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Abstract— Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communi- [5]–[8]. In this work we develop a channel estimation al-
cation methods based on orthogonal frequency division mul- gorithm for MIMO-OFDM systems with the constraint that
tiplexing (OFDM) and spatial multiplexing (SM) can lead to the preamble structure complies with the IEEE 802.11a high
a substantial improvement in the throughput performance of
many existing wireless channels. The main strength of MIMO speed WLAN standard [15]. The motivation for this lies in the
systems based on SM is their ability to support very high data development of a modem architecture well suited for the next
rates. Accurate channel estimation is essential in realizing the generation MIMO-OFDM based WLAN PHY standard that
full performance potential of MIMO-OFDM. Channel estimation would be backward-compatible to the legacy IEEE 802.11a
also becomes a major challenge as the number of parallel wireless and 802.11g standards [15], [16]. In addition to the use of
links increases substantially with the number of antennas at the
transmitter and receiver. In this paper we develop a channel the preamble and signal field symbol defined in the 802.11a
estimation algorithm well suited for MIMO-OFDM based on the PHY standard, soft symbol decisions generated during the
same preamble and signal field structure of the IEEE 802.11a data portion of the packet are used in improving the channel
standard, the current single-input single-output wireless local estimates in a sequential and decision-directed mode. It is
area network (WLAN) standard. This constraint is motivated shown that this approach is capable of estimating the channel
by the backward compatibility requirement of the upcoming
IEEE 802.11n standard, the next generation WLAN standard responses of all sixteen parallel wireless links associated with
that is currently being developed. In addition to the training a 4×4 SM configuration with a sufficient accuracy.
symbol and the signal field symbol, we make use of the soft
symbol information available in the data portion of the packet II. OFDM WITH S PATIAL M ULTIPLEXING OVER
in updating the channel estimate in a sequential and decision W IRELESS C HANNELS
directed fashion. It is shown that when this approach is tested
against a 4×4 (4 transmit antennas and 4 receive antennas) A spatial multiplexing system with Nt transmit antennas
SM configuration, the channel responses of all sixteen parallel and Nr receive antennas utilizing OFDM is shown in Fig. 1.
wireless links can be estimated with sufficient accuracy, starting Both spatial diversity and frequency diversity are exploited
with only one OFDM training symbol.
Index Terms—MIMO-OFDM, spatial multiplexing, channel using the convolutional error correction code combined with
estimation, soft symbol information bit-level interleaving. The size of the interleaver is dictated
by tradeoff between performance, which is reflected in the
I. I NTRODUCTION interleaver gain in the iterative demapping and decoding
strategy employed here, and latency/complexity.
Combining MIMO systems with orthogonal frequency divi-
sion multiplexing (OFDM) can provide high spectral efficiency t1[n, k ]
in rich scattering environments such as indoor wireless local s1[n, k ]
IFFT
area networks. MIMO-OFDM systems can effectively exploit
frequency diversity of frequency selective channels as well bl al
cl
as spatial diversity of uncorrelated parallel wireless links. Bit ECC Interleaver Modulator S/P converter
t Nt [n,k]
interleaved coded modulation (BICM) [1] used in conjunction
IFFT
with MIMO-OFDM and spatial multiplexing (SM) is particu- s N t [ n, k ]
PER
−1
are quite reliable). 10
−1
10
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is shown in Fig. 6. It is seen that the use of soft symbol [15] Part 11: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer
(PHY) specifications: high-speed physical layer in the 5 GHZ band,
information improves the quality of the channel estimate IEEE Std 802.11a-1999 (Supplement to IEEE Std 802.11-1999).
visibly. [16] Part 11: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer
(PHY) specifications-amendment 4: further higher-speed physical layer
V. C ONCLUSIONS extension in the 2.4 GHz band, IEEE Std 802.11g-2003 (Supplement to
IEEE Std 802.11-1999).
A channel estimation scheme for MIMO-OFDM with spa- [17] I. Barhumi, G. Leus, and M. Moonen, “Optimal training sequences for
tial multiplexing has been proposed that relies on the use of channel estimation in MIMO OFDM systems in mobile wireless chan-
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Broadband Communications, pp. 44-1–44-6, ETH Zurich, Switzerland,
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made available by the soft-in soft-out decoder is then used in a
sequential, decision-directed mode to improve upon the initial
estimate. Possible ways of utilizing soft symbol information in
the sequential channel estimation have been discussed. In one
instance, a 4 × 4 SM OFDM system that yields an aggregated
data rate of 216 Mbps has been tested under the assumption