Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CAAFI2011GeneralMeeting
November30 December1,2011
Washington,DC
DanBulzan
NASAGlennResearchCenter
Contracts with General Electric and Pratt and Whitney to develop sector rig
concepts for testing in the NASA High-Pressure Combustor Facility
P&W: Working on both Rich Burn (Talon-X based) and Lean Burn Concepts
GE:
GE W
Working
ki on advanced
d
d Lean
L
Burn
B
TAPS Concepts
C
t
9-Point LDI
20
20
10
9
8
7
EINOx, g/kg
EINOx, g/kg
15
6
5
1030 F, 350 psia, JP8
1030 F, 350 psia, FT1
1030 F, 250 psia, JP8
1030 F, 250 psia, FT1
850 F,
F 250 psia,
psia JP8
850 F, 250 psia, FT1
650 F, 250 psia, JP8
650 F, 250 psia, FT1
4
3
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
1030F,250psia,JP8
1030F,250psia,Biojet
1030F,150psia,JP8
1030F,150psia,Biojet
850F,150psia,JP8
850F,150psia,Biojet
2
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.02
FAR, sample
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
FAR
F-T Fuel
Biojet Fuel
5x1014
Flame Images
Number EI ((dEInumdlogDP)
4x1014
3x1014
2x1014
1014
0
8
JP 8
JP-8
F T/JP 8 Blend
F-T/JP-8
Bl d
F-T
F T
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 80 90100
200
Diameter (nm)
Biojet Particle
Emissions
NASADrydenAircraftOperationsFacility(DAOF)
Palmdale,California
March20 April2,2011
Aircraft:
NASADFRCDC8,CFM562Cengines
Fuels:
*StandardJP8
Tallow basedHRJ&50%Blendw/JP
HRJ & 50% Blend w/JP8
8
*Tallowbased
*CoalbasedFT&CoalbasedFTw/1000ppmSadded
Runtime:
11separateEmissionsTests,30.5hrstotalruntime
Measurements: Certificationgases,smoke,HAPS,PMnumber,size,mass,
composition,blackcarboncontent,andmorphology
S
Sponsors:
NASA S b i FixedWingProject,FAA,AirForce
NASASubsonics
Fi d Wi P j t FAA Ai F
Participants:
AEDC,AESO,AFRL,ARI,GRC,LaRC,MIT,MST,MSU,PSU
E31Group:
UTRC,EPA,Rolls,GE,TSI,NRCCanada,P&W
Fuel Characteristics
Test
HRJ
100
Aromatics(%vol)
21.8
~0
0.4
~0
E d P i t (C) 300
EndPoint(C)300
268
206
225
254
FlashPoint(degC)
46
41
43
52
Density(kg/L)
(k / )
0.811
0.738
0.761
0.759
FreezingPoint(degC)
53
54
78.5
49
HydrogenContent(%mass)
13.5
15.5
15.0
15.3
Heat ofCombustion
43.3
44.4
44.1
44.1
AvailableAlternativeFuelComposition
Alternative Fuels contain < 0 5% Aromatics and < 20 ppm Sulfur
AlternativeFuelscontain<0.5%Aromaticsand<20ppm
FTSasol
12.0%
0.4%
FTShell
~60%C
% 10 &C11
87.6%
iparaffins
~35%C10 &C11
~48%C9 &C10
46.7%
53.3%
cycloparaffins
iparaffins
aromatics
JP8
nparaffins
5%
HRJ
15%
18.7%
31.0%
19.0%
nparaffins
n-paraffins
iparaffins
31.3%
i-paraffins
cycloparaffins
aromatics
80%
FuelsVaryConsiderablyinHydrocarbonComposition
cycloparaffins
AAFEXIIProjectObjectives
1) Evaluatealtfueleffectsonengineperformanceand
fuelhandlingequipment
2) DeterminetheeffectsofaltfuelsonengineandAPU
PMandgasphaseemissions
3) Investigatetheroleofsulfurinregulatingvolatile
aerosolformationinengineexhaustplumes
4) Examinetheeffectsofsamplelinechemistryand
particlelossesonemissionmeasurements
5)ConductteststosupportSAEE31developmentof
standardexhaustsamplingmethods
p g
Left1mRake
Right1mRake
Right30mInlet
143m
143
mInstrumentTrailers
Instrument Trailers
Instrument
Enclosure
ARIMobileLab
4,7,30,65,85,and100%ThrustRuns;Testsconductedincoldestandwarmestparts
ofdaytoexaminetemperaturedependencies;haddedicatedE31probes
1E15
1E14
N b
Number
Blend
HRJ
JP-8
1E13
Nonvolatile Numb
ber EI Reduction (%)
1E12
0
20
40
60
80
HRJ
Blend
100
80
60
40
20
100
20
60
80
HRJ
Blend
10
Blend
HRJ
JP-8
20
40
60
80
100
Mass
Black Carbon M
Mass EI Reduction
n (%)
100
100
100
Black C
Carbon EI (mg/kg)
40
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
HRJandFTFuelPMEmissionReductionsComparable
80
100
Numberat
N
b
t
30m
JP-8
HRJ
Blend
1E16
1E15
To
otal Aerosol Number EI Reduction (%
%)
Number EI (#/kg)
Total Aerosol N
100
80
60
40
20
-20
1E14
0
20
40
60
80
100
20
JP-8
HRJ
Blend
Massat30m
10
ss EI Reduction (%
%)
Total Aerosol Mas
Total Aerosol Ma
ass EI (mg/kg)
60
80
100
100
40
HRJ
Blend
100
80
60
40
20
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
80
JP-8
60
40
20
Switched
Fuels
Total Particles
Nonvolatile
HRJ
15:36:38 15:38:18 15:39:58 15:41:38 15:43:18 15:44:58
Local Time
AAFEXIIGaseousEmissions
20
25
JP-8
HRJ
JP-8
HRJ
20
EIHC (g//kg-fuel)
EINOx (g
g/kg-fuel)
15
10
15
10
5
5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Engine Power, %
100
EICO (g/kg-fuel)
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
Engine Power, %
20
40
60
Engine Power, %
JP-8
HRJ
80
100
80
100
1E16
1E15
100
20 ppm S
1000 ppm S
1 1
1E14
0
20
40
60
40mg/kg~1%S(IV)
conversiontoS(VI)
80
100
Total A
Aerosol Mass EI (mg/kg)
Total Ae
erosol Number EI (#/kg)
10
20 ppm S
1000 ppm S
1
0
20
40
60
80
AMSmeasurementsindicatevolatilemassmostlysulfate
100
AAFEXIIParticipation
Morethan60individualsparticipated,representing22publicandprivateinstitutions
AAFEX II Workshop
Chamber
Liquid
Nitrogen
OPC
Flow
control
valves
OPC
Xenon Source
OPC
Vaporizer/
Heat
Exchanger
Spectrometer
Humidifier
P~1atm,T~673K
Flowthroughchambercansimulateconditionsupto50,000ft
ParticlesmonitoredusingOpticalParticleCountersandLightScattering
Cancontrolsootsize,numberdensity,andsulfateandorganiccoatings
Simulated
Exhaust Emissions
HighPMConcentrationsRequiredforIceFormation
ContrailvisibleforCN>1e6/cm3
Exhaust
Jet
Light
Source
Soot
4%RH
TestsarebeingconductedwithACCRIco
Tests are being conducted with ACCRI cosponsorship
sponsorshipandincollaborationwithAerodyne,
and in collaboration with Aerodyne
whichisusingthedatatovalidatecontrailmodel
Octtestswillexploreparticlesizeandsolubilityeffectsoniceformation
Willconductfuturetestsusinghighpressureburnerandalternativefuels
AlternativeFuelEffectsonContrailsandCruiseEmiSSions
ACCESS
ACCESS Objectives
1. Characterize cruise altitude soot and gas phase
emissions from aircraft as they burn a variety of
fuels, including JP
JP-8,
8, HRJs and possibly FT fuels.
May be limited to blends because of certification
issues.
2. Investigate the role of soot and fuel sulfur in
regulating contrail formation and the
microphysical properties of the ice particles.
particles
3. Measure the soot and gas-phase emissions and
contrail characteristics in exhaust from
commercial aircraft at cruise in air-traffic
corridors
ACCESSStatus
Location:
NASADrydenAircraftOperationalFacility,
Palmdale,California
D
Dates:
S i i 2013
Startingin2013
Sponsors:
NASA,othercollaborationsarewelcome
ChaseAircraft:
Dryden,Glenn,andLangleyaircraftarebeingconsidered
SourceAC:
NASADC8,othersarebeingconsidered
Measurements: Aerosolnumber,size,composition,volatility
Cloudparticlesize,number,images,watercontent
CO2,CO,NOx,O3,watervapor
Fuels:
Q
Questions?