4/3; ISAC/
BRBULESCU 2009, 72 and 75.
8
ISAC/BRBULESCU 2009, 72 and 75, fig. 5.
9
ISAC/BRBULESCU 2009, 76, no.48, fig. 2226.
4
5

New Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum

211

almost identical width (6 cm against 6.1 cm) while the garniture from Porolissum is slightly
longer than the one from Potaissa (11.3 respectively 9.3). Both garnitures have two registers, the
difference being that the one from Potaissa has in the central registry the depiction of Minerva
and in the inferior one the representation of the goddesses` shield. Based on the analogies and
their contexts of discovery we can also add that this particular garniture had on her left edge
a wider area in which holes were inserted for the attachment onto a lorica hamata/squamata,
and on the right side two or more bearings or rectangular holes which matched with a similar
bearing system of a garniture on the right side.

2. Fragment of an alto-relief with Hercules (Pl.II fig. 2 a-e)

Dimensions: height=23cm; width= 18cm; thick=12.5cm.
Material: limestone.
Place of discovery: in the fort on Pomet, in building B3, in 1981, section S71.
Place of preservation: History and Art County Museum, Zalu, field inv. no.: P81 Apm50.
Description: the artefact was previously published through a picture, no dimensions being given,
while the monument was identified as statue of Hercules10.
The monument is an alto-relief representing Hercules (fig. 2, a). The god is in a Hercules
Farnese posture, nude, with his right arm missing, probably turned back, and with the fur of
the Nemean Lion hanging over his left arm. The bodys weight rests on the right foot. Hercules
is caught in a rare moment of repose. Leaning on his knobby club which is draped with the
pelt of theNemean Lion, he would have held the apples of theHesperides, but concealed them
behind his back, cradled presumably in his right hand. The head is turned slightly to the right,
but only the chin with a rich beard and a small portion of the nose is preserved (fig. 2, b). The
muscles are well shaped; the abdominal and pectoral muscles stand out, but are exaggerated,
giving a feeling of an athletic muscle mass, with the volume of the belly revealed excessively. No
all the muscle details are highlighted. The legs are stumpy, while the right one is deteriorated in
the zone of the shank, the left foot of the god is still visible, with the toes clearly marked. The
genital organs are also well shaped. His customary wooden club is being cushioned by the lion`s
skin. The animal`s head and the lower part of the legs of the lion`s skin can be distinguished.
The entire relief is standing on a pedestal having 12,512,5cm. The fact that the monument is
a relief is clearly suggested by its left side (fig. 2, c). The entire sculpture is only half worked, the
back of it being roughly made, having a hollow for fixing (fig. 2, d). Even underneath, the piece
has a special hollow for fixing. It is very likely that the relief was part of a more complex scene.
The cult of Hercules can be identified at Porolissum from another discovery, a small
marble fragmentary statuette11. On this statuette, Hercules is depicted young, beardless, with
exuvia Leonis on the head, and the lion`s paws knotted on his chest. In Dacia Porolissensis
the cult of Hercules is confirmed by 1012 inscriptions, 6 fragmentary statues13, 1 statuette14, 2
statues15 and 3 reliefs16.
The discovery of the relief in the interior of the Roman camp confirms the cult`s
popularity in the soldierly world. Being the one that ensured Victory, Hercules was one of the
GUDEA 1986, 98, picture no.44. It was also mentioned in BRBULESCU 1985, 87, no.29.
BRBULESCU 1977, 182, no.23, fig. 10.
12
BRBULESCU 1977, 177, no.23, no.32, no.36, no.35; 177178, no.38; 178, no.39; 179, no.51, no.52;
BRBULESCU/CTINA 1992, 113114, no.3, fig. 7; PISO 1980, 123124, no.1, fig. a-b.
13
BRBULESCU 1977, 181, no.19; 185, no.57, no 58; BRBULESCU 1987, 4647; BRBULESCU 2009,
728, fig. 3a-b.
14
BRBULESCU 1977, 185, no.55, fig. VIII/2.
15
BRBULESCU 1977, 177,183, no.1/37,11/38, fig. VII/4; 187, no.75, fig. VIII/1.
16
BRBULESCU 1977, 185, no.34, no.36, no.56.
10
11

212

Radu Zgreanu, Dan Deac

favourite gods of the Imperial Household during the Antonine dynasty, some of the emperors of
the era identifying themselves with Hercules and taking its mythological attributes and qualities
into their own iconography17. But the most flourishing period of the cult within the army rages
through the third century AD. In Dacia it is preferred by the governors, military tribunes,
centurions, beneficiari, veterani or praefecti of the auxiliary18. As it happened in the case of other
cults, the cult of Hercules was another way of the military to show their political loyalty towards
the central power represented by the emperor19.
In Potaissa Hercules is worshipped in the thermae of the legionary fort, whence a head of
a statue was discovered20. Fragments of a statue21 and a relief22 were discovered in the principia
also. It is clear that in the local pantheon, Hercules had a privileged status, as demonstrated by
the numerous epigraphic inscriptions all bearing the epithet Invictus23. The place of discovery for
our piece is also inside a fort, namely in Porolissum. The excavation report mentions the fact that
the monument was discovered in the praetentura, in the vicinity of the building conventionally
named B 3, a building which at one time functioned as a horreum24. It is noted that in one of
the compartments of the building several spearheads were discovered25. We do not exclude the
fact that the monument was originally in the building, where according to the fort`s plan at one
time probably a barrack was functioning. The fact is that on the backside (fig. 2, d) the relief has
a space in which a brace or support must have been set or a possible vessel for libations was put,
enforcing once more the idea that it was placed in the interior of a building.
Possible analogies for the monument representing Hercules are a statue from Brigetio26
with similar sizes, and another one discovered nearby Ajka (Pannonia Superior)27, where a villa
existed. An altar dedicated to the deity was also found, the statuette being attached above it.
But in terms of typological analogies the monument from Porolissum is a primitive copy of a
statuary marble group found in Kugelstein28, the province of Noricum, also preserved extremely
fragmentary. A somewhat similar relief comes from the museum deposit of Deva, but there
are no data about the conditions of discovery of the monument29. Regarding the type of the
pedestal of the relief, a possible analogy is a votive relief preserved in the museum at Adamclisi.30
The fragmentary state of preservation of the piece creates problems in interpreting
correctly its exact functionality, but it must be linked to the religious life of the soldiers inside the
Roman fort, as suggested by the archaeological discoveries in other forts of the province. Once
again we must stretch out the fact that the monument is a modest achievement trying to copy
a mythological scene with a familiar character in the soldierly world. F. Marcu31 considers B3
building as a horreum, since in the inside four parallel longitudinal thick walls were discovered.
The presence of votive monuments in such buildings were signalled in Dacia Porolissensis at
Samum (Ceiu), were two statues representing Ceres and a votive altar dedicated to this deity
POPESCU 2004, 94.
POPESCU 2004, 94.
19
POPESCU 2004, 95.
20
BRBULESCU 2009a, 730, fig. 3.
21
BRBULESCU 2009, 93, no.6, fig. 5.
22
BRBULESCU 2013, 219221, no.29, fig. 93.
23
BRBULESCU 2009a, 730.
24
GUDEA ET ALII 1983, 128.
25
GUDEA ET ALII 1983, 127.
26
HARL/LRINCZ 2002, no.42.
27
CSIR Mogentiana 1999, no.54.
28
CSIR Flavia Solva 2008, no.5.
29
Lupa no.18054.
30
Lupa no.21323, unfortunately there was no access to images regarding the area from the back of the monument.
31
MARCU 2009, 97
17
18

New Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum

213

were discovered32. Those monuments should have been part

of a sacrarium, a place of worship

in which must have originated even our relief from Porolissum. The questions regarding the
connection between the cult of Hercules and the horreum are still to be answered, that is if in the
time frame in which the sacrarium dedicated to Hercules was built the building was functioning
indeed as a horreum or something else.

3. Fragment Apollo (?) statuette (Pl.II, fig. 3)

Dimensions: height=9cm; width=6cm; thick=7cm.
Material: marble.
Place of discovery: in the back of the commanders headquarters, section 94, in 1989.
Place of preservation: History and Art County Museum, Zalu, inv. no.: CC 327/89.
Description: a fragment, of a small deteriorated statuette, representing probably the god Apollo.
Only the pelvis of the divinity and the abdomen carefully shaped are being preserved. The
genital organs are preserved partially, as well as the thighs. The buttocks are shaped with curved
lines and preserve the spot of a mantle falling down from the shoulders. The entire statuette
would have had a height of approximately 40cm.
In Porolissum two other statues were found representing Apollo33, unfortunately all being
fragmentary, thus the identification with Apollo must be affirmed with certain cautiousness.
Nevertheless it seems that they were all produced in the same local workshop. One of them was
discovered in the temple of Iupiter Dolichenus in the vicus militaris34. The second one has as
place of discovery mentioned only Pomet, so it could be even from the fort or from the civilian
settlement. An important remark should be noticed, that at the time of the excavations in the
years 19391940, in the ruins of the fort, on the pavement next to the headquarters building
an altar for Apollo was discovered also35. The altar was dedicated by a praefectus, Claudius, who
exerted his militia in the cohors I Britonnum, to whom Apollo appeared in a divine dream,
hence Claudius fulfilled his desire reverently. Dedications to Apollo can be interpreted as a
correlation between oneiric experiences with oracular practices. Very likely the soldier thanked
Apollo due to a febrile search for a contact with the divinity, in order to eliminate a disease or
for a physical rehabilitation36. The fragmented statuette analyzed in this paper was found behind
the commander building, in section S 94, where numerous fragments of sculptural monuments
(capitals, columns shafts, column bases, friezes elements) and epigraphic inscriptions were
found37. Both the statue and the inscription reveal that the worship of this deity seems to
have enjoyed an important attention in the central area of the auxiliary fort. Unfortunately the
fragmentary state of the piece prevents us to make a more complete analysis of the monument.

4. Fragment statuette Amor and Psyche

Dimensions: height=8cm; width=18cm; thick=4cm.
Material: marble.
Place of discovery: exact position unknown.
Place of preservation: History and Art County Museum, Zalu, no inventory number.
For the editors the link between these monuments and the functionality of the building from which it derivednamely the debris of the collapsed walls- is clear, since it is interpreted as a horreum (see ISAC/ISAC 2010, 353354).
33
GUDEA 1978, 69, no.2; GUDEA/TAMBA 2001, 30, no.14, fig. 3940.
34
GUDEA/TAMBA 2001, 30, no.14, fig. 3940.
35
RUSSU 1968, 453454, no.2, fig. 2.
36
ZUGRAVU 2005, 108.
37
GUDEA ET ALII 1992, 145.
32

214

Radu Zgreanu, Dan Deac

Description: the statuette is preserved only fragmentary, at the thoracic level, showing the two
characters embracing each other. The character positioned on the left side places the right arm
on the left shoulder of the other character while the one in the left seems to be holding the other
one into his arms, the arms being rendered quite symmetrically.
Unfortunately the place of discovery for the piece remains unknown. Most likely it
originates in the area of the fort. This statue, like the previous one mentioned in this study, could
have been posted in small lararium or shrine- as its height suggests- it did not exceed 30cm. It is
a unique representation for a sculptural monument in Dacia, but its fragmentary state prevents
us from making a coherent analysis of the monument. In Porolissum representations of Amor
can be identified on a relief with Venus38, a bronze statuette39, while the closest iconographic
representation constitute a terracotta statuette, with the representation of Amor and Psyche40,
depicted in an iconographic position very similar to the one dealt with in this study.
Amors representations usually appear in the barracks near the gates or in principias
cubicula41. The deity is known mainly for its apotropaic role, as suggested by the large number
of objects on which the deity is depicted, having more or less a religious role.
A possible analogy for the statuette comes from Savaria, from the Iseum, which is a
marble torso with the same representation of Amor and Psyche42. The statue was interpreted as
the personification of loves psychological and physical aspects. It is not inappropriate to suggest
the fact that the fragment from Porolissum could bear the same meanings.
In conclusion we can state the fact that through these new artefacts previously unpub
lished in a scientific manner the general view regarding the religious life in the Roman fort on the
Pomet hill in Porolissum has considerably improved. We can now firmly confirm the existence
of a small shrine dedicated to Apollo in the central area of the fort, somewhere probably in the
precinct of the principia-thus confirming a public cult of Apollo in Porolissum, linked with the
military-, while in the praetentura another cultic area must have existed in relation with the cult
of Hercules. Unfortunately we are not in a position to confirm a private or public cult of Amor
and Psyche, because of the lack of information regarding the archaeological context in which the
statuary fragment analysed was discovered.
Regarding the discovery of the decorated armour plaque from the vicus, we cannot talk
about a cult of Mars43, but rather of a new depiction of Mars as a divinity closely related to the
military improving the repertoire of the military equipment of the soldiers or officers of the
Roman army in Porolissum.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BRBULESCU 1977

M. BRBULESCU, Cultul lui Hercules n Dacia roman (I). Acta Musei Napocensis 14, 1977,
173194.
BRBULESCU 1987
GUDEA 2003, 238, fig. 19.
POP/MATEI 1978, 80, no.7.
40
CULCER/WINKLER 1970, 538, no.2.
41
POPESCU 2004, 93.
42
SOSTARITS 2008, 199.
43
The private cult of this deity is attested through two small bronze statuettes, one of them found in G1 pit, in
the area conventionally named the terrace of the sanctuaries (MATEI 1982, 7879, no.4; pl. IXX, who dates it
in the first half of the 2nd century AD= EPOSU-MARINESCU/POP 2000, 2728, pl. 4, no.7, who dates it in
the second half of the 2nd century AD) and the second example in the area of the municipium Septimium (MINA
ET ALII 2004, 606616).
38
39

New Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum

215

M. BRBULESCU, Din istoria militar a Daciei romane. Legiunea a V-a Macedonica i castrul
de la Potaissa (Cluj-Napoca 1987).
BRBULESCU 2009

M. BRBULESCU, Documenti cultuali nel castro Legionario di Potaissa. In: M. Brbulescu,
Signum Originis. Religie, art i societate n Dacia Roman (Bucureti 2009), 91104.
BRBULESCU 2009a

M. BRBULESCU, La sculpture en pierre dans le camp lgionnaire de Potaissa. In: V. GaggadisRobin (Ed.), Les ateliers de sculpture rgionaux: techniques, styles et iconographie. Actes du Xe
colloque international su lart provincial romain, Aix-en-Provence et Arles, 2123 mai 2007
(Arles 2009) 727734.
BRBULESCU 2012

M. BRBULESCU, Inscripiile din castrul legionar de la Potaissa (Bucureti 2012).
BRBULESCU/CTINA 1992

M. BRBULESCU/A. CTINA, Inscripii dintr-un templu de la Potaissa. Ephemeris
Napocensis 2, 111124.
BISHOP/COULSTON 2006

M.C. BISHOP/J.C. N. COULSTON, Roman Military Equipment from the Punic War to the
Fall of Rome, (Oxford 2006).
BUDAY 1914

A. BUDAY, Porolissumbol. Dolgozatok-Travaux-Kolozsvr V, 1914, 6786.
CHIRIL ET AL. 1972

E. CHIRIL/N. GUDEA/V. LUCCEL/C. POP, Castrul roman de la Buciumi. Contribuii la
cercetarea limesului Daciei Porolissensis (Cluj 1972).
CSIR Flavia Solva 1. CSIR IV/1 (E. Hudeczek, Die Rundskulpturen des Stadtgebietes von Flavia Solva
(Wien 2008).
CSIR Salla Mogetiana CSIR VIII (C. Ertel S. Palgyi F. Redo, Die Skulpturen des Stadtgebietes
von Salla und Mogetiana sowie des Balaton-Oberlandes in den Komitaten Zala und Veszprm
(Budapest 1999).
CULCER/WINKLER 1970

Al. CULCER/I. WINKLER, Vestigii romane de la Porolissum. Acta Musei Napocensis, 7, 1970,
537547.
GUDEA 1978

N. GUDEA, Descoperiri arheologice i epigrafice mai vechi sau noi la Porolissum, Acta Musei
Porolissensis. 2, 1978, 6675.
GUDEA 1986

N. GUDEA, Res publica municipii Septimii Porolissum (Bucureti 1986).
GUDEA 1989

N. GUDEA, Porolissum. Un complex daco-roman la marginea de nord a Imperiului Roman. I.
Descoperiri i cercetri arheologice pn n anul 1979 (Zalu 1989) (=Acta Musei Porolissensis
XIII 1989).
GUDEA 1997

N. GUDEA, Das Rmergrenzkastell von Moigrad- Pomet. Porolissum I (Zalu 1997).
GUDEA 2003

N. GUDEA, Sanctuare i militari la Porolissum. Ephemeris Napocensis, 2003, 13, 217242.
GUDEA/ TAMBA 2001

N. GUDEA/D. TAMBA, Porolissum. Un complex daco-roman la marginea de nord a Imperiului
Roman. III: Despre templul zeului Jupiter Dolichenus n Municipium Septimium (Cluj-Napoca
2001).
GUDEA ET AL. 1983

N. GUDEA/E. CHIRIL/AL. MATEI/I. BAJUSZ, Raport preliminar privind spturile arheo
logice execuate la Moigrad (Porolissum) n anii 19801982. Acta Musei Porolissensis, 7, 1983,
119147.
GUDEA ET AL. 1992

216

Radu Zgreanu, Dan Deac

N. GUDEA, E. CHIRIL, AL. MATEI, I. BAJUSZ, D. TAMBA, Raport privind cercetrile de

la Porolissum 19881991, Acta Musei Porolissensis. 18, 1992, 143185.
HARL/LRINCZ 2002

F. HARL/B. LRINCZ Das Rmische Lapidarium in der Festung Komrno (Wien 2002).
ISAC/ISAC 2010
D. ISAC/A. ISAC, Cultul zeiei Ceres-Demeter la Samum-Ceiu (Tibullus elegiae, II.5.84:
Distended Spicis Horrea Plena Ceres). Studia archaeologica et historica in honorem magistri
Dorin Alicu, 2010, 353367.
ISAC/BRBULESCU 2009

D. ISAC/M. BRBULESCU, Noi piese de armur de parad din Dacia. Studia Universitatis
Babe-Bolyai, Historia, 54, 12, 2009, 7099.
MARCU 2009

F. MARCU, The internal planning of roman forts of Dacia (Cluj-Napoca 2009).
MATEI 1982

AL. MATEI, Piese figurate descoperite pe terasa sanctuarelor de la Porolissum. Acta Musei
Porolissensis VI, 1982, 75- 80.
MINA ET AL. 2004

J. MINA/B. WRIGHT/AL. MATEI/C. GZDAC., Mars from Porolissum. L. Ruscu R.
Ardevan- C. Coingradi (edit.),Orbis Antiquus. Studia in honorem Ioannis Pisonis, Cluj-Napoca,
2004, 606616.
OPREANU ET AL. 2013

C.H. OPREANU/V.A. LZRESCU/D. TEFAN, Noi cercetri la Porolissum. Analele Banatului
SN, XXI, 2013, 83106.
PETCULESCU 1987

L. PETCULESCU, Contribuii la coifurile ornamentate i garniturile de armur romane din
Dacia. Muzeul Judeean Clrai. Cultur i civilizaie la Dunrea de Jos, II, 1987, 153162.
POP/MATEI 1978

C. POP/AL. MATEI, Bronzuri figurate romane n muzeul de art i istorie Zalu. Acta Musei
Porolissensis, II, 1978, 7983.
POPESCU 2004

M. POPESCU, La religion dans l`arme Romaine de Dacie (Bucureti 2004).
PISO 1980

I. PISO, Epigraphica (XI), Potaissa, 2, 1980, 123131.
RUSSU 1968

I.I. RUSSU, Note epigrafice. Inscripii din Dacia Porolissensi. Acta Musei Napocensis, 5, 1978,
451470.
SOSTARITS 2008

O. SOSTARITS, The Isis Sanctuary and the Relics of Egyptian Cults in Savaria. Francesco
TIRADRITTI (Hrgs), Pharaonic Renaisance. Archaism and the Sense of History in Ancient
Egypt. Budapest 2008, 129133.
TAMBA 2008

D. TAMBA, Porolissum. Aezarea civil a castrului mare (vicus militaris) a castrului mare.
Observaii n legtur cu aezrile civile ale castrelor de trupe auxiliare din Dacia Porolissensis
(Cluj-Napoca 2008).
TAMBA 2008a

D. TAMBA, 30 de ani de cercetri arheologice sistematice la Porolissum. Acta Musei Porolissensis,
30, 2008, 163215.
EPOSU-MARINESCU/POP 2000

L. EPOSU-MARINESCU/ C. POP, Statuete de bronz din Dacia roman. (Bucureti 2000).
ZUGRAVU 2005

N. ZUGRAVU, Divinitii experiene onirice n Dacia (Gottheiten und onirische Erfahrungen
in Dakien). Ephemeris Napocensis 1415/20042005, 101122. www.ubi-erat-lupa.org

New Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum

217

Pl. I 1. General plan of the Roman settlement of Porolissum with a detailed area of the vicus (after Tamba
2011, p. 196, Pl. 3). 2. LM3 Building plan (after Tamba 2012, 119). 3. Places of discovery inside the Roman
fort of Porolissum.

218

Radu Zgreanu, Dan Deac

Pl. II 1. Decorated armor garniture a- obverse; b- reverse. 2. Hypothetical reconstruction.

New Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum

219

Pl. III 1. Fragment of an alto-relief with Hercules (a-front; b-right side; c-left side; d-back; e-reconstruction).
2. Fragment Apollo (?) statuette. 3. Fragment statuette Amor and Psyche.