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Unit-I
1. What is a neural network?
Neural network is a massively parallel distributed processing system, made of highly
inter-connected neural computing elements that have the ability to learn and thereby
acquire knowledge and make it available for use.
2. What are the advantages of neural networks?
Non-linearity makes them usable for non-linear applications
They have input-output mapping capability
Adaptivity
Fault-tolerance
VLSI implementability
Uniformity of analysis and design
Neuro-biological analogy
Robust
Flexible
Ability to deal with variety of data situations
Collective computation
3. Sketch a biological neural network?
Medical applications
Speech re-production
Speech recognition
6. What is an activation (squashing) function?
It is a function used to limit (squash) the amplitude of the output of a neuron.
7. Mention the activation functions used by the neural networks.
The activation functions usually applied for artificial neural networks are:
Threshold function (binary step function)
Binary sigmoid function (logistic sigmoid)
Bipolar sigmoid function (hyperbolic tangent)
Piece-wise linear function
Identity function
8. Define identity activation function.
f ( x )=x , x
9. Define binary step activation function.
The binary step activation function, commonly referred to as threshold function or
Heaviside function is defined as
f ( x )= 1,if x 0
0,if x <0
The threshold value can be a non-zero value (), in which case, it is defined as
f ( x )= 1,if x
0,if x <
f(x
Learning is a process by which the free parameters of a neural network are adapted
through a process of stimulation by the environment in which the network is embedded.
12. What are the various learning methods used by artificial neural networks?
Learning methods used by ANN are:
Supervised learning (learning with a teacher)
Unsupervised learning (learning without a teacher)
Re-inforcement learning
13. What is supervised learning?
In this type of learning, the teacher provides the net with the desired response. When
input is applied to the net, it produces an output. This output is compared with the desired
response given by teacher, and the error is calculated. Based on this error, the net is
trained.
14. What is unsupervised learning?
In unsupervised learning, there is no teacher to present the desired response. Hence the
neural network has to learn on its own. The network learns of its own by discovering and
adapting to structural features in input patterns.
15. What is reinforced learning?
This is a type of learning where the teacher just says whether the output is correct or not.
Based on this, the net continuously interacts with the environment and corrects itself
based on some index of performance.
16. What are the learning rules used by ANNs?
The commonly used learning rules are:
Hebbian learning rule
Perceptron learning rule
Delta learning rule
Widrow-Hoff learning rule
Correlation learning rule
Winner-take-all learning rule
Outstar learning rule
17. What are the requirements to be satisfied by learning rules?
The learning should lead to convergence of weights.
The learning time should be as small as possible.
An on-line training is preferred to off-line training. I.e. the weights should be
adjusted on presentation of each sample and not separately.
Learning should use only local information as far as possible. I.e. the change in
weight on a connecting link between two units should depend on the states of the
two units only. In such a case, it is possible to implement the learning law in
parallel for all weights, thus speeding up the learning process.
18. What is Hebb rule?
3 IC1403 Neural Network & Fuzzy Logic Control
Answers
RMKEIE
xn
y
-p
xn+1
-p
xn+m
Y1
Wj1
W1k
W1m
Yk
Ym
Wpm
vo1
Z1
vn1
v1j
Zj
v1p
Zp
vnp
1
X1....
Xi
Xn
39. What are the characteristics expected out of activation function for backpropagation nets?
An activation function for the back-propagation net should have the following
characteristics:
It should be continuous
It should be differentiable
It should be monotonically non-decreasing
Its derivative should be easy to compute
40. What are the activation functions used by back-propagation nets?
Usually, bipolar sigmoid and binary sigmoid are used as activation functions.
41. What are the factors affecting the convergence of training of neural networks?
The important factors affecting the convergence of training are:
A.Initial weights
B.Weight adjustment mechanism
C.Activation function
D.Selection of learning constant
E.Momentum method
UNIT-II
1. What is a feedback neural network?
Feedback neural nets, also referred to as recurrent networks, are networks with at least
one feedback loop.
2. What is the use of unit delay elements in feedback networks?
Unit delay elements (z-1) are used to introduce non-linear dynamical behavior into the
network.
3. What is an associative memory neural network?
Associative memory neural nets are single-layer nets in which the weights are determined
in such a fashion that the net can store a set of pattern associations, each association
being an input-output pair s: t, and is able to recall the desired response pattern when
given an input stimulus that is similar, but not necessarily identical to the training input.
4. What is the difference between auto-associative and hetero-associative memory
neural networks?
In auto-associative memory net, each output vector t is same as the input vector s with
which it is associated, whereas in hetero-associative nets, thets are different from
thess.
5. What is a Hopfield neural network?
Hopfield nets are iterative, fully connected, auto-associative nets having symmetrical
weights with no self connections, used for pattern association applications.
6. What is Energy function or Lyapunov function?
7 IC1403 Neural Network & Fuzzy Logic Control
Answers
RMKEIE
It
is
function
used
to
prove
the
E=0.5 y i y j w ij xi y i + i y i
ij
convergence
of
the
Hopfield
net.
Y1
Y2
Yi
Yn
p=
n
2 log 2 n
Control
Pattern recognition
Medicine
Speech production and recognition
Business
12. Draw a schematic for forward plant identification.
PLANT
+
+
y=d
d-O
PLANT
+
xo
o
9 IC1403 Neural Network & Fuzzy Logic Control
Answers
RMKEIE
Cart position
Cart velocity
pendulum angle
pendulum velocity
,
18. What are the stages involved in control of inverted pendulum by neural network?
The control of inverted pendulum by neural network involves following stages:
Image acquisition
Training and
Neurocontrol
UNIT III
1. What are the differences between classical (crisp) and fuzzy sets?
A crisp set has a unique membership function to represent it, but a fuzzy set can have
infinite number of membership functions to represent it.
Crisp set takes only the binary values 0 and 1, whereas a fuzzy set can take values
between 0 and 1.
2. What is university of discourse of a set?
University of discourse is the universe of all available information on a given problem.
The University of Discourse is usually denoted by X.
3. What is cardinal number of a set?
The total number of elements in a universe X is called its cardinal number, which is
n
denoted by x .
4. What is a null set?
Null set () is the set containing no elements.
5. What is a power set?
All possible sets of X constitute a special set called the power set p(x).
6. Consider a university of discourse X ={ a , b , c } . Calculate the cardinal number of
X, power set and cardinality of the power set.
Cardinal number = number of elements in the universe =
11 IC1403 Neural Network & Fuzzy Logic Control
Answers
RMKEIE
n x =
3
2 Mark Questions &
A B={x |x Ax B }
Complement:
|x A , x X }
A={x
Difference:
A |B={x |x Ax B}
A A=
to a real
Intersection:
Complement:
Difference:
( x )= ( x ) ( x )=min ( ( x ) , ( x ))
A B
( x )=1 ( x )
A
| = ( x ) ( x )=min ( ( x ) , ( x ))
A B
AA
X Y
to the interval
[0,1], where the strength of the mapping is expressed by the membership function of the
relation.
12 IC1403 Neural Network & Fuzzy Logic Control
Answers
RMKEIE
RR
Let
, which is
( x , y )= ( x , y )=min ( ( x ) , ( y ) )
R
A B
, and
is a fuzzy relation on
X Y
X Z
is a fuuzy
composition is defined as :
T
=R S
( x , z ) = y Y ( ( x , y ) ( y , z ) )
T
( x , z )=max ( min ( ( x , y ) , ( y , z ) ))
T
Suppose
relation on
, and
is a fuzzy relation on
X Z
X Y
is a fuuzy
composition is defined as :
( x , z ) = y Y ( ( x , y ) ( y , z ) )
T
( x , z )=max ( ( x , y ) ( y , z ) )
T
Symmetry:
( xi , x j )= ( x j , x i )
R
( xi , x j )= 1 ( x j , x k )= 2
Transitivity: If
Then
( xi , x k )= , where
R
min ( 1 , 2)
21. What is a fuzzy tolerance relation?
A fuzzy tolerance relation
Intuition
Inference
Rank ordering
Neural networks
Genetic algorithms
Inductive reasoning
Soft-partitioning
Fuzzy statics
24. What is defuzzification?
Defuzzification is the conversion of a fuzzy quantity to a precise (crisp) quantity.
14 IC1403 Neural Network & Fuzzy Logic Control
Answers
RMKEIE
Max-membership principle
Centroid method
Center of sums
UNIT IV
1. What is a membership function?
Membership function is one that characterizes the fuzziness in a fuzzy set in graphical
form.
2. Define core, support and boundary of a membership function.
Core is that region of universe that is
characterized by complete and full
( x )=1
membership (
).
(x)
core
Support
Boundary
21.
UNIT V
1. How is a fuzzy logic controller used to control Blood Pressure during anesthesia?
22. A FLC is used to control the Mean arterial pressure (MAP), which is a measure of the
depth of anesthesia. The control structure is as shown in fig below.
23.
Surgical disturbances
artifacts
+
e
Fuzzy controller Vaporizer
Desired
blood
pressure
Semi-closed circuit
Patient
Measure
d blood
pressure
24.
2. What is a neuro-fuzzy controller?
25. It is a combination of neural network and fuzzy system used for control of plant. Neural
networks are used for optimization and determination of membership functions of fuzzy
system.
3. Mention some applications of fuzzy logic.
Control of inverted pendulum
Aircraft landing control
Blood pressure control during anesthesia
Image processing
Home heating system
4. How is fuzzy logic used in image processing application?
26. Fuzzy logic is used in image processing in following areas:
Auto-focus in camera
Image stabilization for camcorders
Image quality control of TV set
5. Describe the inverted pendulum control problem?
27. The goal of the inverted pendulum task is to apply a sequence of right and left forces of
fixed magnitude, such that, the pendulum is balanced, and the cart does not hit the edge
of the track. The cart pendulum physical system is shown in fig.
28.
Cart position
Cart velocity
pendulum angle
pendulum velocity
,
29.
30.