Chapter II

Review and Related Literature

This chapter focuses on information and related study,
used to help proponents to find some important information
that

is

associated

as

relevant

to

the

system

being

proposed.

Foreign Literature
The

information

below

are

the

foreign

literature

gathered by the researchers.

In this study the authors describe the institutionlevel perceptions of stakeholders transitioning to a new
learning management system (LMS). We address issues related
to

change,

transition

the

institutions

process,

problems

administration

encountered,

of

and

the

realized

learning via online survey data collection, analysis, and

interpretation.
survey,

which

We

further

sought

experience.

The

institutions

as

to

detail

illuminate

summation
they

results

prepare

the

includes
for,

foreseeable LMS change and transition.

of
LMS

faculty

transition

suggestions
and

move

for

through,

Emerging in the mid-1990s. . . Management systems

have evolved from somewhat basic collections of disparate
applications into intricate, integrated enterprise systems
(Leslie, 2003, p. 1). Alias and Zain Uddin (2005) defined a
learning management system (LMS) as a software application
or Web-based technology used to plan, implement, and assess
a specific learning process (p. 28). Mohawk College (2009)
suggested an L.M.S. can be broadly described as a webaccessible platform for the anytime delivery, tracking
and

management

of

education

and

training.

L.M.Ss

are

essentially software running on dedicated hardware (p. 5).

Some LMSs are now over twenty years old, and much has
changed

since

the

first

LMS

arrived

on

the

distance

education scene in the mid-1990s.

Over a period of 20 years a great deal of change and
research has unfolded in all areas of distance education.
Turner (2011) completed a meta-analysis of 695 studies,
concluding

that

distance

education

research

fits

into

three main categories: (1) macro level research focusing on

distance education systems and theories; (2) meso level
research

focusing

organization;

and

on
(3)

management,

micro

level

technology,

research

focusing

and
on

teaching and learning in distance education (p. 4). Our

objective herein was to add to the macro and meso level by

examining online instructor perceptions of our institutionlevel

change

of

learning

management

system

(WebCT/Blackboard CE to Blackboard Learn version). To do

this

we

undertook

research

design

and

review

of

literature that would not only meet our needs but also
frame our study.
http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/11
26/2078

Local Literature

The

information

below

are

the

local

literature

gathered by the researchers.

E-learning

in

the

Philippines

through

the

Use

of

Affordable, High-Quality, and Custom-Designed Development

Tools (Anne Margrette Q. Caccam,
Emmanuel

P.

Balintec,

Janice

M.

Ballesteros,

Mabeth

M.

Borres,
Bienvenido H. Galang Jr., and Billy S. Pucyutan of Advanced
Science & Technology Institute)

The

2nd

National

E-learning

Conference

defines

e-

learning as:
technologically-supported learning, which includes the use
of

electronic

computers,

media

such

phone

bridging,

teleconferencing,

Satellite

as

the

audio

Internet,

and

personal

videotape,

broadcast,

mobile

video
phones,

personal digital assistants, and other related technologies

to

enhance

teaching

and

learning.

Since the start of rapid advances in technology, the need

to

integrate

technological

industry has
need,

been recognized.

concept

learning

of

stands

associating

knowledge

e-learning
for

the

education

In order

to address

has

established.

been

electronic

utilization

in

of

learning

electronic

and
this

that

materials

Eis,
to

learning. Today, the term eLearning has captured a wider

scope from the use of Personal Computers and the Internet
to the utilization of more advanced applications, as well
as

devices

or

tools

for

more

effective

teaching

and

learning. Currently, the local academe and industry have

incorporated eLearning but most of them are confined to the
Internet or are web-based. There is only a small number of
Filipinos who have an Internet connection and can avail of
its services. The Advanced Science & Technology Institute
is

the

research

and

development

organization

of

the

Philippine government, under the Department of Science &

Technology (DOST) that is mandated to pursue R&D in the
advanced

fields

Communication

of

Microelectronics

Technologies

(ICT).

and

The

Information

Mobile

and

Systems

&

Applications Group (MSAG) is one of the technical teams in

ASTI whose mission is to acquire, promote, and transfer
knowledge

and

skills

pertaining

to

wireless

mobile

technologies. The MSAG aims to contribute to the field of

e-learning

by

supporting

the

concept

of

integrating

e-

learning in education and industry. Part of its plan is to

encourage

collaborative

efforts

in

developing

strategies

and distributing e-learning tools.

http://bl4.bayanihan.gov.ph/downloads/Elearning%20in
%20the%20Philippines%20through%20the%20Use%20of
%20Affordable,%20High-Quality,%20and%20Custom-Designed
%20Development%20Tools.pdf

Foreign Study
The information below are the foreign study gathered by the
researchers.

Starting

from

the

general

definition

that

globalization is the process of interactions increased at

the global level, and of a higher interdependence at the
economic,

social,

ecological,

etc.

technological,
levels,

and

cultural,

sharing

the

political,
idea

that

globalization also refers to the diminishing of distances

through technology, language and cultural differences, or
to solving some global problems, this work tries to discuss
the

influence

of

globalization

upon

intercultural

manifestations, upon national and ethnical identities. The

evolution of society, namely the Romanian society imposed
specific changes

in the

school curricula,

and also

the

short and long term strategies. The focus is moving from

traditional learning to the creative, innovative and active
learning. The curriculum requires a flexible inter, multi
and trans-disciplinary approach. The traditional teaching
paradigm is changing to keep pace with the increase in nontraditional

students

and

the

changing

workforce.

As

result school in Romania, education at superior levels,

high-schools,

colleges

and

universities

continue

to

add

more distance Education courses, education focusing more

and more on e-learning.

A major tool in the use of educational technology in a

creative and innovative manner is the creation of a virtual
campus that implements a Learning Management System (LMS)
like Blackboard, WebCT, ANGEL or Moodle. The aim of the
hybrid campus is to:

increase individual oral proficiencies

outside of the classroom

provide grammar pattern drills and an

individual learning environment

provide

less

intimidating

learning

environment

Require the students to be on task and

to be responsible for their progress.

Thus, Learning Management Systems have the potential

to turn the conventional classroom format into a hybrid or
blended course format that allows for both collaborative
interaction among students (synchronous and asynchronous)
and an individual based learning model with self-contained
study phases. In addition, they provide a set of tools that
support an inquiry- and discovery-based approach to online
learning.
http://www.forumdeutsch.com

Local Study

The

information

below

are

the

local

literature

gathered by the researchers.

A Study on e-Learning for Philippines

Filipino culture places a high value on education. For
the majority of the Filipinos, the only best thing for a
child to acquire and secure a better future is through
education. So, they want more effective education system.
E-Learning is still an emerging market in the Philippines.
Its use is still sporadic and most users represent only a
small segment of the Philippines education and business
communities. The study wants to correct analysis and right
direction

presentation

for

Philippine

remote

education

environment.

Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies

Any attempt to institutionalize e-learning will prove
futile without first attaining its vital requisites. An

initial assessment of the Philippines e-learning stature

both

depicts

glooming

and

changing

scenario.

Three

crucial domains need further reinvigoration: technology and

infrastructure,

educational

standards

and

literacy,

and

government-private sector teamwork. Access to phone lines,

computers and the internet cannot substitute to the greater
need

to

develop

students.

the

E-learning

academic
requires

well-being
higher-order

of

Filipino

skills

and

analytical thinking. Raising the quality of training of

teachers and students is a must to maximize the promises of
Internet technology. The apparent lackluster performance of
the Department of Education (DepEd) in providing the basic
needs of primary and secondary high schools and the low
standard of education seems to be steps backward to this
end. Emphasis should be given on raising students English
language

proficiency

and

digital

fluency.

The

public

sector cannot carry the burden of forming an e-learning

society

alone.

The

private

sector

in

governments
programs

collaboration

such

as

with

PREGINET,

the

Fit-Ed

programs and the ASTI- and PLDT-sponsored project testifies

to this truth.
http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/articl
e/viewArticle/1659

Synthesis

According to the study of Dave E. Marcial, EDUCAUSE

use

survey

questionnaire

to

gather

data.

The

study

reveals that the level of prioritization of teaching and

learning with

technology in

HEIs in

the Philippines

is

high. According to Alias and Zain Uddin (2005), Learning

Management System is a software application or web-based
technology

used

to

plan,

implement

and

assess

specific

learning process. And Learning management systems such as

Moodle are seen as key strategies to enable education which
prepares students for a challenging future.
The researchers believe that the related studies and
literature in this research is related on their proposed
system which is the Online Learning Management System. The
researchers relate and differentiate the research of other
Online Learning Management System.