John Kanzius - RF-Induced Hyperthermia Vs Cancer - RF Ignition of Salt Water - US Patent Application # 0060190063

11/24/2014
JohnKanzius:RFInducedHyperthermiavsCancerRFIgnitionofSaltWater:USPatentApplication#0060190063
rexresearch.com
JohnKANZIUS
RFInducedHyperthermiavsCancer
&
SaltWaterFuel
ENFORCER Wireless OEM/ODM

Mfg of reliable RF transmitter & receivers since 1971. FCC approved.
Nanotechnology Products
Nano Particles/Powders/Dispersions Nanotubes, additives & Nano Lubes
JohnKanzius
Addendum:MX2009005080~RFSYSTEMSANDMETHODSFORPROCESSINGSALTWATER
http://www.wpbf.com/news/13383827/detail.html
http://www.wpbf.com/health/11125485/detail.html
Video:http://www.wpbf.com/video/13382787/index.html
Fla.ManInventsMachineToTurnWaterIntoFire
SANIBELISLAND,Fla.AFloridamanmayhaveaccidentallyinventedamachinethatcouldsolvethegasolineandenergycrisisplaguingthe
U.S.,WPBFNews25reported.
SanibelIslandresidentJohnKanziusisaformerbroadcastexecutivefromPennsylvaniawhowonderedifhisbackgroundinphysicsandradio
http://www.rexresearch.com/kanzius/kanzius.htm#mxpatent
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couldcomeinhandyintreatingthediseasefromwhichhesuffers:cancer.
Kanzius,63,inventedamachinethatemitsradiowavesinanattempttokillcancerouscellswhileleavingnormalcellsintact.Whiletestinghis
machine,henoticedthathisinventionhadotherunexpectedabilities.
Fillingatesttubewithsaltwaterfromacanalinhisbackyard,Kanziusplacedthetubeandapapertowelinthemachineandturnediton.
Suddenly,thepapertowelignited,lightingupthetubelikeitwasawaxcandle.
"Prettyneat,huh?"KanziusaskedWPBF'sJonShainman.
Kanziusperformedtheexperimentwithoutthepapertowelandgotthesameresultthesaltwaterwasactuallyburning.
Theformerbroadcastingexecutivesaidheshowedtheexperimenttoahandfulofscientistsacrossthecountrywhoclaimtheyarebaffledat
watchingsaltwaterignite.
Kanziussaidtheflamecreatedfromhismachinereachesatemperatureofaround3,000degreesFarenheit.Hesaidachemisttoldhimthatthe
immenseheatcreatedfromthemachinebreaksdownthehydrogenoxygenbondinthewater,ignitingthehydrogen.
"Youcouldtakeplainsaltwateroutofthesea,putitincontainersandproduceaviolentflamethatcouldheatgeneratorsthatmakeelectricity,or
provideotherformsofenergy,"Kanziussaid.
HesaidengineersarecurrentlyexperimentingwithhiminErie,Pa.inanattempttoharnesstheenergy.They'vebuiltanenginethat,whenplaced
ontopoftheflame,chuggedalongfortwominutes,KanziustoldWPBF.
Kanziusadmitsalltheexcitementsurroundinganewpossibleenergysourcewasastrokeofluck.Someonewhowitnessedhisworkonthecancer
frontaskedhimifperhapsthemachinecouldbeusedfordesalinization.
"ThiswasanexperimenttoseeifIcouldheatsaltwater,andinsteadofheat,Igotfire,"Kanziussaid.
Kanziussaidhehopedthathisinventioncouldonedaysolvealotoftheworld'senergyproblems.
"IfIweretobeboldenough,Ithinkonedayyoucouldpoweranautomobilewiththis,eventually,"KanziustoldWPBF.
WPBF.com
February27,2007
FloridaManInventsMachineToCureCancer
SANIBELISLAND,Fla.AFloridamanwithnomedicaltraininghasinventedamachinethathebelievesmayleadtoacureforcancer.
JohnKanzius,whoturns63onMarch1,isaformerbroadcastexecutivefromPennsylvaniawhowonderedifhisbackgroundinphysicsandradio
couldcomeinhandyintreatingthediseasefromwhichhesuffershimself.
InsidehisSanibelIslandgarage,Kanziusinventedamachinehebelievessitsonthebrinkofamajormedicalbreakthrough.
Themachinebegantotakeshapefouryearsago,whenhisdreamsofretirementwereputonholdafterhewasdiagnosedwitharareformof
leukemia.
Kanzius'inventionisnotflashy,anditlookslikeapieceof20thcenturyhardware.Itdoesn'tevenhaveaname.
"It'sakickasscancercellgenerator,"Kanziuscalledit.
After24roundsofchemotherapy,theformerbroadcasterdecidedthathedidnotwanttoseeotherssuffertryingtocurethedisease.
Kanziussaiditwaswatchingkidsbeingtreatedthataffectedhimthemost.
"Particularly,youngchildrenwalkinwithsmiles,andthenyou'dseethemthreeweekslaterandtheirsmileshaddisappeared.Isaidtomyself,
'We'reinabarbarictypeofmedicine,'"KanziustoldWPBF.
Hebegantinkeringwithpieplatesandhotdogs,tryingtousehisbroadcastingbackgroundtokillthecancerouscells.
Kanziussaidhismachinebasicallymakescellsactlikeantennaetopickupasignalandselfdestruct.
Unlikecurrentcancertreatment,Kanzius'machinedoesnotuseradiation,andunliketoday'sradiofrequencytreatments,it'snoninvasive.
Now,someofthenation'smostprominentdoctorsandscientistsareusingKanzius'machinesintheirresearch.InJanuary,researcherssaidthey
performedabreakthroughattheM.D.AndersonCancerCenterinHouston.
"Thecompletekillingofpancreaticcellsinlaboratoryconditionsisencouraging,"Dr.SteveCurleysaid.
Curleyiscurrentlytestingwhethercanceroustumorscanbewipedoutinanimals.
"We'vegotalotmoreworktodo,butthisisveryinterestingpreliminarywork,"CurleytoldWPBF.
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Kanziusexplainedthathismachineusesasolutionfilledwithnanoparticles,whichmeasurenomorethanonebillionthofameter.Atestsubject
wouldbeinjectedwitheithergoldorcarbonnanoparticles,whichwouldmaketheirwaythroughthebodyandattachtothecancerouscells.The
testsubjectwouldthenenterthemachineandreceiveadoseofradiofrequencywaves,theoreticallyheatingandkillingthecancerouscellsin
momentsandleavingnearbycellsuntouched.
"Thatistheholygrailwhentheyattach,andresearchhasshownthatthey'reabletokillthemoncetheyattachtothecancercells,"Kanziussaid.
Kanziussaidhehopestobeginhumantestingwithhismachinewithinthenexttwoyears.
"Theresultslooktoophenomenalforanyonetostopatthispointintime.Idon'tthinkthelargestresearchcenterintheworldwouldputtimeand
effortandtheirnameonaprojectiftheydidnotthinkitwouldwork,"KanziustoldWPBF.
KanziustoldWPBFhedoesnotwanttotryandbuildupfalsehope,buthementionedthattherecouldbesomemajorannouncementscoming
fromresearchersinthenextcomingmonths.
WSEETV
http://www.goerie.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070518/WSEE01/70517027/1
VIDEO:http://interface.audiovideoweb.com/lnk/va92win15111/CURRAN051707.wmv/play.asx
May18.2007
KANZIUSDISCOVERSALTERNATIVEFUEL
JohnKanziusmayhavefoundacureforcancerandarenewableenergysourcetoo.
Asiffindingapotentialcureforcancerisn'tenough...JohnKanziusandhisassociateCharlieRutkowskihavefoundawaytocreateenergyby
burningsaltwaterwiththesameradiowavemachinetheyareusingtokillcancercells.
KanziusandRutkowskiweretestingtheirexternalradiowavegeneratortoseeifitcoulddesalinatesaltwater...andtheyendedupbeingableto
burnit.
"Onourwaytotrytododesalinizationwecameupwithsomethingthatburnsanditlookslikesaltwatercouldbeusedasafueltoreplacethe
carbonfootstepsthatwe'vebeenusingalltheseyearsi.e.fossilfuels."saidKanzius
Theradiowavesexcitethesaltwatercausingittoburnandcreatingtheperfectenergysource.
"Usingsaltwaterorasyousawweusedmanmadesaltwaterjusttooktapwaterandaddedsaltwatertoitandgotittoburnsoifyouhavewater
andsalttwoofthebiggestresourcesonthiswholeplanetimeanunbelievable."saidRutkowski.
Thepotentialusesarelimitless...fuelforcars,creatingelectricity,heatinghomes...andallwitharesourcethatisunlimitedandrenewable.
Kanziusplanstocontinuehisresearchandhopesthatonedayhisinventionwillcurecancerandcreateenergyfromsaltwaterefficiently.
"IfithelpshumanityandithelpspeopleoutandithelpsthecityandthecountyoutandmorejobsforthiscitythenIfeellikedonepart."said
Kanzius.
Nowthequestionis...whatwillKanziusdonext?
http://www.wjettv.com/content/fulltext/?cid=2424
VIDEO:http://www.wjettv.com/media_player.php?media_id=1357
May17,2007
FromTreatingCancertoFindingAlternativeFuels
by
KimThomas
He'salreadyonthepathtofindingatreatmentforcancer,nowErieinventorJohnKanziusmayhavediscoveredawaytoproducealternative
fuels.Thursdayafternoon,Kanziusshowedhowhewasabletoconvertsaltwaterintofuel.
TheExternalRFGeneratorwasinventedtofindatreatmentforcancer.Now,afterexperimentingwiththedesalinizationprocess,JohnKanzius
haspotentiallyfoundanalternativefuel...saltwater.Youmayhavetoseeit,tobelieveit.
First,Kanziusshowedhowplaintapwaterwouldn'tcreateaflame.Then,Mortonsaltwasadded...heatedup...andignition.Kanziuscanaddsalt
totapwaterorusesaltwaterfromtheGulfofMexicooranyotherbodyofwater.They'veproveditcanevenworklikeasparkplugcreatingheat
inachamberbyusingapapertowelasawick.
IfthisisassuccessfulasKanziusispredicting,saltwatercouldsomedaybeusedasalowcostalternativefuel.
Kanziussayshefeelsthesamewayaboutthislatestdiscoveryashedoesabouthistheoryforcuringcancer.Aslongashe'shelpingtheErie
communityandhumanity,thenhe'sdoinghispart.
WaterIntoFuel?
by
MichaelO'Mara
RetiredTVstationownerandbroadcastengineer,JohnKanzius,wasn'tlookingforananswertotheenergycrisis.
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Hewaslookingforacureforcancer.
Fouryearsago,inspirationstruckinthemiddleofthenight.Kanziusdecidedtotryusingradiowavestokillthecancercells.
HiswifeMarianneheardthenoiseandfoundherhusbandinventingaradiofrequencygeneratorwithherpiepans.
"Igotupimmediately,andthoughthehadlostit."
HerearethebasicsofJohn'sidea:
Radiowaveswillheatcertainmetals.Tinybitsofcertainmetalareinjectedintoacancerpatient.
Thosenanoparticalsareattractedtotheabnormalitiesofthecancercellsandignorethehealthycells.
Thepatientisthenexposedtoradiowavesandonlythebadcellsheatupanddie.
ButJohnalsocameacrossyetanotherextrordinarybreakthrough.
Hismachinecouldactuallymakesaltwaterburn.
JohnKanziusdiscoveredthathisradiofrequencygeneratorcouldreleasetheoxygenandhydrogenfromsaltwaterandcreateanincrediblyintense
flame.
"Justlikethat.Ifthatwasinacarcylinderyoucouldseetheamountoffirethatwouldbeinthecylinder."
TheAPVCompanyLaboratoryinAkronhascheckedoutJohn'samazinginvention.Theywereamazed.
"Thatcouldbeasteamengine,asteamturbine.Thatcouldbeacarengineifyouwantedittobe."
Imaginethepossibilities.Saltwaterastheultimatecleanfuel.
Ahappybyproductofonemansearchingforthecureforcancer.
ErieTimesNews(17Aug.2007),1B
"StaggeringlyImportant"
RenownedscientistlaudsKanzius'invention
ByGEORGEMILLER
george.miller@timesnews.com
AmaterialsscientistisheatedupovertheeffectofJohnKanzius'externalradiowavegeneratoronsaltwater.
"Itisscientificallyastaggeringlyimportantdiscovery",saidRustumRoy,aleadingauthorityonmicrowaveapplicationsonmaterialstechnology.
RoywasinErieonThursdaytoviewexperimentswiththeradiowavegeneratoratIndustrialSalesandManufacturingInc.,theMillcreek
companythatbuildsKanzius'generator.Intheexperiments,atesttubeofsaltwatercreatesaflamewhenbombardedbythegenerator.
"Itwillcertainlyshapealotofscience",saidRoy,whofoundedtheMaterialsScienceLaboratoryatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity."Itwilltellus
alotmoreaboutthestructureofwaterthananythingin100years.It'sabig,bigcontributiontothescienceofwater".
Roy,aPennStateprofessoremeritus,stillteachessomeclassesthereandoverseesresearch.Hehasdonestudiesonthestructureofwater.Heis
alsoavisitingprofessorofmedicineattheUniversityofArizonaanddistinguishedprofessorofmaterialsatArizonaStateUniversity.Hespends
hiswintersinArizona.KanziussaidRoywasthefirstoutsideexpertinwatertoviewthedemonstration."Itwassinkorswimtimeforthe
project,"Kanziussaid.Kanziussaidheispleasedwiththeassessment,especiallybecausetherehavebeenskeptics."Tohearaworldauthority
givesucharavereviewisphenomenal",hesaid."It'smorethanweeverexpectedtohearfromhimtoday.Iexpectedhimtohitmeonthehead
withasledgehammerandsay,"Wakeup".
Kanzius,aMillcreekinventorandaformertelevisionandradiobroadcasterandengineer,builttheradiowavegeneratorin2003asawayof
treatingcancer.Thecancerresearch,hesaid,isgoingfullspeedahead."
Hefoundthegenerator'seffectonsaltwaterbyaflukeduringademonstrationinthefallof2006andhasbeenexploringitsuseasanalternative
energysourcesincethen.
RoysaidtheKanzius'discoveryhasscientificvalueinitselfandalsohasthepotentialtocreateanalternativeenergysourceandperhapsevento
benefitmedicinebeyondcancer.
"Whereitsapplicationsleadishardtotell",saidRoy."Scienceisnothardtotell.It'sgoingtobeawholenewgrowthtreeofscienceofthe
radiationeffectsonwaterstructure?"
Roysaidheisn'tsurewhetherthegenerator'susewouldresultinanetgaininenergysincethegeneratoritselfispoweredbyenergy.
"Itiscertainlyanewrouteforactiveresearch",hesaid.
http://www.latimes.com/news/lanacancer2nov02,0,1721192,full.story?coll=latottopstoriesSendinghiscancerasignal
November2,2007
SendingHisCancerASignal
by
ErikaHayasaki,
LosAngelesTimesStaffWriter
erika.hayasaki@latimes.com
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"Iwanttoseethetreatmentwork,"saysJohnKanzius,whosecancerhasrecurred.Heknowstheprocesshedevelopedmaynotbereadyintime
tosavehislife,buttheprojectwasneverabouthim.JohnKanzius,sorelyweakenedbyleukemiatreatments,drewonhislifetimeofworkingwith
radiowavestodeviseamachinethattargetscancercells.Themiracle:Itworks.
ERIE,PA.WhendoctorstoldJohnKanziushehadninemonthstolive,hequietlythankedGodforhisblessingsandpreparedtodie.
Then58,hehadlivedagoodlife,withalovingwife,twosuccessfuladultdaughtersandagratifyingcareer.
Nowhehadleukemiaandwasreadytoaccepthisfate,butthevisitstothecancerwardshookhim.Faceshauntedhim,thebaldandbandaged
heads,bodiesslumpedinwheelchairs,andchildrenwhocouldnotplay.
Likehim,theyhadenduredchemotherapytreatmentsthatcausedtheirweighttoplummet,handstoshake,bodiestoweaken,andimmunesystems
tobreakdowntothepointthattheslightestgermcouldbedeadly.Kanziusknewtheiragony.Hebelievedifcancerdidn'tkillhimfirst,the
treatmentssurelywould.
Hethoughttherehadtobeamorehumanewaytotreatcancer.
Kanziusdidnothaveamedicalbackground,notevenabachelor'sdegree,butheknewradios.Hehadbuiltandfixedthemsincehewasachild,
collectingtransmitters,transceivers,antennasandamplifiers,earninganamateurradiooperatorlicense.Kanziusknewhowtosendradiowave
signalsaroundtheworld.Ifhecouldtransmitthemintocancercells,hewondered,couldhethendirecttheradiowavestodestroytumors,while
leavinghealthycellsintact?
Awakeinbedonenightin2003,astheclocktickedpast2,Kanziuspulledhimselffrombeneaththecovers,leavinghissleepingwife,Marianne.
Hestaggereddownaflightofstairs,grabbedsomecopperwires,boxes,antennasandMarianne'spiepans,andbeganbuildingamachine.
Formonths,Kanziustinkered,usingthepiepanstocreateanelectroniccircuit,oftenwakingMariannewithhisclanging.Byday,hesentherout
withsupplylists:mineralmixtures,metals,wires.
Hisearlymorningexperimentswouldleadhimtooneofthenation'stopcancerresearchercenters,andearnthesupportofaNobelPrizewinner.
Whenitcametoelectronics,Mariannehadalwaysknownherhusbandwasgifted.Butstillsheworried:Washegoingmad?"MyGod,honey,"
shethought,"noneofthedoctorscanfixthis.Howcanyou?"
Kanzius'motherwantedhimtobeapriestoradoctor,buthefollowedhisfather,atechnicianandhamradiooperatorwhotaughthissontolove
electronicsandtoldhimtheywouldsoontakeovertheworld.
WhenKanziuswas22,aftertwoyearsoftradeschool,hegotajobatRCAasatechnicalassistant.Onhisfirstday,hefixedthecompany'scolor
televisiontransmitters,whichhadbeenthesubjectoflawsuitsbecausetheydidnotcomplywithFederalCommunicationsCommission
guidelines.Hewaspromotedtotheengineeringdepartment.
HeworkedatRCAfortwoyears.In1966,hetookajobatatelevisionstationasdirectorofengineering.Kanziusbecamepresidentandcoowner
ofatelevisionandradiostationcompanyin1984.Heretiredin2001.
Inthewinterof2002Kanziusfeltsorenessinhisabdomen.OnGoodFriday,hewentinforaCTscan.Doctorstoldhimhehadfivetoseven
yearstolive.
Thedrivehomefeltlikethelongestofhislife.Ontheway,hecalledMarianne.Shenotedthatmomentinherjournal:
"Ihadn'theardfromhim.Thenthephonerang.'Honey,it'sbad.Ihaveatumorinmystomach.They'renotcertain,buttheythinkit'snon
Hodgkin'slymphoma.'Thephonewentsilent."
Heunderwentchemotherapy,afewtimesaweekforsixmonthsbuthestayedupbeat,anddoctorstoldhimthecancerhadgoneintoremission.
Ayearafterhisdiagnosis,onGoodFridayagain,doctorsgavehimbadnews:Hehadanaggressivetypeofcancerthathadnotactuallygoneinto
remission.Theygavehimninemonths.Doctorssaidheneededabonemarrowtransplant,andKanziustraveledtoM.D.AndersonCancerCenter
inHoustonforasecondopinion.Duringhisvisit,henoticedthechildreninthecancerward.Kanziuswenthomethinkingaboutthem,andsoon
mappedouthisidea.
Heknewthatmetalwouldheatwhenexposedtoradiowaves.Hewantedtofocusthewavesbyinsertingmetalparticlesintotumors.Theinfused
cellswouldbeplacedinaradiofrequencyfield.Thewaveswouldpassthroughthehumanbody,andtheparticlesinjectedintothecancerwould
heatandkillthecellswithoutharminganythingelse.
Hebuiltamachinetosendthewaves,whileundergoinghissecondroundofchemotherapy.Thistimethetreatmentsnearlykilledhim.Hespent
threeorfourdaysaweekatthehospital,sometimesforaslongaseighthours.Hecamehometorest,onlytotoiloverhisproject.
ByChristmas2003,Kanziuscouldbarelywalk.Aroundthattime,his83yearoldmotherdiedfromlungcancer.Kanziuswastooweaktoboarda
planeforherfuneral.
HedrewpicturesforMarianne,leavingthemaroundthehouse.Oneshowedhimasastickfigurecurledoveratoiletasshetookcareofhim."A
signofreallove,"hewrote."Youaremyreasonforliving."
Wearyandweak,hetestedhismachinewithhotdogs,thenliver,thensteak.Heinjectedmineralsintothemeatandplacedtheslabsintohis
machine.Tohisdelight,theinjectedportionsofmeatburned.Butwoulditworkonpeople?
Mariannemarveledathisingenuityanddetermination.Shetookawalkonenightandnoticedthebrilliantcolorsofleavessoontofallfromtrees.
"Isitalessoninlife?"shewroteinherjournal."Doweseehowwonderful,howbeautiful,howmagnificentsomeoneis,justaswe'reaboutto
losethem?"
TheworstofKanzius'treatmentwasoverbyspring2005,andthecancerthistimewasinremission.
Reinvigorated,Kanziusknewheneededtogetthewordoutabouthisdiscovery.Hehadlunchwithacompetitorfromhisdaysinthenews
industry,themanagingeditorofalocalnewspaper.Hetoldhimabouthisproject,andtheeditorassignedareportertofindoutmore.Bysummer,
articlesbegantoappear,andthecommunitygrewinterested.
Dr.DavidA.Geller,codirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghMedicalCenter'slivercancerprogram,readaboutKanzius'machineandcalled
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him.
Kanziushadsecuredapatentforhismachine,andaskedacompanythatmadetransmitterstobuildamodel.Hesentittothemedicalcenterso
Gellercouldperformtests.
KanziussharedhistheorywithhisleukemiadoctoratM.D.Anderson.KanziussaidhewantedtoshowhismachinetoDr.StevenA.Curley,an
oncologistonstaffwhospecializedinradiofrequencycancertreatment.
Doctorsalreadyuseatreatmentcalledradiofrequencyablationtokillcancer.Themethodinvolvesinsertingneedlesintotumorsandkillingthem
withelectrodes.Theinvasiveprocedureislimitedbecauseitcanonlyreachcertainsites,mostlysmalltumors,anditcandamagehealthycellsin
thesurroundingarea.
Kanzius'doctorcontactedCurleyandtoldhimhedidnotknowwhetherhispatientwasmad,buthisideahadattractedalotofattention.Curley
calledKanziusandaskedwhetherhecouldfindasubstancethatcouldattachtocancercellsandburnwhenhitwithradiowaves,sparinghealthy
cells.
Kanziussaidhemightbeabletousenanoparticles,whicharesosmallthat75,000to100,000linedupsidebysideequalthewidthofastrandof
humanhair.Hethoughtnanoparticlescouldpotentiallybedirectedtotravelthroughthebloodstreamandstickonlytocancercellsapatient
wouldswallowapillortakeashotcontainingthem.Butwouldtheyburn?
Kanziusneededtogethishandsonsomenanoparticles.
CurleyknewthatNobelPrizewinningchemistRichardSmalley,whospecializedinnanoscience,wasalsobeingtreatedforcanceratM.D.
Anderson.CurleygotintouchwithSmalleyandexplainedKanzius'theory.
SmalleydidnotthinkthenanoparticleswouldburnbutagreedtogiveCurleytwovials.
InJune2005,CurleymetwithKanziusandMarianne.Hepulledthevialsofnanoparticlesoutofhissuitjacketpocket,andKanziusplacedthem
intheradiofieldofhismachineandturnediton.
Theyburned.
Mariannecapturedthatdayinherjournal:
"Johnasked,'Isthiswhatyouexpected?'Forthefirsttimeinmylife,Irealizedthatasmilestartsbehindtheeyesbeforeitstartsatthemouth,for
Steveresponded,'ThisismuchmorethanIexpected.'Iwatchedhissmileengulfhisentireface."
Mariannefinallyrealized:"CouldwhatJohn'sworkingonbereal?"CurleyphonedSmalleytotellhimthenews.
HerememberedSmalley'sresponse:"HolyGod."
SmalleyaskedhiscolleaguesatRiceUniversitytoworkwithCurley'steamatM.D.Andersonontheproject.
ShortlybeforehediedinOctober2005,SmalleymadeafinalrequesttoCurley,whowouldnotforgethiswords:"Nothinghasthepotentialto
helppeople,tohelppatients,morethanthis.Youhavetopromisemetokeepdoingthiswork."
Withtheprojectmovingalong,Kanziusinvitedscholars,politiciansandscientiststoEriefordemonstrations.Thisspring,aCanadianhealth
ministerhadarandomthought,afternoticinghowquicklycondensationformedonthetesttubewallsduringtheprocess:Withtheworld'sneed
forfreshwater,heaskedKanzius,couldhismachinebeusedtodesalinatewater?
Afewweekslater,KanziustriedtoheatanddistillwatermixedwithMorton'ssaltinatesttube,whichheplacedintohisgenerator.Heturnedon
theradiofrequenciesandheldamatchtothesaltwater.
Flameserupted.
Theradiowaveshadweakenedthebondsthatheldtogethertheelementsthatmadeupthewater,andignitedthehydrogen.Theresultsleft
scientistsexcitedbythepossibilityofseparatinghydrogenthemostabundantelementintheuniversefromsaltwatertouseasafuel.
RustumRoy,aPennStateUniversitychemistandwaterscienceexpert,calleditthemostremarkablediscoveryinwaterscienceinthelast
century.HisteamisworkingonthesaltwaterprojectatPennState,usingKanzius'machine.
ThesaltwaterdiscoverypleasedKanzius,butthecancerprojecttookprecedence.
Fouryearsafterhecameupwithhisidea,researcherscontinuedexperimentsandkilledhumancancercellsinpetridishesusingnanoparticlesand
hismachine.Theyrecentlykilled100%ofcancercellsgrownintheliversofrabbits,usingKanzius'method.
Curleysaidthetreatmentisthemostpromisinghehaseverseenbecauseithasthepotentialtokillcancerwithoutinvasivetreatmentorsurgery
thatdoctorscurrentlyhavenowayofdetecting.Thenextstepforscientistsistoperfectamethodofbindingnanoparticleswithantibodiesthat,
whenintroducedintothebloodstream,willattachonlytocancercellswhileavoidingnormalcells.Hesaidthetreatmentcouldworkonanykind
ofcancer,andheestimatesclinicaltrialsarethreetofouryearsaway.
"Possible?"Curleysaid."Yes.Notsimple."
Lastyear,Kanziusbeganraisingmoneyforhisresearchwiththehelpofhisneighbors.Highschoolstudentsheldfundraisers,foundationsoffered
grants,andchildrensoldlemonade.Donationssoonreachedmorethan$1million.ThisMay,ErieofficialsgaveKanziusakeytothecityand
declaredanofficialJohnKanziusDay.AformerEriemayorannouncedagoalofraising$3milliontofundresearch.
Buttheaccoladesmeantlittleifthewidermedicalcommunitydidnotrecognizetheresearch.Ithadtobereviewedbyapanelofmedicalexperts
andpublishedinascientificjournal.
InJune,scientistssubmittedmanuscriptsbasedonthefindingstojournals.Threemonthslater,CurleycalledKanziuswithnews:The
manuscripts,withKanziuslistedasacoauthor,wouldbepublishedinDecemberinCancer,anoncologymedicaljournal.Theresultsappeared
onlinelastweek.
KanziushungupandyelledthenewstoMarianne,whowaswatchingtelevisiondownstairs.Shescreamed.
At63,Kanziusisstillreceivingtreatmentforhiscancer,whichhasrecurred.Heknowstheprocesshedevelopedmaynotbereadyintimetosave
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hislife,buttheprojectwasneverabouthim."Iwanttoseethetreatmentwork,"hesaid."Thatwouldbemythanks."
ForMarianne,thejourneyledhertoquestionherfaithinGod,onlytohaveitreaffirmed.
Sheishopefultheinventionwillhelpfuturegenerations,butshelivesinterror,stayingupatnighttomakesureKanziusisstillbreathing.She
cannotimaginewakingupwithoutherhusbandbesideher.
"I'mselfish,"shesaid."Ifsomethingcanhelphim,Iwouldlikethistohelphim.
"Yes,Ihope."
http://www.goerie.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090508/NEWS02/305089932/1/NEWS02
May08.2009
ResearchshowsKanzius'inventionkillsleukemiacells
by
DAVIDBRUCE
david.bruce@timesnews.com[moredetails]
WhatItMeans
TheresearchshowedthatJohnKanzius'radiofrequencydevicecankillleukemiacellsinbloodwithoutdamagingahighpercentageofhealthy
cells.Suchdatawasneededtodetermineifthedevicecouldpossiblybeusedonedaytotreatleukemiapatients.
HamotMedicalCenterispresenting33researchprojectsThursdayandtodayatthehospital'sResearchExposition2009.
Butonlyoneofthoseprojectsinvolvesadevicethathasbeenprofiledon"60Minutes"andinmajornewspapersaroundtheworld.
Agroupofresearchers,includingthelateMillcreekTownshipinventorJohnKanzius,showedthatKanzius'externalradiofrequencygenerator
cankillleukemiacellsinbloodwhiledamagingfewother,healthycells.
"Thisisinformationweneededtofind,"saidPeterDepowski,M.D.,Hamot'schiefofpathologyandoneoftheproject'sresearchers."Itdoesn't
matterhowwellthedevicekillscancercellsifyoukillallthehealthycellsaswell."
Kanzius,whodiedinFebruaryafteralongbattlewithchroniclymphocyticleukemia,helpedputtogethertheresearchprojectin2008.Itwas
completedinDecember.
Bloodsamplesweretakenfrom19CLLpatientsattheRegionalCancerCenter.
Researchershadwantedsamplesfrom20patients,anddozensfromallovertheworldvolunteeredfortheproject.Butresearchershadtimeto
workwithonly19patientsbeforeKanziushadtomovehisRFdevicetohiswinterhomeinSanibel,Fla.
AllbutonebloodsampleweretreatedwithKanzius'device,whichemitsradiowaves.Thesampleswerethensentfortestingtoseewhatcells
survived.
Theremainingsampleservedastheproject'scontrol.
"Welearnedthattheradiowavesdamagethe(cancer)cellsmorethanthehealthyones,"saidJustineSchober,M.D.,oneoftheproject's
researchersandHamot'sdirectorofacademicresearch."Whatwedon'tknowisthesignificance.Whetherthedamageisduetoheatingor
somethingelse."
SchoberKanziusDepowskiandLazarusMayoglou,aLakeErieCollegeofOsteopathicMedicinestudent,sentthedatatoSteveCurley,M.D.,
principalinvestigatorfortheKanziusProjectatM.D.AndersonCancerCenterinHouston.
CurleysaidthedatagavehimbackgroundonhowwellKanzius'devicewouldworkonthisparticulartypeofcancercell.
"(It)raisedthebloodtemperatureenoughtokilllowpercentagesoftheleukemiccells,"Curleysaidinanemail."Wekilledthesamepercentage
ofcellswithahotwaterbathtreatment.SoitwasnottheRFfieldbutnonspecificlowlevelheating."
CurleyandhisresearchteamatM.D.AndersoncontinuetotestKanzius'deviceonmanydifferenttypesofcancer,includingleukemia.Hesaid
theyareusinggoldnanoparticlestinypiecesofmetaltotargettheleukemiacells,justashedoeswithliverandpancreaticcancercells.
Kanzius'deviceheatsthenanoparticlesuntiltheydestroythetargetedcancercells.Nearbyhealthycells,whicharen'ttargeted,arenotdamaged.
"Itonlyworkswellwiththenanoparticles,"Curleysaid.
Playingevenasmallroleinthesearchforacancercureisrewarding,Depowskisaid.
"Dr.Curleyisleadingthecharge,andwe'refollowinghislead,"Depowskisaid.
Hamot'sResearchExpositioncontinuestodayatthehospital,201StateSt.
DAVIDBRUCEcanbereachedat8701736orbyemail.
USPatentApplication#20060190063
EnhancedSystemsandMethodsforRFInducedHyperthermia
24August2006
USCl.607/101
IntlCl.A61F2/0020060101A61F002/00
AbstractAmethodofinducinghyperthermiainatleastaportionofatargetareae.g.,atumororaportionofatumorortargetedcancerous
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cellsisprovided.TargetedRFabsorptionenhancers,e.g.,antibodiesboundtoRFabsorbingparticles,areintroducedintoapatient.These
targetedRFabsorptionenhancerswilltargetcertaincellsinthetargetareasandenhancetheeffectofahyperthermiageneratingRFsignal
directedtowardthetargetarea.ThetargetedRFabsorptionenhancersmay,inamannerofspeaking,addoneormoreRFabsorptionfrequencies
tocellsinthetargetarea,whichwillpermitahyperthermiageneratingRFsignalatthatfrequencyorfrequenciestoheatthetargetedcells.
Description
CROSSREFERENCETORELATEDAPPLICATIONS
[0001]Thisapplicationclaimspriorityto,andthebenefitsof,provisionalapplicationSer.No.:60/569,348filedonMay7,2004,whichisentitled
SystemandMethodForRFInducedHyperthermia,andwhichisincorporatedhereinbyreference.Thisapplicationisalsoacontinuationinpart
ofandclaimsprioritytononprovisionalapplicationSer.No.10/969,477filedonOct.8,2004,whichisalsoentitledSystemandMethodforRF
InducedHyperthermia,andwhichisincorporatedhereinbyreference.ThisapplicationisalsorelatedtoU.S.patentapplicationSer.No.______,
filedherewithandentitledSystemsandMethodsforCombinedRFInducedHyperthermiaandRadioimmunotherapyandfiledherewithand
relatedtoU.S.patentapplicationSer.No.______,filedherewithandentitledSystemsandMethodsforRFInducedHyperthermiaUsing
BiologicalCellsandNanoparticlesasRFEnhancerCarriers,bothofwhichareincorporatedhereinbyreference.
FIELDOFTHEINVENTION
[0002]Thepresentinventionrelatesgenerallytothefieldofradiofrequency(RF)circuits,andmorespecificallytoanRFtransmitterandreceiver
systemandmethodforinducinghyperthermiainatargetarea.
BACKGROUNDOFTHEINVENTION
[0003]Hyperthermiaischaracterizedbyaveryhighfever,especiallywheninducedartificiallyfortherapeuticpurposes.RFelectromagnetic
energyiselectromagneticenergyatanyfrequencyintheradiospectrumfrom9000Hzto3THz(3000GHz).Itisknowninthearttousecontact
antennastodirectRFelectromagneticradiationtointentionallyinducehyperthermiainhumantissuefortherapeuticpurposes,e.g.,destroying
diseasedcells(e.g.,U.S.Pat.No.4,800,899).TherearealsoseveralotherpriorartRFheatingdevicesdescribedinvariouspublications(e.g.,the
ThermotronRF8system,YamamotoViniterCo.ofOsaka,Japan,andtheKCTPATEPMsystem,Russia,andU.S.Pat.No.5,099,756Re.
32,066andU.S.Pat.No.4,095,602toLeVeen).
SUMMARYOFTHEINVENTION
[0004]Inaccordancewithoneexemplaryembodimentofthepresentinvention,amethodofinducinghyperthermiainatleastaportionofatarget
areae.g.,atumororaportionofatumorortargetedcancerouscellsisprovided.Inthisfirstexemplarymethod,targetedRFabsorption
enhancers,e.g.,antibodiesboundtoRFabsorbingparticles,areintroducedintoapatient.ThesetargetedRFabsorptionenhancerswilltarget
certaincellsinthetargetareasandenhancetheeffectofahyperthermiageneratingRFsignaldirectedtowardthetargetarea.ThetargetedRF
absorptionenhancersmay,inamannerofspeaking,addoneormoreartificialRFabsorptionfrequenciestocellsinthetargetarea,whichwill
permitahyperthermiageneratingRFsignalatthatfrequencyorfrequenciestoheatthetargetedcells.
[0005]Inaccordancewithanotherexemplaryembodimentofthepresentinvention,anothermethodofinducinghyperthermiainatleastaportion
ofatargetareaisprovided.InthissecondexemplarymethodRFabsorptionenhancers(targetedand/ornontargeted)areintroducedintoapatient
andamultifrequencyhyperthermiageneratingRFsignalisdirectedtowardthetargetarea.ThemultifrequencyhyperthermiageneratingRFsignal
maybeafrequencymodulated(FM)signalhavingparametersselectedtocorrespondtoasampleofparticlesbeingusedasenergyabsorption
enhancerparticlesintheRFabsorptionenhancers.Forexample,thecenterfrequencyofanFMhyperthermiageneratingsignalmaycorrespondto
aresonantfrequencyofnominallysizedparticlesusedasenergyabsorptionenhancerparticlesandthemodulationoftheFMhyperthermia
generatingsignalmaycorrespondtoasizetoleranceoftheparticles.
BRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFTHEDRAWINGS
FIG.1isanexemplaryhighlevelblockdiagramofanoninvasiveRFsystemforinducinghyperthermiainatargetarea
FIG.2isanexemplarymediumlevelblockdiagramofanRFsystemforinducinghyperthermiainatargetarea
FIGS.3,3A,4,5and6areexemplaryembodimentsoftransmissionheadsandreceptionheadsoneithersideofatargetareas
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FIG.7isanexemplaryhighlevelflowchartofanembodimentofaRFmethodologyforinducinghyperthermiainatargetarea
FIG.8isanexemplarymediumlevelflowchartofanembodimentofanRFmethodologyforinducinghyperthermiainatargetarea
FIG.9isanexemplarymediumlevelflowchartofanembodimentofanRFmethodologyforinducinginvitrohyperthermiainatargetarea
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FIG.10isanexemplarymediumlevelflowchartofanembodimentofamagneticmethodologyforseparatingcells
FIGS.11,12A,and12BarehighlevelschematicblockdiagramsofexemplaryRFsystems
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FIG.13isafront/leftperspectiveschematicviewofanotherexemplarytransmissionhead
FIG.14isaleftsideschematicviewoftheexemplarytransmissionheadofFIG.13
FIG.15isaleftsideschematicviewofanexemplarypairofheadsofFIG.13arrangedasanexemplarytransmitterheadandreceiverhead
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FIG.16isafront/leftperspectiveschematicviewofyetanotherexemplarytransmissionhead
FIG.17isaleftsideschematicviewoftheexemplarytransmissionheadofFIG.16
FIG.18isaleftsideschematicviewofanexemplarypairofheadsofFIG.16arrangedasanexemplarytransmitterheadandreceiverhead
FIGS.19,20,21A,21B,22A,and22Bareschematicdiagramsshowingvariousexemplaryconfigurationsoftransmitterheadsandreceiver
heads
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FIG.23isamediumlevelschematicblockdiagramofanexemplaryRFgenerator
FIGS.2429areschematiccircuitdiagramsofexemplarytunedcircuitRFabsorbingparticlesforRFabsorptionenhancersand
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FIGS.3033areschematicillustrationsofexemplaryimplementationsoftunedcircuitRFabsorbingparticlesforRFabsorptionenhancers.
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DETAILEDDESCRIPTION
[0024]Intheaccompanyingdrawingswhichareincorporatedinandconstituteapartofthespecification,exemplaryembodimentsofthe
inventionareillustrated,which,togetherwithageneraldescriptionoftheinventiongivenabove,andthedetaileddescriptiongivenbelow,serve
toexampleprinciplesoftheinvention.
[0025]Referringtothedrawings,andinitiallytoFIG.1,thereisshownafirstexemplaryembodimentofanoninvasiveRFsystem100for
inducinghyperthermiainatargetarea106.System100comprisesanRFtransmitter102incircuitcommunicationwithatransmissionhead104
andanRFreceiver110incircuitcommunicationwithareceptionhead108."Circuitcommunication"asusedhereinisusedtoindicatea
communicativerelationshipbetweendevices.Directelectrical,optical,andelectromagneticconnectionsandindirectelectrical,optical,and
electromagneticconnectionsareexamplesofcircuitcommunication.Twodevicesareincircuitcommunicationifasignalfromoneisreceivedby
theother,regardlessofwhetherthesignalismodifiedbysomeotherdevice.Forexample,twodevicesseparatedbyoneormoreofthefollowing
transformers,optoisolators,digitaloranalogbuffers,analogintegrators,otherelectroniccircuitry,fiberoptictransceivers,orevensatellitesare
incircuitcommunicationifasignalfromonereachestheother,eventhoughthesignalismodifiedbytheintermediatedevice(s).Asafinal
example,twodevicesnotdirectlyconnectedtoeachother(e.g.keyboardandmemory),butbothcapableofinterfacingwithathirddevice,(e.g.,a
CPU),areincircuitcommunication.
[0026]Inexemplarysystem100,theRFtransmitter102generatesanRFsignal120atafrequencyfortransmissionviathetransmissionhead104.
Optionally,theRFtransmitter102hascontrolsforadjustingthefrequencyand/orpowerofthegeneratedRFsignaland/ormayhaveamodein
whichanRFsignalatapredeterminedfrequencyandpoweraretransmittedviatransmissionhead104.Inaddition,optionally,theRFtransmitter
102providesanRFsignalwithvariableamplitudes,pulsedamplitudes,multiplefrequencies,etc.
[0027]TheRFreceiver110isincircuitcommunicationwiththereceptionhead108.TheRFreceiver110istunedsothatatleastaportionofthe
receptionhead108isresonantatthefrequencyoftheRFsignal120transmittedviathetransmissionhead104.Asaresult,thereceptionhead108
receivestheRFsignal120thatistransmittedviathetransmissionhead104.
[0028]Thetransmissionhead104andreceptionhead108arearrangedproximatetoandoneithersideofageneraltargetarea106.Generaltarget
106isgenerallocationoftheareatobetreated.Thegeneraltargetarea106isanytargetareaortypeofcellsorgroupofcells,suchasfor
example,tissue,bloodcells,bonemarrowcells,etc.Thetransmissionhead104andreceptionhead108arepreferablyinsulatedfromdirect
contactwiththegeneraltargetarea106.Preferably,thetransmissionhead104andreceptionhead108areinsulatedbymeansofanairgap112.
Optionalmeansofinsulatingthetransmissionhead104andreceptionhead108fromthegeneraltargetarea106includeinsertinganinsulating
layerormaterial310(FIG.3),suchas,forexample,Teflon.RTM.betweentheheads104,108andthegeneraltargetarea106.Otheroptional
meansincludeprovidinganinsulationareaontheheads104,108,allowingtheheadstobeputindirectcontactwiththegeneraltargetarea106.
Thetransmissionhead104andthereceptionhead108,describedinmoredetailbelow,mayincludeoneormoreplatesofelectricallyconductive
material.
[0029]Thegeneraltargetarea106absorbsenergyandiswarmedastheRFsignal120travelsthroughthegeneraltargetarea106.Themore
energythatisabsorbedbyanarea,thehigherthetemperatureincreaseinthearea.Generally,thegeneraltargetarea106includesaspecifictarget
area130.Specifictargetarea130includesthetissueorhigherconcentrationofcells,suchas,forexample,atumor,thataredesiredtobetreated
byinducinghyperthermia.Preferably,thegeneraltargetareaisheatedtoforexample,tobetween106.degree.and107.degree..Thus,preferably,
thespecifictargetarea130receiveshigherconcentrationsoftheRFsignal120thenthegeneraltargetarea106.Asaresult,thespecifictargetarea
130absorbsmoreenergy,resultinginahighertemperatureinthespecifictargetarea130thaninthesurroundinggeneraltargetarea106.
[0030]EnergyabsorptioninatargetareacanbeincreasedbyincreasingtheRFsignal120strength,whichincreasestheamountofenergy
travelingthroughthegeneraltargetarea106.Othermeansofincreasingtheenergyabsorptionincludeconcentratingthesignalonalocalizedarea,
orspecifictargetarea130,and/orenhancingtheenergyabsorptioncharacteristicsofthetargetarea130.
[0031]Onemethodofinducingahighertemperatureinthespecifictargetarea130includesusingareceptionheadthatissmallerthanthe
transmissionhead.ThesmallerreceptionheadpicksupmoreenergyduetotheuseofahighQresonantcircuitdescribedinmoredetailbelow.
Optionally,anRFabsorptionenhancer132isused.AnRFabsorptionenhancerisanymeansormethodofincreasingthetendencyofthespecific
targetarea130toabsorbmoreenergyfromtheRFsignal.InjectinganaqueoussolutionisameansforenhancingRFabsorption.Aqueous
solutionssuitableforenhancingRFabsorptioninclude,forexample,water,salinesolution,aqueoussolutionscontainingsuspendedparticlesof
electricallyconductivematerial,suchasmetals,e.g.,iron,variouscombinationofmetals,e.g.,ironandothermetals,ormagneticparticles.These
typesofRFenhancers(i.e.,nontargeted"generalRFenhancers")aregenerallydirectlyintroducedintothetargetarea.Otherexemplarygeneral
RFenhancersarediscussedbelow,e.g.,aqueoussolutionsofvirtuallyanymetalsulfate(e.g.,aqueoussolutionsofironsulfate,coppersulfate,
and/ormagnesiumsulfate,e.g.,aqueoussolutions(about5mg/kgofbodymass),coppersulfate(about2mg/kgofbodymass),andmagnesium
sulfate(about20mg/kgofbodymass)),othersolutionsofvirtuallyanymetalsulfate,injectablemetalsalts(e.g.,goldsalts),andRFabsorbing
particlesattachedtoothernontargetedcarriers.Preferably,thesetypesofRFenhancersmaybedirectlyinjectedintothetargetareabymeansofa
needleandsyringe,orotherwiseintroducedintothepatient.
[0032]OthermeansofenhancingRFabsorptionincludeprovidingtargetedRFenhancers,suchasantibodieswithassociatedRFabsorption
enhancers,suchasmetalparticles.Theantibodies(andothertargetingmoieties,discussedbelow)targetandbindtospecifictargetcellsinthe
targetarea130.Generally,antibodies(andothertargetingmoieties)canbedirectedagainstanytarget,e.g.,tumor,bacterial,fungal,viral,
parasitic,mycoplasmal,histocompatibility,differentiationandothercellmembraneantigens,pathogensurfaceantigens,toxins,enzymes,
allergens,drugsandanybiologicallyactivemolecules.BindingRFenhancingparticlestotheantibodies(andothercarriershavingatleastone
targetingmoiety)permitstheinjectionoftheantibodies(andothercarriershavingatleastonetargetingmoiety)intothepatientandthetargeting
ofspecificcellsandotherspecifictargets.OnceahighenoughconcentrationofRFenhancers132areattachedtothetargetcells,theRFsignal
120ispassedthroughthespecifictargetarea130.TheRFenhancersinducetheabsorptionofmoreenergy,creatingalocalizedtemperatureinthe
specifictargetarea130thatishigherthanthetemperaturecreatedinthegeneraltargetarea106.Inaddition,acombinationofantibodies(and
othercarriershavingatleastonetargetingmoiety)boundtodifferentmetals(andotherRFabsorbingparticles,discussedbelow)canbeused
allowingforvariationsintheRFabsorptioncharacteristicsinlocalizedareasofthetargetareas.ThesevariationsinRFabsorptioncharacteristics
permitintentionalunevenheatingofthespecifictargetarea130.
[0033]TargetedRFenhancersandgeneralRFenhancerscanbeusedtoimprovecurrentRFcapacitiveheatingdevicesaswellascurrentRF
ablationdevices.Antibodiesboundtometals,whichcanactasRFabsorptionenhancersinaccordancewiththeteachingsofthepresent
application,canbeobtainedthroughcommerciallyavailablechannels.
[0034]TargetedRFenhancersandgeneralRFenhancersareapplicableforbothinvivoandinvitroapplications.Inoneinvitroapplicationthe
targetedRFenhancersand/orgeneralRFenhancersareinintroducedintothetargetareapriortothetargetareabeingremovedfromthepatient.
AfterthetargetedRFenhancersand/orgeneralRFenhancersbindtothetargetarea,thetargetareaisremovedfromthepatientandtreatedwith
oneormoreRFsignals.InanotherinvitroapplicationthetargetareaisremovedfromthepatientbeforetheRFenhancersareintroducedintothe
targetarea.Oncethetargetareaisinasuitablevessel,thetargetedRFenhancersand/orgeneralRFenhancersareintroducedintothetargetarea.
ThetargetareaisthentreatedwithoneormoreRFsignals.
[0035]Optionally,multiplefrequencyRFsignals120areused.MultiplefrequencyRFsignalscanbeusedtotreattargetareas.Multiple
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frequencyRFsignalsallowtheenergyabsorptionrateandabsorptionrateindifferentlocationsofthetargetareatobemorecloselycontrolled.
Themultiplefrequencysignalscanbecombinedintoonesignal,orbyuseofamultiplatedtransmissionhead,ormultipletransmissionheads,can
bedirectedatoneormorespecificregionsinthetargetarea.Thisisusefulfortreatingtargetareasthathavespecificregionsofvariousshapes,
thicknessesand/ordepths.Similarly,pulsedRFsignals,variablefrequencyRFsignalsandothercombinationsorvariationsoftheRFsignalscan
beusedtomorepreciselycontrolandtargettheheatingofthespecifictargetareas.TheseandothermethodsofincreasingRFabsorptioncanbe
usedindependentlyorinanynumberofcombinationstoincreasetheenergyabsorptionrateofthespecifictargetarea130.
[0036]Inaddition,antibodies(orothertargetingmoieties)boundwithmagneticparticles(i.e.,magnetictargetedRFenhancers)canbesteeredto
specificlocationsusingmagnetsormagneticresonantimaging(MRI)machines.Thus,themagnetictargetedRFenhancerscanbedirectedtoward
specifictargetareaortargetcells.Furthermore,oncethemagnetictargetedRFenhancersbindtothespecifictargetcells,thetargetcellscanbe
separatedfromtheothercellsbyuseofamagneticforce.Themagneticforcecanbeeitheranattractingforce,orarepellingforce.Magnetsor
MRImachinescanalsobeusedtosteerinjected(orotherwiseintroduced)magneticparticlestospecificlocations.ThemagneticgeneralRF
enhancersdiscussedabovemayalsobedirectedtowardaspecifictargetareaortargetcellsusingamagneticforcefrom,e.g.,amagnetorMRI
machine.
[0037]Additionally,inaccordancewiththeteachingsabove,atargetofRFinducedhyperthermiamaybespecifictargetcellsandneednotbe
limitedtoaspecificregionofabody.Certaincancers,e.g.,bloodcancers,donotnecessarilymanifestthemselvesinalocalizedregion.As
discussedabove,targetedRFenhancers,willtargetspecificcellsandneednotbelocalized.Inthecaseofbloodcancers,suchaslymphoma,
leukemia,andmultiplemyeloma,suchtargetedRFabsorptionenhancers(e.g.,targetingmoietiesboundtoRFabsorbingparticles)canbe
introducedintoapatientandthenaselectedregionofthebody(orperhapstheentirebody)canbeirradiatedwithRFenergy,withtheRF
absorptionenhancersboundtothecellsheatingupandheatingthosecellsmorethancellswithoutRFabsorptionenhancersboundtothem.
[0038]TheabovediscussionrecitesseveraldifferenttypesofexemplaryRFabsorptionenhancersforenhancingtheRFabsorptionofatargetarea
(whichmaybeatumororaportionofatumorortargetcellsorsomeothertarget),suchas(i)solutionsand/orsuspensionsintroducedintoa
targetareatoenhanceRFheatingofthetargetarea(generalRFabsorptionenhancers)and(ii)antibodies(orothertargetingmoieties)boundtoRF
absorbingparticlesthatareintroducedintoapatientandthattargetspecifictargetcellstoenhanceRFheatingofthetargetedcells(targetedRF
absorptionenhancers).Asdiscussedabove,theseandotherRFabsorptionenhancersmaybeusedindependentlyorinanynumberof
combinationstoincreaseRFabsorptionofatargetarea.ThetargetedRFabsorptionenhancersdiscussedhereincanbethoughtofaseffectively
changingtheresonantfrequencyofthetargetcells,i.e.,addinganother,artificialfrequencytothetargetcells(whichmaybearesonantfrequency
ofRFabsorbingparticles),becausetheRFabsorbingparticles,whichareboundtotargetcellsviathetargetingmoieties,willabsorbmoreRF
energyandheatmorequicklythanthetargetcellswillatthatfrequency.Thus,insteadoftryingtodetermineoneormoreresonantfrequenciesof
targetcells,thetargetedRFabsorptionenhancersusedinaccordancewiththesystemsandmethodsofthepresentinventionmaybeusedto
effectivelyaddanartificialfrequencyorfrequenciestothetargetcellsatwhateverartificialfrequencyorfrequenciesaredesiredtocreate
hyperthermia.
[0039]ThetargetedRFabsorptionenhancersdiscussedabovehaveaportionthatbindstooneormoretargetsandanassociatedportionthat
absorbsRFenergyrelativelywell,e.g.,acarrierhavingatargetingmoietyandattachedtoanRFabsorbingparticle.ThegeneralRFabsorption
enhancersmayalsohaveanassociatedportionthatabsorbsRFenergyrelativelywelle.g.,anontargetedcarrierattachedtoanRFabsorbing
particleorRFabsorbingparticlesinsolutionorsuspension.SeveralexamplesgivenaboveofsuchRFabsorbingparticleslistedaboveinclude
particlesofelectricallyconductivematerial,suchasmetals,iron,variouscombinationofmetals,ironsandmetals,ormagneticparticles.Other
examplesaregivenbelow.Ofcourse,theseparticlesmaybesizedassocalled"nanoparticles"(microscopicparticleswhosesizeismeasuredin
nanometers,e.g.,11000nm)orsizedassocalled"microparticles"(microscopicparticleswhosesizeismeasuredinmicrometers,e.g.,11000
.mu.m).Iftheseparticlesaretobeinjected(orotherwiseintroduced)intravenously,suchparticlesarepreferablysmallenoughtobeboundtoand
carriedwiththeatleastonecarriertoatargetcell(e.g.,inthepatient'sbody)ortargetarea(e.g.,inthepatient'sbody)viathepatient'svascular
system.Inaccordancewithotherexemplaryembodimentsofthepresentinvention,otherRFabsorptionenhancersmaybeused,e.g.,usingother
carriersotherthanantibodiesand/orusingotherRFabsorbingparticlesthanthosespecificallyidentifiedabove.
[0040]Examplesofsuchothercarriers(bothtargetedandnontargeted)forRFabsorptionenhancersincludeanyoneormoreofthefollowing:
biomolecules,biologicalcells,microparticledeliverysystems,nanoparticledeliverysystems,watersolublepolymers,otherpolymers,molecular
orcellularproteomicorgenomicstructures,aswellasothersmallparticleconstructs,includingbiologicalorroboticconstructs,whetherorganic
orfrommanmadematerials,suchassyntheticappliedmaterials.Again,thesecarriersareattachedto,orperhapscontain,RFabsorbingparticles
toformRFabsorptionenhancers.
[0041]Exemplarybiomoleculesthatmaybeusedascarriers(bothtargetedandnontargeted)forRFabsorptionenhancersincludeanyoneor
moreofthefollowing:organicmolecules,nucleotides,proteins,antibodies,otherspecializedproteins,ligands,oligonucleotides,geneticmaterial,
nucleotides,DNA,RNA,viruses,retroviruses,organometallicmolecules,proteinsthatarerapidlytakenupbyfastgrowingcellsandtumors,
transferrin,RGD(argglyasptripeptide)peptides,andNGR(asnglyargtripeptide)peptides,folate,trasferrin,galactosamine,andGMCSF
(granulocytemacrophagecolonystimulatingfactor).Herein,theterm"organometallicmolecule"(orjustorganometallics)meansamoleculein
whichthereisatleastonebondinginteraction(ionicorcovalent,localizedordelocalized)betweenoneormorecarbonatomsofanorganicgroup
ormoleculeandamaingroup,transition,lanthanide,oractinidemetalatom(oratoms),andshallincludeorganicderivativesofthemetalloids
(boron,silicon,germanium,arsenic,andtellurium),organicderivativesofallothermetalsandalloys,molecularmetalhydridesmetalalkoxides,
thiolates,amides,andphosphidesmetalcomplexescontainingorganogroup15and16ligandsmetalnitrosylsandsimilarothers.Thus,in
additiontobeingboundtoseparateRFabsorbingparticlestoformRFabsorptionenhancers,someorganometallicmoleculesmayfunctionasRF
absorptionenhancersbythemselves,havingbothacarrierportionandanRFabsorbingmetallicportion.Theseorganometallicmoleculesmaybe
directlyinjected(orotherwiseintroduced)ormaybeattachedtoorganic,biomolecular,biopolymer,molecularorcellularproteomicorgenomic
structures,ormaybeplacedinbiologic,robotic,ormanmadesyntheticappliedmaterials.Theapplicationoforganometallicsinnuclearmedicine
(i.e.forthelabelingofreceptorbindingbiomoleculeslikesteroidhormonesorbraintracers)hasbeenproposedintheliterature.Technetiumand
radiogallium,typicallyusedformedicalimaging,canbemodifiedwithanorganometallic.Thesebiomolecules,organometallictechnetiumand
organometallicradiogallium,couldservethedualfunctionofimagingatumorandbearadiofrequencyenhancerbecauseoftheirspecificheat
propertiesandimagingproperties.Additionally,organometallictechnetiumand/ororganometallicradiogalliummaybeboundtooneormore
differentRFabsorbingparticles,e.g.,boundtoanyoneormoreofvirtuallyanyoftheRFabsorbingparticlesdescribedherein,toformRF
absorptionenhancers.
[0042]Exemplarybiologicalcells(bothtargetedandnontargeted)thatmaybeusedascarriersforRFabsorptionenhancersincludeanyoneor
moreofthefollowing:whitebloodcells,modifiedwhitecells,vaccinestimulatedwhitecells,expandedwhitecells,Tcells,andtumorinfiltrating
lymphocytes(TILs).Ingeneral,thesecellscanberemovedfromatumororthecirculatingbloodofacancerpatientandgrownintissueculture
dishesorsuspensionsthereafter,RFabsorbingparticlescanbemicroinfusedorabsorbedintothecellstocreateRFabsorptionenhancers.
[0043]Exemplarymicroparticleandnanoparticledeliverysystems(bothtargetedandnontargeted)thatmaybeusedascarriersforRFabsorption
enhancersincludeanyoneormoreofthefollowing:liposomes,immunoliposomes(liposomesboundtoantibodiesorantibodyfragmentsornon
antibodyligandtargetingmoieties),magneticliposomes,glassbeads,latexbeads,othervesiclesmadefromappliedmaterials,organically
modifiedsilica(ORMOSIL)nanoparticles,syntheticbiomateriallikesilicamodifiedparticlesandnanoparticles,othernanoparticleswiththe
abilitytotakeupDNA(orothersubstances)fordeliverytocells,othernanoparticlesthatcanactasavectortotransfergeneticmaterialtoacell.
Manyofthesecanbedirectlytakenuporotherwiseinternalizedinthetargetedcells.Liposomesareartificialmicroscopicvesiclesusedtoconvey
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substancese.g.,nucleicacids,DNA,RNA,vaccines,drugs,andenzymestotargetcellsororgans.Inthecontextofthisapplication,liposomes
maycontainandcarryRFabsorbingparticles(suchasmetalparticles,organometalics,nanoparticles,etc.)totargetcellsororgans.Theseand
othermicroparticleandnanoparticledeliverysystems(bothtargetedandnontargeted)maybeusedtocarryanyoneorcombinationoftwoor
moreofvirtuallyanyoftheRFabsorbingparticlesdescribedherein,toformRFabsorptionenhancers.Exemplarypolymersthatmaybeusedas
carriersforRFabsorptionenhancersincludeanyoneormoreofthefollowing:dextran,albumin,andbiodegradablepolymerssuchasPLA
(polylactide),PLGApolymers(polylactidewithglycolideorpoly(lacticacidglycolicacid)),and/orhydroxypropylmethacrylamine(HPMA).
[0044]OtherexemplarycarriersforRFabsorptionenhancersinclude:molecularorcellularproteomicorgenomicconstructs,aswellasother
smallparticleconstructs,includingbiologicalorroboticconstructs,whetherorganicorfrommanmadematerials,suchassyntheticapplied
materials.
[0045]TargetedRFabsorptionenhancersarecharacterizedbytargetingandbindingtotargetcellstotherebyincreaseheatingoftargetcells
responsivetotheRFsignalbyinteractionbetweentheRFsignalandthetargetedRFabsorptionenhancer.Thetargetcellsmaybeinanorganora
tumororaportionofatumor,ormaybecirculatingorisolatedcells,suchasbloodcells.SometargetedRFabsorptionenhancersmaybindtothe
cellmembraneorintracellularcontentsof(e.g.,oneormorebiomoleculesinside)thetargetcells.SometargetedRFabsorptionenhancersmay
bindtotargetcellsbybeingtakenuporotherwiseinternalizedbythetargetcells.SometargetedRFabsorptionenhancersdiscussedhereincanbe
thoughtofaseffectivelychangingtheresonantfrequencyoftargetcells,i.e.,addinganother,artificialfrequencytothetargetcells(whichmaybe
aresonantfrequencyofRFabsorbingparticles),becausetheRFabsorbingparticles,whichareboundtotargetcellsviathetargetingmoieties,will
absorbmoreRFenergyandheatmorequicklythanthetargetcellswillatthatfrequency.FortargetedRFabsorptionenhancers,carrierswitha
targetingmoietyfortargetingandbindingtoatargetcells("targetedcarriers")areattached(eitherdirectlyorindirectly)toanyoftheRF
absorbingparticlesdescribedhereinandintroducedintothepatientpriortotransmittingtheRFsignaltocreatehyperthermia.Sometargeted
carriersforRFabsorptionenhancers(e.g.,antibodies,ligands,andTILs)inherentlyhavetargetingmoietiesfortargetingsomepartoftargetcells.
OtherRFabsorptionenhancercarriers(e.g.,liposomes)mayneedtobemodifiedtobetargetingcarriersbyattachingoneormoretargetmoieties
fortargetingsomepartoftargetcells,e.g.,immunoliposomes,whichareliposomesboundtoantibodiesorantibodyfragmentsornonantibody
ligandtargetingmoieties.Sometargetedcarriers(e.g.,antibodies,ligands,andantibodyfragments)targetoneormore"targetbiomolecules"of
targetcellsandbindtothetargetcells.Theterm"targetbiomolecules"asusedhereinmeansamolecularstructurewithinatargetcelloronthe
surfaceofatargetcellcharacterizedbyselectivebindingofoneormorespecificsubstances.Theterm"targetbiomolecules"includes,bywayof
examplebutnotoflimitation,cellsurfacereceptors,tumorspecificmarkers,tumorassociatedtissuemarkers,targetcellmarkers,ortargetcell
identifiers,suchasCDmarkers,aninterleukinreceptorsiteofcancercells,andotherbiomoleculestowhichanothermolecule,e.g.aligand,
antibody,antibodyfragment,celladhesionsite,biopolymer,syntheticbiomaterial,sugar,lipid,orotherproteomicorgeneticengineered
constructsincludingrecombinanttechnique,binds.Examplesoftargetedcarriersandothertargetingmoietiesthatcanbeusedtocreatetargeted
RFabsorptionenhancercarriersinclude:bivalentconstructs,bispecificconstructs,fusionproteinsantibodiesantibodyfragmentsnonantibody
ligandsandnonantibodytargetingmoieties(e.g.,GMCSFwhichtargetstoGMCSFreceptorinleukemicblastsorGalactosaminewhichtargets
endothelialgrowthfactorreceptorsinthevessels).
[0046]Tumorsmayproduceantigensrecognizedbyantibodies.Therearecurrentlytrialsofantibodiesandantibodyfragmentsforvirtuallyall
cancersandothersarebeingdeveloped.Tumorsoftenexpresshighlevelsand/orabnormalformsofglycoproteinsandglycolipids.Antibodiesare
knowntotargetthese(e.g.,AntiMUC1fortargetingbreastorovariancancer).Oncofetalantigensarealsoproducedbysometumors.Antibodies
areknowntotargetthese(e.g.,antiTAG72[antitumorassociatedglycoprotein72]fortargetingcolonrectal,ovarianandbreastcanceroranti
CEA[anticarcinoembryonicantigen]fortargetingcolonrectal,smallcelllungandovariancancers).Tissuespecificantigenshavealsobeen
targeted.Antibodiesareknowntotargetthese(e.g.,antiCD25fortargetinginterleukin2receptorincutaneousTcelllymphoma).Therapid
productionofbloodvesselsintumorspresentsanothertarget.Antibodiesareknowntotargetthese(antiVEGR[antivascularendothelialgrowth
factorreceptor]fortargetingendothelialcellsinsolidtumors.Thesearebutafewexamplesoftheantibodieshavealreadybeenusedasligandsin
targetedtherapytowhichthepresentRFenhancerscouldbeattached.AnyoneormoreoftheRFabsorbingparticlesdisclosedhereincanbe
attached(directlyorindirectly)toanyoftheseantibodiesandantibodyfragments(andanyothers)toformsubstancesthatmaybeusedastargeted
RFabsorptionenhancersinconnectionwithhyperthermiageneratingRFsignalsinaccordancewiththeteachingsherein.
[0047]Otherexamplesofknownligandantibodiesarethemonoclonalantibodytrastuzumab(Herceptin)whichtargetstoERBB2receptorincells
thatoverexpressthisreceptorsuchasbreastandovariancancersorrituximabanantiCD20whichtargetscellsurfaceantigeninnonhodgkin's
lymphomaandotherbcelllymphoproliferativediseases.AnyoneormoreoftheRFabsorbingparticlescanbeattached(directlyorindirectly)to
anyoftheseantibodiesandantibodyfragments(andanyothers)toformsubstancesthatmaybeusedastargetedRFabsorptionenhancersin
connectionwithhyperthermiageneratingRFsignalsinaccordancewiththeteachingsherein.
[0048]ForgeneralRFabsorptionenhancers,nontargetedcarriers,suchascertainbiomolecules,oligonucleotides,certaincells(suchascells
havinggeneraladhesivemoleculesontheirsurfacesthatarelessspecificthanligandsandantibodies,whichgeneraladhesivemoleculesmay
attachtomanydifferenttypesofcells),etc.maybeattached(eitherdirectlyorindirectly)toanyoftheRFabsorbingparticlesdescribedherein
andinjected(orotherwiseintroduced)priortotransmittingtheRFsignaltocreatehyperthermia.Nanoparticleshavingoligonucleotidesattached
thereto,suchasDNAsequencesattachedtogoldnanoparticles,areavailablefromvarioussources,e.g.,Nanosphere,Inc.,Northbrook,Ill.60062,
U.S.Pat.No.6,777,186.
[0049]RFabsorbingparticlesareparticlesthatabsorboneormorefrequenciesofanRFelectromagneticsignalsubstantiallymorethanuntreated
cellsinorproximatethetargetarea.ThispermitstheRFsignaltoheattheRFabsorbingparticle(oraregionsurroundingitoracellnearit)
substantiallymorethanuntreatedcellsinorproximatethetargetarea,e.g.,heatingtheRFabsorbingparticles(oraregionsurroundingthemora
cellnearthem)withtheRFsignaltoatemperaturehighenoughtokilltargetcellsboundtothem(ordamagethemembraneoftargetcellsbound
tothem),whileuntreatedcellsinorproximatethetargetareaarenotheatedwiththeRFsignaltoatemperaturehighenoughtokillthem.
Exemplarytargethyperthermiatemperaturesincludevaluesataboutoratleastabout:43.degree.C,106.3.degree.F.,106.5.degree.F.,and
106.7.degree.F.,and107.degree.F.Itmayalsobedesirabletogeneratealowerhyperthermiatemperature(e.g.,anytemperatureabove
103.degree.,orabove104.degree.,orabove105.degree.)whichmaynotdirectlycausenecrosisfromhyperthermiawithinthetargetarea,butmay
killordamagecellsinthetargetareaincombinationwithanothertherapy,e.g.,chemotherapyand/orradiotherapyand/orradioimmunotherapy.
PulsedRFsignalsmayproduceverylocalizedtemperaturesthatarehigher.ExemplaryRFabsorbingparticlesmentionedaboveincludeparticles
ofelectricallyconductivematerial,suchasgold,copper,magnesium,iron,anyoftheothermetals,and/ormagneticparticles,orvarious
combinationsandpermutationsofgold,iron,anyoftheothermetals,and/ormagneticparticles.ExamplesofotherRFabsorbingparticlesfor
generalRFabsorptionenhancersand/ortargetedRFabsorptionenhancersinclude:metaltubules,particlesmadeofpiezoelectriccrystal(natural
orsynthetic),verysmallLCcircuits(e.g.,parallelLCtankcircuits,FIGS.24and30),tunedradiofrequency(TRF)typecircuits(e.g.,aparallel
LCtankcircuithavinganadditionalinductorwithafreeendconnectedtooneofthetwonodesofthetankcircuit,FIGS.27and31),othervery
smalltuned(oscillatory)circuits(e.g.,FIGS.25,26,28,29,and3233),hollowparticles(e.g.,liposomes,magneticliposomes,glassbeads,latex
beads,othervesiclesmadefromappliedmaterials,microparticles,microspheres,etc.)containingothersubstances(e.g.,smallparticlescontaining
argonorsomeotherinertgasorothersubstancethathasarelativelyhighabsorptionofelectromagneticenergy),particlesofradioactiveisotopes
suitableforradiotherapyorradioimmunotherapy(e.g.,radiometals,.beta.emittinglanthanides,radionuclidesofcopper,radionuclidesofgold,
copper67,copper64,lutetium177,yttrium90,bismuth213,rhenium186,rhenium188,actinium225,gold127,gold128,In111,P32,Pd
103,Sm153,TC99m,Rh105,Astatine211,Au199,Pm149,Ho166,andThallium201thallouschloride),organometallics(e.g.,those
containingTechnetium99mandradiogallium),particlesmadeofsyntheticmaterials,particlesmadeofbiologicmaterials,roboticparticles,
particlesmadeofmanmadeappliedmaterials,likeorganicallymodifiedsilica(ORMOSIL)nanoparticles.Theseparticlesmaybesizedasso
called"nanoparticles"(microscopicparticleswhosesizeismeasuredinnanometers,e.g.,11000nm)orsizedassocalled"microparticles"
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(microscopicparticleswhosesizeismeasuredinmicrometers,e.g.,11000.mu.m).Theseparticlesarepreferablysmallenoughtobeboundto
andcarriedwiththeatleastonebiomoleculetoatargetcellviathepatient'svascularsystem.Forexample,goldnanosphereshavinganominal
diameterof337nm,plusorminus5nmmayusedasRFabsorptionenhancerparticles.Someoftheradioactiveisotopesareinsertedas"seeds"
andmayserveasRFabsorptionenhancers,e.g.,palladium103,toheatupatargetareainthepresenceofanRFsignal.
[0050]Inthecaseoftheparticlesofradioactiveisotopesusedforvarioustreatments,e.g.,totreatcancer,amultistepcombinationtherapycanbe
usedinaccordancewiththeteachingshereof.Inafirstphase,targetedcarriers(eithercarrierswithaninherenttargetingmoietyornontargeting
carrierswithatargetingmoietyattachedthereto)areattachedtooneormoreRFabsorbingradionuclides,suchasanyoftheradiometals
mentionedherein,areintroducedintothepatient,targetspecificcells,andemissions(e.g.,alphaemissionsand/orbetaemissionsand/orAuger
electronemissions)therefromdamageorkillthetargetedcells.Thisfirstphasemayincludetheintroductionofotherradiometallabeled
antibodiesthatmayactasRFabsorptionenhancersbutthatdonothavecelldamagingemissions,e.g.,radiometalsusedprimarilyforimaging.
Thisfirstphase,inthecontextofcertainantibodiesandcertainradioisotopes,isknowntothoseskilledintheart.Thereafter,inasecondphase
accordingtothepresentinvention,anRFsignalistransmittedinaccordancewiththeteachingshereintogeneratealocalizedhyperthermiaatthe
targetedcellsbyusingtheradioisotopeparticles(whichmaybepartiallydepleted)asRFabsorptionenhancingparticles.Suchatwophase
therapymayresultinenhancedtreatmenteffectivenessvisavistraditionalradioimmunotherapywiththeadditionofthesecondRFinduced
hyperthermiaphase.Inthealternative,suchatwophasetherapymayresultinaboutthesametreatmenteffectivenessvisavistraditional
radioimmunotherapybyusingalowerdoseofradioisotopeemissionsinthefirstphase(someradioisotopescancauseseveredamagetotissue,
e.g.,bonemarrow,duringradiotherapy)withtheadditionofthesecondRFinducedhyperthermiaphase.Betweenthetwophases,onemaywait
forapredeterminedperiodoftime,e.g.,aperiodoftimebasedonthehalflifeofemissionsfromaparticularradiometalused,oraperiodoftime
basedonapatientrecoverytimeafterthefirstphase,oraperiodoftimebasedontheabilityofoneormorenontargetedorgans(e.g.,theliveror
kidneys)toexcrete,metabolize,orotherwiseeliminatetheradioimmunotherapycompound(s).Inthisregard,itmaybebeneficialforthis
multiphasetherapytouseradiometalsorotherRFabsorbingradionuclideswitharelativelyhighresidualizationintargetcells.Thismayhelp
preventdamagetonontargetedorgansandcellsbypermittingthemtoexcrete,metabolize,orotherwiseeliminatetheradioimmunotherapy
compound(s)priortocouplingahyperthermiageneratingRFsignalusingtheradioimmunotherapycompoundasanRFenhancer.Forexample,a
patienttreatedwithYttrium90(Y90)ibritumomabtiuxetan(Y90ZEVALIN.RTM.)(whichisusedtotreatbcelllymphomasandleukemias)in
accordancewithknownprotocols,andalsoperhapsinjectedwithIndium111(In111)ibritumomabtiuxetan(In111ZEVALIN.RTM.)(whichis
usedforimaginginconnectionwithrituximabtreatments),mayalsothereafterhaveahyperthermiageneratingRFsignalcoupledthroughabody
parttoheatthecellstargetedbytheY90ZEVALIN.RTM.and/orthe(In111ZEVALIN.RTM.).Particlesofradioactiveisotopesusedtotreat
cancer,eitherattachedtobiomoleculesornot,canbeobtainedfromvariouscommercialsources.Radiometalscanbeattachedtomonoclonal
antibodies,e.g.,90Yttriumibritumomabtiuxetan[Zevalin]or131iodinetositumomab(Bexxar)targetantiCD20antigensandareusedfor
lymphomas.Radiofrequencycanproduceanaddedeffectwiththesemetals.
[0051]VerysmallLCcircuitsandothertuned(oscillatory)circuitswerementionedaboveasexemplaryRFabsorbingparticles.Theverysmall
LCcircuitsandothertuned(oscillatory)circuits(FIGS.2429)maydamagetargetcellswithvibration(i.e.,heating)whenasignalatornearthe
resonantfrequencyofthetunedcircuitisreceived.Additionally,orinthealternative,theremaybedirectradiofrequencyablationtothecellfrom
RFenergyabsorbedbytunedcircuitRFabsorbingparticles,whichcurrentmaybetransferredtotargetcellsviaoneormoremetalconnectionsof
thetunedcircuitparticlestothecellmembraneorcellitself(seethediscussionbelowwithrespecttotheatleastoneexposedelectricalcontact
2502andtheencapsulatingelectricallyconductingmaterial).
[0052]Forpurposesofthepresentapplication,virtuallyanyofthecarriers(targetedornontargeted)forRFabsorptionenhancersdescribed
hereinmaybeattached(eitherdirectlyorindirectly)tovirtuallyanyRFabsorbingparticledescribedhereinand/orvirtuallyanycombinationof
and/orpermutationofanyRFabsorbingparticlesdescribedhereintoformanyoneormoreRFabsorptionenhancers.Forexample,antibody
carriersmaybeboundto(orotherwisecarry)oneormorepiezoelectriccrystals,tunedelectroniccircuits,tunedRF(TRF)circuits,TRFcircuits
havingarectifierD(FIG.29),LCtankcircuits,LCtankcircuitshavingarectifierD(FIG.26),metallicparticles,and/ormetallicnanoparticles.
Asotherexamples,TILcarriersmaybeattachedtoorcontainanorganometallicorTRForanyotherofthemicroscopicelectroniccircuit
particles,RNAorDNAcarriersmaybeattachedtoorganometallicmoleculesactingasRFabsorbers,antibodycarriersmaybeattachedto
organometallicmoleculesactingasRFabsorbers,metals(e.g.,iron)maybeattachedtotransferrin,liposomesmaycontainRFabsorbingparticles,
immunoliposomes(liposomesboundtoantibodiesorantibodyfragmentsornonantibodyligandtargetingmoieties)maycontainRFabsorbing
particles,immunopolymers(microreservoirs)formedbylinkingtherapeuticagentsandtargetingligandstoseparatesitesonwatersoluble
biodegradablepolymers,suchasHPMA,PLA,PLGA,albumin,anddextran,maybeusedtoformRFabsorptionenhancersbyattachingtoanRF
absorbingparticleandatargetingmoiety(antibodyornonantibody),thoseformedbytheattachmentofmultivalentarraysofantibodies,antibody
fragments,orotherligandstotheliposomesurfaceortotheterminusofhydropicpolymers,suchaspolyethyleneglycol(PEG),whicharegrafted
attheliposomesurface)maycontainRFabsorbingparticles,dextranmayhavemetallicparticlesandtargetingpeptidesattachedtoit,polymersof
HPMAcanhavetargetingpeptidesandmetallicparticlesattached,liposomesmaycarrymetallicorthermallyconductivesyntheticbiomaterials
inside,immunoliposomesmaycarrymetallicorthermallyconductivesyntheticbiomaterialsinside,monoclonalantibodiesandmetals,
monoclonalantibodiesandradioisotopeslikeZevalin,antibodyfragmentsandorganometallics,antibodyfragmentsandradioisotopes,fusion
proteinsandorganometallics,fusionproteinsandradioisotopes,bispecificsandmetalsororganometallics,bispecificsandbivalentsconstructsand
radioisotopes.Sincetumorpenetrationisoftenhamperedbyparticlesize,reductionisticengineeringtechniquesthatcreatesmallerproteomicand
genomicconstructsandrecombinationswhicharemoretumorspecificwillbeabletocarryRFabsorptionenhancers.Asotherexamples,
microparticleandnanoparticledeliverysystems(bothtargetedandnontargeted)andanyoftheothercarriershereinmaycarrytwoormore
differentRFabsorbingparticles,e.g.,metallicparticlesoftwodifferentsizes,metallicparticlesandelectroniccircuits,metallicparticlesandan
RFabsorbinggas,electroniccircuitsandanRFabsorbinggas,etc.SuchcombinationsofRFabsorbingparticlesmayprovideenhancedabsorption
attwodifferentfrequencies,e.g.,twodifferentresonantfrequencies,oraresonantfrequencyandafrequencyrange(asonemightseewithatuned
RFcircuitabsorbingparticlecombinedwithageneralparticle,suchasametalparticle),whichmayfacilitatemultileveltreatmentsatmultiple
tissuedepths.
[0053]Additionally,virtuallyanyoftheforegoingRFabsorbingparticlesmaybepartiallyencapsulatedorfullyencapsulatedinacarrierorother
encapsulatingstructuresuchas:glassbeads,latexbeads,liposomes,magneticliposomes,othervesiclesmadefromappliedmaterials,etc.As
exemplifiedbythetankcircuitofFIG.25andtheTRFcircuitofFIG.28,RFabsorbingparticlesintheformofatunedcircuitmaybepartially
encapsulatedinanelectricallyinsulatingmaterial2500(e.g.,aglassorlatexbead)andhaveatleastoneexposedelectricalcontact2502incircuit
communicationwiththerectifierDforcontactwithbiologicalmaterialinthetargetarea.Inthealternative,RFabsorbingparticlesintheformofa
tunedcircuitmaybeencapsulatedinanelectricallyconductingmaterialincircuitcommunicationwiththerectifierforcontactwithbiological
materialinthetargetarea.Similarly,asexemplifiedbytherectifyingtankcircuitofFIG.26andtherectifyingTRFcircuitofFIG.29,RF
absorbingparticleshavingarectifierDtorectifyareceivedRFsignalmaybepartiallyencapsulatedinanelectricallyinsulatingmaterial2500and
haveatleastoneexposedelectricalcontact2502incircuitcommunicationwiththerectifierDforcontactwithbiologicalmaterialinthetarget
areatoprovideapathforrectifiedcurrenttoflowandperhapsdamagecellsand/orheatcellsinthetargetarea.Inthealternative,RFabsorbing
particleshavingarectifiertorectifyareceivedRFsignalmaybeencapsulatedinanelectricallyconductingmaterialincircuitcommunication
withtherectifierforcontactwithbiologicalmaterialinthetargetareatoprovideapathforrectifiedcurrenttoflowandperhapsdamagecells
and/orheatcellsinthetargetarea.Thesemaybefabricatedusingstandardmonolithiccircuitfabricationtechniquesand/orthinfilmfabrication
techniques.VarioustechniquesforfabricatingmicroscopicspiralinductorsofFIGS.2429usingmonolithiccircuitfabricationtechniquesand/or
thinfilmfabricationtechniquesareknown,e.g.,U.S.Pat.Nos.4,297,6475,070,3175,071,5095,370,7665,450,2636,008,713and6,242,791.
CapacitorsandrectifiersDmayalsobefabricatedusingmonolithiccircuitfabricationtechniquesand/orthinfilmfabricationtechniques(e.g.,
withapairofconductivelayerswithadielectrictherebetweenandaPNjunction,respectively).Thus,itisbelievedthatthemicroscopic
(preferablymicroparticleornanoparticle)circuitsofFIGS.2429maybefabricatedusingknownmonolithiccircuitfabricationtechniquesand/or
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thinfilmfabricationtechniques.FIGS.3033showexemplaryembodimentsofsomeexemplarytuned(oscillatory)circuitparticles.FIG.30
showsanexemplaryembodiment3000ofanLCparticleofFIG.25.TheexemplaryLCparticle3000comprisesasubstrate3002carryingan
inductor3004incircuitcommunicationwithacapacitor3006viaconductivetraces3008,3010.Theinductor3004maybeaspiral3020of
electricallyconductivematerial.Thecapacitor3006maybeformedfromtwospacedplates3022,3024ofelectricallyconductivematerialwitha
dielectric(notshown)therebetween.Plate3022andconductivepath3008areshownasatalowerlevelthanplate3024andinductor3020.
Conductivepath3008isconnectedtoinductor3020withavia3021.Theencapsulatingelectricallyinsulatingmaterial2500inFIG.20maybe
implementedbyalayerofelectricallyinsulatingmaterial3026coveringatleasttheinductor3004andthecapacitor3006aboveincooperation
withthesubstrate3002below.Theexposedelectricalcontact2502inFIG.25maybeimplementedasanexposedpad3030ofconductive
material.FIG.31showsanexemplaryembodiment3100ofaTRFcircuitofFIG.28.Particle3100maybethesameasparticle3000,except
particle3100hasanadditionalinductor3102.Theinductor3102maybeaspiral3104ofelectricallyconductivematerial,incircuit
communicationbyavia3106withthenode3008connectinginductor3004andcapacitor3006.FIG.32showsanexemplaryembodiment3200
ofarectifyingtankcircuit3200ofFIG.26.Particle3200maybethesameasparticle3000,exceptparticle3200hasarectifier3202.Rectifier
3202maybeimplementedwithantypesemiconductorregion(oraptyperegion)3204incircuitcommunicationwithaptyperegion(orann
typeregion)3206asknowntothoseintheart.Thenode3010connectinginductor3004andcapacitor3006maybeconnectedtorectifier3202at
via3208.Similarly,theexposedpad3030maybeconnectedtorectifier3202atvia3210.FIG.33showsanexemplaryembodiment3300ofa
rectifyingTRFcircuitofFIG.28.Particle3300maybethesameasparticle3100,exceptparticle3300hasarectifier3202.Aswiththerectifierin
FIG.32,rectifier3202maybeimplementedwithanntypesemiconductorregion(oraptyperegion)3204incircuitcommunicationwithap
typeregion(oranntyperegion)3206asknowntothoseintheart.Thenode3010connectinginductor3004andcapacitor3006maybe
connectedtorectifier3202atvia3208.Similarly,theexposedpad3030maybeconnectedtorectifier3202atvia3210.Theparticlesmadeof
piezoelectriccrystalcanbeobtainedfromvariouscommercialsources,e.g.,BlileyTechnologies,Inc.,Erie,Pa.Gasesinthenoblegasfamily,
e.g.,neon,argon,etc.,exhibitrelativelylargeexcitationatrelativelylowRFsignalstrengths.Thesmallparticlescontainingargoncanbeobtained
fromvariouscommercialsources.
[0054]VariousmeansforgettingtheRFabsorptionenhancersofthepresentinventiontothetargetedcellsitearecontemplated.RFabsorption
enhancersmaybeintroducedaspartofafluiddirectlyintothetumor(e.g.,byinjection),introducedaspartofsuchafluidintothepatient's
circulation(e.g.,byinjection),mixedwiththecellsoutsidethebody(exvivo),insertedintotargetcellswithmicropipettes.NanoparticleRF
absorptionenhancersmaybeintroducedbyaerosolinhalers,sublinqualandmucosalabsorption,lotionsandcreams,andskinpatches.RF
absorptionenhancersmaybedirectlyinjectedintoapatientbymeansofaneedleandsyringe.Inthealternative,theymaybeinjectedintoa
patientviaacatheteroraport.Theymaybeinjecteddirectlyintoatargetarea,e.g.,atumororaportionofatumor.Inthealternative,theymay
beinjectedviaanintravenous(IV)systemtobecarriedtoatargetcellviathepatient'svascularsystem.RFabsorptionenhancersofthepresent
inventionmaybindwiththecellsurface,bindtoatargetcellwall(e.g.,thoseusingmonoclonalantibodiesasacarrier)orbeinternalizedbythe
cells(e.g.,thoseusingliposomesandnanoparticlesasacarrier).CertainRFabsorptionenhancersofthepresentinvention(e.g.,thoseusingTILs
asacarrier)maybeinternalizedbytargetcells.Additionally,itmaybedesirabletosurgicallyplacecertainRFabsorptionenhancersinapatient,
e.g.,metallicradioactive"seeds."
[0055]RFhyperthermiageneratingsignalmayhaveafrequencycorrespondingtoaselectedparameterofanRFenhancer,e.g.,13.56MHz,27.12
MHz,915MHz,1.2GHz.SeveralRFfrequencieshavebeenallocatedforindustrial,scientific,andmedical(ISM)equipment,e.g.:6.78
MHz.+.15.0kHz13.56MHz.+.7.0kHz27.12MHz.+.163.0kHz40.68MHz.+.20.0kHz915MHz.+.13.0MHz2450MHz.+.50.0MHz.
SeePart18ofTitle47oftheCodeofFederalRegulations.ItisbelievedthathyperthermiageneratingRFsignalsatsequentiallyhigherfrequency
harmonicsof13.56MHzwillpenetrateintorespectivelydeepertissue,e.g.,ahyperthermiageneratingRFsignalat27.12MHzwillpenetrate
deeperthanat13.56MHz,ahyperthermiageneratingRFsignalat40.68MHzwillpenetratedeeperthanat27.12MHz,ahyperthermiagenerating
RFsignalat54.24MHzwillpenetratedeeperthanat40.68MHz,ahyperthermiageneratingRFsignalat67.80MHzwillpenetratedeeperthanat
54.24MHz,ahyperthermiageneratingRFsignalat81.36MHzwillpenetratedeeperthanat67.80MHz,andsoon(uptohigherRFfrequencies
thatmayheattheskinuncomfortablyorburntheskin).Theoptimumdepthlevelisselectedbaseduponantibodiesused,andthephysicalsizeof
thepatient,thelocationanddepthofthetargetarea,andthetumorinvolved.Asdiscussedabove,combinationsoftwoormoredifferent
frequenciesmaybeused,e.g.,alowerfrequencyRFcomponent(suchas13.56MHz)andahigherfrequencycomponent(suchas40.68MHz)to
targetdifferenttissuedepthswiththesamehyperthermiageneratingRFsignal.
[0056]SomeoftheexemplaryparticlesshowncomprisearectifierD,e.g.,FIGS.26,29,32and33.AnyoftheRFabsorptionenhancerparticles
disclosedhereinmayalsocompriseanassociatedrectifierordemodulator(e.g.,adiodeorcrystalincircuitcommunicationwithanoscillatory
circuit)onsomeoralloftheparticlestocauserectificationoftheRFsignalandtherebygenerateaDCcurrenttodamagethetargetcell(s)(inthe
caseoftargetedRFabsorptionenhancers)and/orcellsinthetargetarea(inthecaseofgeneralRFabsorptionenhancers).Thus,forexample,the
particlesmayhaveanLCtankcircuitwithadiode(FIG.26),aTRF(TunedRadioFrequency)typecircuitimplementedthereonwithadiode
(FIG.29)orapiezoelectriccrystalwithadiode.SuchRFabsorptionenhancerparticlesmayrequirethepatienttobegrounded,e.g.,witha
groundedleadpad,toprovideacurrentpathfortherectifiedRFcurrent.Theseexamplesimmediatelyabovemaybethoughtofasbeingsimilarto
asimpleTRFcrystalset,whichwaspoweredonlybyareceivedRFsignalandcoulddemodulatethereceivedsignalandgenerateenoughenergy
topowerahighimpedanceearphonewithnooutsidepowersourceotherthanthesignalfromtheradiostation.Withtheparticlesofthepresent
application,theadditionofadiodetothesecircuitsmaycauseDCcurrentstoflowwithinthetargetareaand/orwithinand/orbetweenthetarget
cellsresponsivetotheRFsignalcausingadditionalheatingeffecttogeneratethedesiredhyperthermiatemperature,e.g.,43.degree.C.The
rectifierinanyoftheseparticlesmaybeasinglediodeineitherpolarity(forhalfwaverectificationofthereceivedRFsignal)orapairofdiodes
withoppositepolarity(forfullwaverectificationoftheRFsignal).
[0057]AnyoftheRFabsorbingparticlesdescribedhereinmaybeusedaloneorinvirtuallyanycombinationofand/orpermutationofanyofthe
otherparticleorparticlesdescribedherein.Forexample,itmaybebeneficialtousethesametargetedcarrierortargetingmoietywithaplurality
ofdifferentRFabsorbingparticlesdescribedhereinfortreatmentofatargetarea.Similarly,anyoftheRFabsorbingparticlesdescribedherein
maybeusedaloneorinvirtuallyanycombinationofand/orpermutationofanyofthetargetingmoietiesortargetedcarriersdescribedherein.
Similarly,itmaybebestforsometargetareas(e.g.,sometumors)tousemultipledifferenttargetingmoietiesortargetedcarriersinRFabsorption
enhancers,e.g.,foramalignancythatmayhavedifferentmutationswithinitself.Accordingly,virtuallyanycombinationorpermutationofRF
absorptionenhancertargetingmoietiesorRFabsorptionenhancertargetedcarriersmaybeattachedtovirtuallyanycombinationofand/or
permutationofanyRFabsorbingparticleorparticlesdescribedhereintocreateRFabsorptionenhancersforuseinaccordancewiththeteachings
herein.
[0058]OftheRFabsorbingparticlesmentionedherein,somemaybesuitablefora13.56MHzhyperthermiageneratingRFsignal,e.g.,gold
nanoparticles,coppernanoparticles,magnesiumnanoparticles,argonfilledbeads,aqueoussolutionsofanyofthemetalsulfatesmentioned
herein,otherhollownanoparticlesfilledwithargon,andanyoftheorganometallics.RFabsorptionenhancersusingtheseRFabsorbingparticles
arealsoexpectedtobeeffectiveatslightlyhigherfrequencies,suchasthosehavingafrequencyontheorderofthesecondorthirdharmonicsof
13.56MHz.
[0059]SomeoftheparticlesusedingeneralRFabsorptionenhancersand/ortargetedRFabsorptionenhancersmayhaveoneormoreresonant
frequenciesassociatedtherewithsuchthatRFenergyorotherelectromagneticenergyatthatresonantfrequencycausesmuchgreaterheatingof
theparticlethanotherfrequencies.Thus,inaccordancewiththesystemsandmethodsofthepresentinvention,itmaybebeneficialtomatchone
ormoreresonantfrequenciesofRFabsorptionenhancerparticles(generaland/ortargeted)withoneormoreoftheelectromagneticfrequencies
beingusedtocreatehyperthermia.Additionally,thesizeofnanoparticlescanvarytowithincertainmanufacturingtolerances,withgenerally
increasedcostforasignificantlysmallermanufacturingtolerance.Thus,forasinglefrequencybeingusedtocreatehyperthermia,theremaybea
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nominalsizeofnanoparticlesassociatedwiththatonefrequency(e.g.,anominalsizeofnanoparticleshavingaresonantfrequencyatthat
frequency)however,thecostofmanufacturingnanoparticlesonlyatthatonesizemightbeprohibitivelyhigh.Consequently,fromacost
standpoint,itmightbebeneficial(i.e.,lowercost)tousenanoparticleswithalargersizetoleranceasRFabsorptionenhancerparticleshowever,
theparticleswithinasampleofnanoparticleswithalargersizetolerancemayhavewidelydifferentresonantfrequencies.Accordingly,itmaybe
beneficialtouseafrequencymodulated(FM)signaltocreatehyperthermiawithcertainenergyabsorptionenhancerparticles.Theparametersof
theFMsignalusedtogeneratehyperthermiamaybeselectedtocorrespondtothespecificsampleofparticlesbeingusedasenergyabsorption
enhancerparticles.ThecenterfrequencyofanFMhyperthermiageneratingsignalmaycorrespondtoaresonantfrequencyofnominallysized
particlesusedasenergyabsorptionenhancerparticlesandthemodulationoftheFMhyperthermiageneratingsignalmaycorrespondtothesize
toleranceoftheparticlesusedasenergyabsorptionenhancerparticles.Forexample,ahyperthermiageneratingRFsignalmaybemodulatedwith
anFMsignalhavingafrequencydeviationof300500KHzormore,andanyparticleshavingaresonantfrequencywithintheFMdeviation
wouldvibrateandcauseheating.TargetedRFabsorptionenhancerparticlesusedinaccordancewithanFMsignalusedtogeneratehyperthermia
canbethoughtofaseffectivelychangingtheresonantfrequencyrangeofthetargetcells,i.e.,addingaresonantfrequencyrangetothetarget
cells.Thus,insteadoftryingtodetermineoneormoreresonantfrequencyrangesoftargetcells,inaccordancewiththesystemsandmethodsof
thepresentinventiontheresonantfrequencyrangeoftargetcellsmaybeeffectivelychangedtowhateverfrequencyrangeisdesiredtocreate
hyperthermia.Withalltheembodimentsdescribedherein,onemayselectafrequencyorfrequencyrangeforasignalusedtogenerate
hyperthermiathatcorrespondstoaparameterofenergyenhancingparticles,oronemayselectenergyenhancingparticlescorrespondingtoa
frequencyorfrequencyrangeforasignalusedtogeneratehyperthermia.Itmaybebeneficialtomodifyotherexistingthermotherapydevicesto
usetheFMhyperthermiageneratingRFsignaldiscussedherein.Similarly,itmaybebeneficialtomodifyotherexistingthermotherapytherapies
tousetheFMhyperthermiageneratingRFsignaldiscussedherein.
[0060]Additionally,inanyoftheembodimentsdiscussedherein,theRFsignalusedtogeneratehyperthermiamaybeapulsed,modulatedFMRF
signal,orapulsefixedfrequencysignal.Apulsedsignalmaypermitarelativelyhigherpeakpowerlevel(e.g.,asingle"burst"pulseat1000
Wattsormore,ora1000Wattsignalhavingadutycycleofabout10%toabout25%)andmaycreatehigherlocaltemperaturesatRFabsorption
enhancerparticles(i.e.,higherthanabout43.degree.C.)withoutalsoraisingthetemperaturethathighandcausingdetrimentaleffectsto
surroundingcells(fortargetedenhancers)orsurroundingareas(forgeneralenhancers).
[0061]Severalsystemscanbeusedtoremotelydeterminetemperaturewithinabodyusingsensorsorusingradiographicmeanswithinfrared
thermographyandthermalMRI.Suchremotelydeterminedtemperaturemaybeusedasfeedbacktocontrolthepowerofthesignalbeing
deliveredtogeneratehyperthermia.Forexample,atemperatureremotelymeasuredcanbeusedasaninputsignalforacontroller(e.g.,aPID
controlleroraproportionalcontrolleroraproportionalintegralcontroller)tocontrolthepowerofthehyperthermiageneratingsignaltomaintain
thegeneratedtemperatureataspecifictemperaturesetpoint,e.g.,43.degree.C.
[0062]Similarly,thelocationofcertainradioisotopescanberemotelydeterminedusingradiographicmeansforimagingofradioimmunotherapy.
Accordingly,inanyoftheembodimentsdiscussedherein,RFabsorptionenhancersmayhavesubstances(suchascertainradioisotopes,quantum
dots,coloreddyes,fluorescentdyes,etc.)addedorattachedtheretothat,whenintroducedwiththeRFabsorptionenhancers,canbeusedto
remotelydeterminethelocationofRFabsorptionenhancers,i.e.,thelocationofthesubstancescanbedeterminedandthelocationofRF
absorptionenhancerscanbeinferredtherefrom.Inthealternative,thesesubstancescanbeintroducedbeforeorafterRFabsorptionenhancersare
introducedandusedtoremotelydeterminethelocationoftheRFabsorptionenhancers.Examplesofradioisotopesthelocationofwhichcanbe
monitoredinabody(e.g.,withCTscanners,PETscanners,andothersystemscapableofdetectingparticlesemittedbysuchsubstances)include:
technetium99m,radiogallium,2FDG(18F2deoxyglucoseor18F2fluorodeoxyglucose)(forPETscans),iodine131,positronemittingIodine
124,copper67,copper64,lutetium177,bismuth213,rhenium186,actinium225,In111,iodine123,iodine131,anyoneormoreofwhich
maybeaddedtoRFabsorptionenhancers.Someofthese,e.g.,technetium99m,radiogallium,2FDG,iodine131,copper67,copper64,lutetium
177,bismuth213,rhenium186,actinium225,andIn111mayalsoabsorbasignificantamountofRFenergyandthereforefunctionasRF
absorptionenhancingparticles,absorbingRFenergysufficienttoraisethetemperatureoftargetcellsoratargetareatoadesiredtemperature
levelandpermittingremotelocationdetermination.Suchdeterminedlocationcanbeusedtoprovidefeedbackofthelocationofgeneralor
targetedRFabsorptionenhancerstoknowwhichregionsofanareaorbodywillbeheatedbyahyperthermiageneratingRFsignal.Forexample,
thelocationoftheseparticles(andbyinferencethelocationoftargetedRFabsorptionenhancers)canbeperiodicallydetermined,i.e.,monitored,
andthehyperthermiageneratingRFsignalappliedwhenenoughofthetargetedRFabsorptionenhancersareinadesiredlocation.Asanother
example,thelocationoftheseparticles(andbyinferencethelocationofgeneralortargetedRFabsorptionenhancers)canbeperiodically
determined,i.e.,monitored,andthehyperthermiageneratingRFsignalceasedwhentheRFabsorptionenhancershavediffusedtoomuchorhave
movedfromapredeterminedlocation.Thus,thelocationofRFabsorptionenhancersmaybedeterminedviaPETscanners,CTscanners,Xray
devices,massspectroscopyorspecializedCTscanners(e.g.,PhillipsBrillianceCT),and/orinfrared,nearinfrared,thermalMRIsandother
opticaland/orthermalscanners.ForPETscans,exemplaryknownimaging/treatmentsubstancesinclude:(a)antibodies(ortargetingpeptides)
linkedtoPETradiometalslinkedtoacytoxicagentand(b)antibodies(ortargetingpeptides)linkedtoPETradiometalslinkedtobetaemitting
radionucleotides.Inaccordancewiththeteachingsherein,oneormoreRFabsorbingparticlesmaybeaddedtothesesubstances(orinthe
alternativeoneormoreRFabsorbingparticlesmayreplaceeitherthecytoxicagentorthebetaemittingradionucleotides)forcombinedPET
imagingwithRFgeneratedhyperthermia.Thus,thesephagedisplayantibodiesattachedtoPETradiometalsmayalsobeattachedtoanyoneor
moreoftheRFabsorbingparticlesdiscussedherein.ThiscombinationofimagingandRFhyperthermiatherapymaybeaccomplishedwithPET,
infrared,nearinfrared,andMRI.
[0063]Imagingtechniquescanbeusedtoguidetheinjection(orotherintroduction)ofRFabsorptionenhancersintoatumor,e.g.,atumorora
portionofatumor.Afterinjection,ahyperthermiageneratingRFsignalisappliedtothetargetareaandthermalimagingcanbeusedtomonitor
theheatbeinggeneratedbytheRFsignalandperhapsdirectlycontrolthepoweroftheRFsignal.Thereafter,followup3Dimagingusing
traditionalmethodscanbeusedtodeterminetheresultsofthehyperthermia.Additionally,imagingcombinationsarecontemplatedforimagingof
RFabsorptionenhancers,e.g.,usingthermalimaging,coloreddyes,quantumdots.
[0064]Severalsubstanceshavebeendescribedasbeinginjectedintoapatient,e.g.,generalRFabsorptionenhancers,targetedRFabsorption
enhancers,radioisotopesforremotelydeterminingtemperature,radioisotopescapableofbeingremotelylocated,etc.Itisexpectedthatsomeorall
ofthesewillbeinjectedusingasyringewithaneedle.TheneedlemayberemovedfromthepatientafterinjectionandbeforetheRFsignalis
appliedtogeneratehyperthermia.Inthealternative,aneedleusedtoinjectoneormoreoftheforegoingmaybeleftinplaceandusedasanRF
absorptionenhancer,i.e.,aneedlecanbemadefromanynumberofselectedthatwillheatinthepresenceofanRFsignal.Thus,anordinary
needlemaybeusedasanRFabsorptionenhancer.Additionally,aneedlecanbealteredtoresonateataselectedfrequencyofanRF
hyperthermiageneratingsignal,whichwillcauseittoheatfaster.Forexample,thetipofaneedlecanbemodifiedtoincludeaquarterwavecoil,
e.g.,atthetipoftheneedle.Forexample,atanRFfrequencyofabout13.56MHz,aboutsix(6)turnsof22or24gaugewirewrappedaroundthe
tipofaneedle(andperhapscoveredwithanelectricalinsulator,e.g.,anenamelcoating)maygreatlyenhanceRFabsorptionattheneedletip,
effectivelycreatingahotspotatthetipoftheneedlesubjectedtoanRFsignal.Additionally,orinthealternative,aneedleusedtoinjectoneor
moreRFabsorptionenhancersmayhaveatemperaturesensoratitstipincircuitcommunicationwithexternalcircuitrytodeterminea
temperatureofatargetregion.Asdiscussedabove,thisdeterminedtemperaturemaybeusedtocontrolthepoweroftheRFsignaltomaintaina
desiredtemperatureofatargetregion.
[0065]Viruses(andliposomesandperhapsothercarriers)mayalsobeusedtoimprovereceptivityoftargetcellsandtargetareastotargetedRF
absorptionenhancers,e.g.,byhavingavirus(and/orliposomesand/oranothercarrier)carryagene(orotherbiomolecule)forproductionofa
proteinthatwouldbeincorporatedonthesurfaceofatargetcell,makingthetargetcellmoreidentifiableandeasilyattachedbyatargetedRF
enhancer.Forexample,apatientmaybeinfectedwithavirusbyremovingthecellsfromthebody,growingandincreasingtheirnumberina
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tissueculture,infectingthecellsoutsidethebody(exvivo),andtheninsertingthembackintothepatient.Orthevirusmaybeintroduceddirectly
intothebody(invivo)orintothetumor.Additionally,aviruswithsuchatargetinggenemayalsobedeliveredtoatargetcellbyothermeans,
e.g.,liposomesormicroinfusion.Oncethetargetcellproducestheproteinthatisincorporatedtothesurfacemembrane,adoseofatargetedRF
absorptionenhancerisintroducedintothebodyandthetargetedcarrierthereofwilltargetandattachtothenewproteinonthetargetcell
membrane.AfterwaitingforasignificantnumberofthetargetedRFabsorptionenhancerstoattachtothenewprotein,ahyperthermiagenerating
RFsignalistransmittedintothetargetareaandthetargetcellsaregivenalethaldoseofheatoradoseofheattoaugmentothertherapies.
[0066]Referringonceagaintothefigures,FIG.2illustratesanexemplaryembodimenthavinganRFtransmitter200incircuitcommunication
withtransmissionhead218thattransmitsanRFsignal270throughatargetarea280toareceptionhead268incircuitcommunicationwithanRF
receiver250.TheRFtransmitter200isamultifrequencytransmitterandincludesafirstRFsignalgenerator204.ThefirstRFsignalgenerator
204generatesafirstsignalatafirstfrequencyF1,suchasa16megahertzfrequency.ThefirstRFsignalgenerator204isincircuit
communicationswithbandpassfilterB.P.1206,whichisincircuitcommunicationwithanRFcombinationcircuit212.BandpassfilterB.P.1
206isaunidirectionalbandpassfilterthatpreventssignalsatotherfrequenciesfromreachingfirstRFsignalgenerator204.
[0067]RFtransmitter200includesasecondRFsignalgenerator208.SecondRFsignalgenerator208generatesasecondsignalatasecond
frequencyF2,suchas,forexamplea6megahertzsignal.Secondsignalgenerator208isincircuitcommunicationwithbandpassfilterB.P.2210,
whichisalsoincircuitcommunicationwiththeRFcombinationcircuit212.BandpassfilterB.P.2210preventssignalsatotherfrequenciesfrom
reachingsecondRFsignalgenerator208.Optionally,RFcombinationcircuit212includescircuitrytopreventthefirstandsecondsignalsfrom
flowingtowardtheothersignalgeneratorsandthuseliminatestheneedforbandpassfilterB.P.1206andbandpassfilterB.P.2210.
[0068]RFcombinationcircuit212combinesthefirstandsecondsignalatfrequencyF1andfrequencyF2andoutputsRFsignal270.Preferably,
RFcombinationcircuit212isincircuitcommunicationwithfirstmeter214.Firstmeter214isusedtodetectthesignalstrengthofRFsignal270.
TheRFsignal270istransmittedviatransmissionhead218throughthetarget280toreceptionhead268.Optionally,plugtypeconnectors216,
266areprovidedallowingforeasyconnection/disconnectionoftransmissionhead218,andreceptionhead268respectfully.Receptionhead268
ispreferablyincircuitcommunicationswithasecondmeter264.Secondmeter264detectstheRFsignalstrengthreceivedbythereceptionhead
268.ThedifferenceinRFsignalstrengthbetweenfirstmeter214andsecondmeter264canbeusedtocalculateenergyabsorbedbythetarget
area280.Receptionhead268isalsoincircuitcommunicationwithanRFsplitter262.RFsplitter262separatestheRFsignal270intobackinto
itscomponents,firstsignalatfrequencyF1andsecondsignalatfrequencyF2.RFsplitter262isincircuitcommunicationwithbandpassfilter
B.P.1256,whichisincircuitcommunicationwithfirsttunedcircuit254.Similarly,RFsplitter262isincircuitcommunicationwithbandpass
filterB.P.2260,whichisincircuitcommunicationwithsecondtunedcircuit258.Optionally,bandpassfilterB.P.1,256andbandpassfilter
B.P.2260canbereplacedwithasplitterorpoweredtee.
[0069]Firsttunedcircuit254istunedsothatatleastaportionofreceptionhead268isresonantatfrequencyF1.Similarly,secondtunedcircuit
258istunedtothatatleastaportionofreceptionhead268isresonantatfrequencyF2.Sincethereceptionhead268isresonantatfrequenciesF1
andF2theRFsignal270isforcedtopassthroughthetargetarea280.
[0070]Optionally,anexemplaryembodimenthavinganRFtransmitter,similartothatillustratedabove,thatdoesnotincludeanRFcombination
circuitisprovided.Instead,theRFtransmitterusesamultifrequencytransmissionhead.Inthisembodiment,oneportionofthetransmissionhead
isusedtotransmitonefrequencysignal,andasecondportionisusedtotransmitasecondfrequencysignal.Inaddition,optionally,thereception
headandresonantcircuitsareconstructedwithouttheneedforasplitter,byprovidingareceptionheadhavingmultipleportionswhereinthe
specificportionsaretunedtoreceivespecificfrequencysignals.Anexampleofsuchatransmissionheadinmoredetailillustratedbelow.
[0071]FIG.2illustratesanothermeansforconcentratingtheRFsignalonspecifictargetareabyusingalargertransmissionheadthenreception
head.TheRFsignal270transmittedbylargertransmissionhead218isreceivedbyreceptionhead268insuchamannerthattheRFsignal270is
moreconcentratednearthereceptionhead268thanitisnearthetransmissionhead218.ThemoreconcentratedtheRFsignal270,thehigherthe
amountofenergythatcanbeabsorbedbythespecificarea282.Thus,positioningthelargertransmissionheadononesideofthetargetarea280
andpositioningthesmallerreceptionhead268ontheothersideofandnearthespecifictargetarea282isameansforconcentratingtheRFsignal
270onthespecifictargetarea282.Optionally,oneormoreofthetunedcircuits254,258intheRFreceiver250aretunedtohaveahighquality
factororhigh"Q."Providingaresonantcircuitwithahigh"Q"allowsthetunedheadtopickuplargeramountsofenergy.
[0072]FIGS.36illustrateanumberofexemplarytransmitterheadandreceptionheadconfigurations.Additionally,thetransmitterandreceiver
headsmaybemetallicplates.FIG.3illustratesatransmitterhead302havinganonuniformthickness314.Transmissionhead302iselectrically
insulatedfromtargetarea306byaninsulationlayer308incontactwiththetargetarea.Similarly,receptionhead304iselectricallyinsulatedby
insulationlayer310.Insulationlayer310canbeindirectcontactwithtargetarea306.Insulationlayer308,310provideadditionalmeansof
electricallyinsulatingthetransmissionheadandreceptionheadsfromthetargetarea.Receptionhead304alsohasnonuniformthicknesses314
and316.Receiverhead304issmallerthantransmissionhead302andhasasmallercrosssectionalareaonitsface.Thesmallercrosssectional
areaofreceiverhead304facilitatesinconcentratinganRFsignalinaspecifictargetarea.
[0073]FIG.3Aillustratesafaceviewoftheexemplaryembodimentofthetransmissionhead302ofFIG.3.Thetransmissionhead302includesa
pluralityofindividualtransmissionheads314,316.Transmissionheads314providefortransmissionofasignalatafirstfrequency,suchas4
megahertz.Transmissionheads316providefortransmissionofasignalatasecondfrequency,suchas,forexample10MHz,or13.56MHzor
anyofthelowerharmonicsof13.56MHzmentionedabove,e.g.,27.12MHz.Preferably,thetransmissionheads314and316areelectrically
insulatedfromoneanother.Inaddition,preferablethepoweroutputcanbecontrolledtoeachtransmissionhead,allowingforthepoweroutputto
beincreasedordecreasedinspecificareasbaseduponthesize,shape,ordepthofthespecifictargetarea.Optionally,allofthetransmissionheads
314providethesamepoweroutput,andtransmissionheads316providethesamepoweroutput.
[0074]Obviouslythetransmissionheadcancontainanynumberofindividualtransmissionheads.Moreover,thetransmissionheadscantransmit
signalsatapluralityoffrequency,andinclude,butarenotlimitedtotransmissionheadsthattransmitsignalsatone,two,three,etc.different
frequencies.Allofwhichhavebeencontemplatedandarewithinthespiritandscopeofthepresentinvention.
[0075]FIG.4illustratesyetanadditionalexemplaryembodiment.FIG.4illustratestransmissionhead402withawavysurface412andreception
head404havingawavysurface414.Otherusefulsurfaceconfigurationsincludebumpy,planer,nonuniform,mounded,conicalanddimpled
surfaces.Variedsurfaceshapesallowforvariabledepthsofheatingcontrol.Theshapeofreceivinghead414isthinner,narrower(notshown)and
isselectedbaseduponthesizeandshapeofthespecifictargetarea410locatedinthegeneraltargetarea406.
[0076]FIG.5illustratesanexemplaryembodimentwithanoninvasivetransmissionhead502andaninvasiveneedle512.Inthisembodiment,
endofneedle512islocatedatleastpartiallywithingeneraltargetarea506andnearspecifictargetarea510.Needle512ispreferablyhollowand
hasextensionmembers514withintheneedle512.Oncetheendofneedle512islocatednearthespecifictargetarea510,theextensionmembers
514areextendedandattachtothespecifictargetarea510.Preferably,thespecifictargetarea510hasbeentargetedwithalargeconcentrationof
RFabsorptionenhancers516.Thetargetarea510,itself,becomesthereceptionhead.Theextensionmembers514providecircuitcommunication
withtheresonantcircuitandthetargetarea510isresonantatthedesiredfrequency.Providingmultipleextensionmembersprovidesforamore
evenheatingofthespecifictargetarea510.ThisembodimentallowstheRFsignaltobeconcentratedonsmallareas.
[0077]FIG.6illustratesyetanotherexemplaryembodimentoftransmissionandreceptionheads.Inthisembodiment,transmissionhead602
includesafirsttransmissionheadportion604andasecondtransmissionheadportion606.Thefirstandsecondtransmissionheads602,604are
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electricallyisolatedfromoneanotherbyaninsulatingmember608.Similarly,receptionhead612includesafirstreceptionportion614anda
secondreceptionportion16thatareelectricallyisolatedfromoneanotherbyaninsulationmember618.Providingmultipletransmissionhead
portionsthatareelectricallyisolatedfromoneanotherallowstheuseofmultiplefrequencieswhichcanbeusedtoheatvariousshapesandsizes
oftargetareas.Differentfrequenciescanbeusedtoheatthickerandthinnerportionsofthetargetarea,ordeepertargetareasallowingforamore
uniformheating,ormaximumdesiredheating,oftheentiretargetarea.Anotherexemplaryembodiment(notshown)includesapluralityof
concentriccirclesformingtransmissionheadportionsandareelectricallyisolatedorinsulatedfromeachother.
[0078]FIG.7illustratesahighlevelexemplarymethodologyofforinducinghyperthermiainatargetarea700.Themethodologybeginsatblock
702.Atblock704thetransmissionheadisarranged.Arrangementofthetransmissionheadisaccomplishedby,forexample,placingthe
transmissionheadproximatetoandononesideofthetargetarea.Atblock706thereceptionheadisarranged.Arrangementofthereceptionhead
issimilarlyaccomplishedby,forexample,placingthereceptionheadproximatetoandontheothersideofthetargetareasothatanRFsignal
transmittedviathetransmissionheadtothereceptionheadwillpassthroughthetargetarea.Atblock708theRFsignalistransmittedfromthe
transmissionheadtothereceptionhead.TheRFsignalpassesthroughandwarmscellsinthetargetarea.Themethodologyendsatblock710and
maybeendedafterapredeterminedtimeintervaland/inresponsetoadeterminationthatadesiredheatinghasbeenachieved.
[0079]FIG.8illustratesanexemplarymethodologyforinducinghyperthermiainatargetarea800.Themethodologybeginsatblock802.At
block804anRFtransmitterisprovided.TheRFtransmittermaybeanytypeofRFtransmitterallowingtheRFfrequencytobechangedor
selected.PreferablyRFtransmitterisavariablefrequencyRFtransmitter.Optionally,theRFtransmitterisalsomultifrequencytransmitter
capableofprovidingmultiplefrequencyRFsignals.Stillyet,optionallytheRFtransmitteriscapableoftransmittingRFsignalswithvariable
amplitudesorpulsedamplitudes.
[0080]Preferably,avarietyofdifferentshapesandsizesoftransmissionandreceptionheadsareprovided.Thetransmissionheadisselectedat
block806.TheselectionofthetransmissionheadmaybebasedinpartonthetypeofRFtransmitterprovided.Otherfactors,suchas,forexample,
thedepth,sizeandshapeofthegeneraltargetarea,orspecifictargetareatobetreated,andthenumberoffrequenciestransmittedmayalsobe
usedindeterminingtheselectionofthetransmissionhead.
[0081]TheRFreceiverisprovidedatblock808.TheRFreceivermaybetunedtothefrequency(s)oftheRFtransmitter.Atblock810,the
desiredreceptionheadisselected.Similarlytotheselectionofthetransmissionhead,thereceptionheadispreferablyselectedtofitthedesired
characteristicsoftheparticularapplication.Forexample,areceptionheadwithasmallcrosssectioncanbeselectedtoconcentratetheRFsignal
onaspecifictargetarea.VarioussizesandshapesofthereceptionheadsallowforoptimalconcentrationoftheRFsignalinthedesiredtarget
area.
[0082]TheRFabsorptioninthetargetareaisenhancedatblock812.TheRFabsorptionratemaybeenhancedby,forexample,injectingan
aqueoussolution,andpreferablyanaqueoussolutioncontainingsuspendedparticlesofanelectricallyconductivematerial.Optionally,theRF
absorptioninthetargetareaisenhancedbyexposingthetargetcellstooneormoretargetedRFabsorptionenhancers,asdiscussedabove.
[0083]Arrangementofthetransmissionheadandreceptionheadareperformedatblocks814and816respectfully.Thetransmissionheadand
receptionheadsarearrangedproximatetoandoneithersideofthetargetarea.Thetransmissionheadandreceptionheadsareinsulatedfromthe
targetarea.Preferablytheheadsareinsulatedfromthetargetareabymeansofanairgap.Optionally,theheadsareinsulatedfromthetargetarea
bymeansofaninsulatingmaterial.TheRFfrequency(s)areselectedatblock818andtheRFsignalistransmittedatblock820.Inadditionto
selectingthedesiredRFfrequency(s)atblock818,preferably,thetransmissiontimeordurationisalsoselected.Thedurationtimeissetto,for
example,aspecifiedlengthoftime,orsettoraisethetemperatureofatleastaportionofthetargetareatoadesiredtemperature/temperature
range,suchas,forexampletobetween106.degree.and107.degree.,orsettoadesiredchangeintemperature.Inaddition,optionally,other
modificationsoftheRFsignalareselectedatthistime,suchas,forexample,amplitude,pulsedamplitude,anon/offpulserateoftheRFsignal,a
variableRFsignalwherethefrequencyoftheRFsignalvariesoverasettimeperiodorinrelationtosettemperatures,rangesorchangesin
temperatures.Themethodologyendsatblock822andmaybeendedafterapredeterminedtimeintervaland/inresponsetoadeterminationthata
desiredheatinghasbeenachieved.
[0084]FIG.9illustratesanexemplaryinvitromethodologyofinducinghyperthermiaintargetcells900.Theexemplaryinvitromethodology
900beginsatblock902.Atblock904,cellstobetreatedareextractedfromapatientandplacedinavessel.Theremovedcellsincludeatleast
oneormoretargetcellsandareextractedbyanymethod,suchasforexample,withaneedleandsyringe.Atblock906antibodiesboundwithRF
enhancersareprovidedandexposedtotheextractedcells.TheantibodiesboundwithRFenhancersattachtooneormoreofthetargetcellsthat
arecontainedwithinthelargersetofextractedcells.
[0085]AnRFtransmitterandRFreceiverareprovidedatblocks910and912respectively.Thetransmissionheadisarrangedproximatetoandon
onesideofthetargetcellsinthevesselatblock916.Atblock918thereceptionheadisarrangedproximatetoandontheothersideofthetarget
cells.AnRFsignalistransmittedatblock918toincreasethetemperatureofthetargetcellsto,forexample,tobetween106.degree.and
107.degree..
[0086]FIG.10illustratesanexemplaryinvitromethodologyofseparatingcells1000.Theexemplaryinvitromethodologybeginsatblock1002.
Atblock1004,cellstobetreatedareextractedfromapatientandplacedinavessel.Theextractedcellsincludeatleastoneormoretargetcells
andareextractedbyanymethod,suchasforexample,withaneedleandsyringe.Atblock1006targetingcarriers(witheitherinherenttargeting
moietiesortargetingmoietiesattachedthereto)boundtomagneticparticles(magnetictargetedRFabsorptionenhancers)areprovidedand
exposedtotheextractedcells.ThemagnetictargetedRFabsorptionenhancersattachtooneormoreofthetargetcellsthatarecontainedwithin
thelargersetofextractedcells.Amagneticcoilisprovidedatblock1010andenergizedatblock1012.Thetargetcellsthatareboundtothe
targetingmoietiesareattractedbythemagneticfield.Thetargetcellsboundtothetargetingmoietiesarethenseparatedfromtheothercells.The
targetcellscanbeseparatedbyskimmingtheoneormoretargetcellsfromtheremainingcells,orretainingtheoneormoretargetcellsinone
areaofthevesselandremovingtheothercells.Themethodologyendsatblock1020afteroneormoreofthetargetcellsareseparatedfromthe
othercells.
[0087]AsshowninFIG.11,anexemplarysystem1100accordingtothepresentinventionmayhaveanRFgenerator1102transmittingRF
energyviaatransmissionhead1104towardatargetarea1106.Thetransmissionhead1104mayhaveaplate1108operativelycoupledtoacoilor
otherinductor1110.Insuchaconfiguration,thehead1104mayitselfconstituteorbecomponentsofaresonantcircuitfortransmissionand/or
receptionofahyperthermiageneratingRFsignal.Theplate1108maybeincircuitcommunicationwiththecoilorotherinductor1110.TheRF
generator1102maybeacommercialtransmitter,e.g.,thetransmitterportionofaYAESUbrandFT1000MPMarkVtransceiver.A
hyperthermiageneratingsignalcanbegeneratedatabout13.56MHz(oneoftheFCCauthorizedfrequenciesforISMequipment)bythe
transmitterportionofaYAESUbrandFT1000MPMarkVtransceiverbyclippingcertainblockingcomponentsasknowntothoseskilledinthe
art.TheRFgenerator1102andtransmissionhead1104mayhaveassociatedantennatunercircuitry(notshown)incircuitcommunication
therewithorintegraltherewith,e.g.,automaticormanualantennatunercircuitry,toadjusttotheimpedanceoftransmissionhead1104andthe
targetarea1106(andareceiver,ifany).ThetransmitterportionofaYAESUbrandFT1000MPMarkVtransceiverhassuchintegralantenna
tunercircuitry(pressinga"Tune"buttoncausestheunittoautomaticallyadjusttotheloadpresentedtotheRFgeneratorportion).TheRF
generator1202andtransmissionheadmayhaveassociatedantennatunercircuitry(notshown)incircuitcommunicationtherewithorintegral
therewith,e.g.,automaticormanualantennatunercircuitry,toadjusttothecombinedimpedanceofthetargetarea1206andthereceiver1212,
1214andcompensateforchangestherein.ThetransmitterportionofaYAESUbrandFT1000MPMarkVtransceiverhassuchintegralantenna
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tunercircuitry.Variousconfigurationsfortheplate1108andcoil1110arepossible,asexemplifiedbelow.Acentralaxisofthecoil,e.g.,the
centralaxisofacylindricalinductorcore,maybedirectedtowardthetargetarea.
[0088]AsexemplifiedbyFIG.12A,anexemplarysystem1200accordingtothepresentinventionmayhaveanRFgenerator1202transmitting
RFenergyviaatransmissionhead1204(whichtransmissionhead1204mayhaveaplate1208operativelycoupledtoacoilorotherinductor
1210)throughatargetarea1206toareceptionhead1212coupledtoaload1214.Thereceptionhead1212mayhaveaplate1216operatively
coupledtoacoilorotherinductor1218.TheRFgenerator1202maybeacommercialtransmitter,e.g.,thetransmitterportionofaYAESUbrand
FT1000MPMarkVtransceiver,whichmaybemodifiedasdiscussedabovetogeneratea13.56MHzsignal.TheRFgenerator1202and
transmissionhead1204mayhaveassociatedantennatunercircuitry(notshown)incircuitcommunicationtherewithorintegraltherewith,e.g.,
automaticormanualantennatunercircuitry,toadjusttothecombinedimpedanceofthetransmissionhead1204,thetargetarea1206,andthe
receiver1212,1214andcompensateforchangestherein.ThetransmitterportionofaYAESUbrandFT1000MPMarkVtransceiverhassuch
integralantennatunercircuitry.Theload1214maybeassimpleasanoninductiveresistiveload(e.g.,agroundedpowerresistor)providinga
pathforcoupledRFenergytodissipate.Variousconfigurationsfortheplates1208,1216andcoils1210,1218arepossible,asexemplifiedbelow.
[0089]AsexemplifiedbyFIG.12B,anexemplarysystem1220accordingtothepresentinventionmayhaveacombinedRFgenerator/load1222
transmittingRFenergyviathetransmissionhead1204throughthetargetarea1206tothereceptionhead1212,whichmayalsobecoupledtothe
combinedRFgenerator/load1222.ThecombinedRFgenerator/load1222maybeacommercialtransceiver,e.g.,aYAESUbrandFT1000MP
MarkVtransceiver,whichhasbuiltinautomaticantennatunercircuitry,whichcanautomaticallycorrectfortheimpedanceofthetransmission
head1204,thetargetarea1206,andthereceptionhead1212.ForgeneratinghyperthermiawithanRFsignal,theYAESUbrandFT1000MP
MarkVtransceivermaynotgenerateenoughheat,dependingonwhetherRFenhancersareused.Accordingly,theoutputmayneedtobe
amplifiedwithapoweramplifierpriortocouplingviathetransmissionheadthroughthetargetregiontothereceptionhead.Theconfigurationsof
FIGS.12Aand12B,havingatransmissionheadandareceptionheaddefiningatargetregiontherebetween,arefavoredatthetimeofthefilingof
thepresentapplicationwithrespecttogeneratinghyperthermiawithanRFsignalinatargetregion,e.g.,inatumororportionofatumortreated
withRFenhancers.
[0090]AsshowninFIGS.1314,anexemplaryhead1300(asatransmissionheadand/orasareceptionhead)mayhaveaplateofconductive
material1302operativelycoupledtoacoilorotherinductor1304,anaxisofwhichinductor1304mayextendgenerallyperpendicularor
substantiallyperpendicularwithrespecttoasurface1305oftheplate1302.Insuchaconfiguration,thehead1300mayitselfconstituteorbe
componentsofaresonantcircuitfortransmissionand/orreceptionofahyperthermiageneratingRFsignal.Theplateofconductivematerial1302
maybeagenerallyroundplatemadeofflat,conductivematerialofsubstantiallyuniformthickness.Thespecificcharacteristics(surfacearea,
thickness,material,etc.)oftheplate1302maydependonthespecificapplicationandmaydependgreatlyonthefrequencyorfrequenciesof
electromagneticradiationdirectedtowardatargetarea.Theplate1302maybemadefrom,e.g.,copperorsilverplatedcopperorbronzeand
shouldbethickenoughtobeselfsupportingorsupportedbysupportingstructures(notshown).Thesurfaceareaoftheplate1302maydependon
thesizeofthetargetarea,withalargerplatebeingusedforalargertargetarea.Thesurfaceareaoftheplate1302maydependonthefrequencyof
hyperthermiageneratingRFsignalbeingused,withlowerfrequencies,e.g.,13.56MHz,usingalargerplatethanhigherfrequencies,e.g.,27.12
MHzor40.68MHz,tohelptunetothefrequencyofhyperthermiageneratingRFsignalbeingused.
[0091]Similarly,thespecificcharacteristics(numberofinductors,inductanceofeachinductor,overalllengthofeach,materialforeach,material
dimensionsforeach,numberofwindingsforeach,coildiameterforeach,coilcorematerialforeach,etc.)oftheinductor1304maydependon
thespecificapplicationandmaydependgreatlyonthefrequencyorfrequenciesofelectromagneticradiationdirectedtowardatargetarea.At
higherRFfrequencies,(e.g.,atabout100MHzandhigher)theinductor1304maybeasimplestraightlengthofelectricalconductor.Theinductor
1304atlowerRFfrequencies(e.g.,about13.56MHz)maybeconfiguredasacoil1304ofelectricallyconductivematerial,asshowninthe
figures.Iftheinductor1304isacoil,thecoil1304maybeformedusingacore1306,whichmayhaveanaxis,e.g.,acentralaxis1307,thatis
generallyorsubstantiallyperpendiculartothesurface1305ofplate1302.Ifapluralityoffrequenciesofelectromagneticradiationaredirected
towardatargetarea,acorrespondingpluralityofelectricallyinsulatedinductorsmayextendgenerallyorsubstantiallyperpendicularfromthe
surface1305towardthetargetarea.Someorallofthepluralityofelectricallyinsulatedinductorsmaybecoils,someorallofwhichmaybe
coaxialorevenshareacommoncore1306.AsshowninFIG.13,theinductor1304maybespacedfromacentralpoint1308(e.g.,acenterof
areaorcenterofmassoraxialcenter)oftheplatebyadistance1309.Similarly,theaxis1307ofinductor1304maybespacedfromthecentral
point1308oftheplatebyadistance(notshown).AsshowninFIG.14,thehead1300mayhaveanassociatedelectricalconnector1312forbeing
placedincircuitcommunicationwitheitheranRFgenerator(inthecaseofatransmissionhead)oraload(inthecaseofareceptionhead).As
discussedbelow,theplate1302maybeelectricallyconnectedtotheinductor1304atapoint1310.Inthealternative,theplate1302maybe
electricallyinsulatedfromtheinductor1304,whichmaypermittheplatetobeconfigureddifferentlyfromtheinductor1304,e.g.,permittheplate
1302tobegroundedortunedindependentlyoftheinductor1304.Thus,theconnector1312maybeincircuitcommunicationwiththeplate1302
and/ortheinductor1304andtheplate1302andtheinductor1304mayeachhaveanassociatedconnector.Asdiscussedbelow,theotherend
1314ofcoil1304maybefreeormaybeconnectedtoatuningcircuit,e.g.,acapacitorwhichmaybeavariablecapacitor.
[0092]Anexemplaryheadforuseatafrequencyofabout13.56MHzmayhaveaplateformedasanapproximatelycircularshapeddiskofflat
copperthatisaboutten(10)inchesthickelectricallyconnectedtoaninductorthatisacoilformedfromaboutsix(6)turnsof22or24gaugewire
wouldarounda1inchhollowaircorewiththewindingsextendingaboutthree(3)inchesfromthesurfaceoftheplate.
[0093]AsshowninFIG.15,twooftheexemplaryheads1300ofFIGS.1314maybeusedasatransmissionhead1300aandreceptionhead
1300bpair.Inthisconfiguration,thetransmissionhead1300amaybeincircuitcommunicationwithanRFgeneratorviaconnector1312aand
receptionhead1300bmaybeincircuitcommunicationwithaloadviaconnector1312bwithRFelectromagneticenergybeingcoupledfrom
transmissionhead1300atoreceptionhead1300b.AsshowninFIG.15,suchapairmaybeorientedtocreateanarea1500boundedondifferent
sidesbytheplates1302a,1302bandcoils1304a,1304b.Morespecifically,thetransmissionhead1300aandreceptionhead1300bmaybe
orientedwiththeirplates1302a,1302bgenerallyfacingeachotherandtheirinductorsspacedfromeachotherandwiththeiraxesextending
generallyparalleltoeachothertocreatearea1500.Area1500thusisboundedbyaside1502aproximateplate1302a,aside1502bproximate
plate1302b,aside1504aproximateinductor1304a,andaside1504bproximateinductor1304b.Noticethatinthisconfiguration,thedistalends
1502a,1502boftheinductors1304a,1304bareproximateanoppositelocation1508b,1508aoftheoppositeplate1302b,1302a,respectively,
whichcreatesanoverlapoftheinductors1304a,1304bthathelpsformthearea1500.ItisexpectedthatRFelectromagneticenergywillbe
coupledfrominductor1304atoinductor1304binthissidetosideconfiguration.Similarly,itisalsobelievedthatRFelectromagneticenergywill
becoupledfromplate1302atoplate1302b.Surprisingly,apairofheads1300a,1300btunedtosubstantiallythesamefrequency(orharmonics
thereof)canbearrangedinaskewedconfiguration(withtheplatesnotdirectlyfacingeachotherandtheaxesofthecoilsskewed)andseparated
byseveralfeetofseparationandstillpermitcouplingofsignificantRFelectromagneticenergyfromhead1300atohead1300b.
[0094]AnotherexemplaryheadconfigurationisshowninFIGS.1617,whichshowsexemplaryhead1600(asatransmissionheadand/orasa
receptionhead).Thehead1600issimilarinmanywaystothehead1300ofFIGS.1314.Likehead1300,head1600mayhaveaplateof
conductivematerial1602operativelycoupledtoacoilorotherinductor1604,anaxisofwhichinductor1604mayextendgenerallyperpendicular
orsubstantiallyperpendicularwithrespecttoasurface1605oftheplate1602.Insuchaconfiguration,thehead1300mayitselfconstituteorbe
componentsofaresonantcircuitfortransmissionand/orreceptionofahyperthermiageneratingRFsignal.Exceptassetforthbelow,allofthe
discussionabovewithrespecttohead1300alsoappliestothehead1600.Iftheinductor1604isacoil,thecoil1604maybeformedusingacore
1606,whichmayhaveanaxis,e.g.,acentralaxis1607,thatisgenerallyorsubstantiallyperpendiculartosurface1605ofplate1602.Unlikehead
1300,inhead1600,theaxis1607ofinductor1604isshownasbeingcoaxialwithacentralpointoftheplate.Alsonotethatthehead1600hasa
coil1604thathasmorecloselyspacedcoilwindingsthancoil1304ofhead1300,whichpermitscoil1604tobeshownasbeingshorterthancoil
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1304inFIG.13.AsshowninFIG.17,thehead1600mayhaveanassociatedelectricalconnector1612forbeingplacedincircuitcommunication
witheitheranRFgenerator(inthecaseofatransmissionhead)oraload(inthecaseofareceptionhead)withRFelectromagneticenergybeing
coupledfromtransmissionhead1300atoreceptionhead1300b.Asdiscussedbelow,theplate1602maybeelectricallyconnectedtotheinductor
1604atapoint1610.Inthealternative,theplate1602maybeelectricallyinsulatedfromtheinductor1604,whichmaypermittheplatetobe
configureddifferentlyfromtheinductor1604,e.g.,permittheplate1602tobegroundedortunedindependentlyoftheinductor1604.Thus,the
connector1612maybeincircuitcommunicationwiththeplate1602and/ortheinductor1604andtheplate1602andtheinductor1604mayeach
haveanassociatedconnector.Asdiscussedbelow,theotherend1614ofcoil1604maybefreeormaybeconnectedtoatuningcircuit,e.g.,a
capacitorwhichmaybeavariablecapacitor.Again,exceptasnotedabove,allofthediscussionabovewithrespecttohead1300alsoappliesto
thehead1600.
[0095]Apairoftheexemplaryheads1600ofFIGS.1617maybeusedasatransmissionhead1600aandreceptionhead1300bpair,withthe
transmissionhead1600aincircuitcommunicationwithanRFgeneratorviaconnector1612aandthereceptionhead1600bincircuit
communicationwithaloadviaconnector1612b,withRFelectromagneticenergybeingcoupledfromtransmissionhead1600atoreceptionhead
1600b.Insuchaconfiguration,thehead1600mayitselfconstituteorbecomponentsofaresonantcircuitfortransmissionand/orreceptionofa
hyperthermiageneratingRFsignal.Althoughapairofheads1600maybearrangedsimilartoasshowninFIG.15,withapairofinductorssideto
sideandplatesfacingeachother,head1600doesnotreallylenditselftothisconfigurationbecauseinductor1604issignificantlyshorterthan
inductor1304andifputinthisconfiguration,therewouldbeasubstantiallysmallertargetareaandsignificantportionsoftheoppositeplatesnot
directlyfacingeachother.Thehead1600doeslenditselftotheconfigurationshowninFIG.18inwhichapairofheads1600a,1600bare
arrangedinan"endfired"configuration,i.e.,thecoils1604a,1604barecoaxialsothattheendsofthecoilsareessentiallyaimedateachother.In
theconfigurationofFIG.18,theplates1602a,1602bfaceeachotherdirectly.RFelectromagneticenergyiscoupledfromtransmissionhead
1300atoreceptionhead1300bthroughanarea1800betweentheheads1600a,1600basdiscussedinmoredetailbelow.Thecentralaxisofthe
coils1604a,1604b,e.g.,thecentralaxisofacylindricalinductorcore,maybedirectedtowardthetargetarea.
[0096]FIG.19showstwoheads1600a,1600binthe"endfired"configurationofFIG.18withtransmissionhead1600abeingincircuit
communicationwithanRFgeneratorviacoaxialcable1900connectedtoconnector1312aandthereceptionhead1300bbeingincircuit
communicationwithaloadviaacoaxialcable1902connectedtoconnector1312b,withRFelectromagneticenergybeingcoupledfrom
transmissionhead1600atoreceptionhead1600b.Aconductor1904withinconnector1612aisincircuitcommunicationwithplate1602aand
coil1604a.Similarly,aconductor1906withinconnector1612bisincircuitcommunicationwithplate1602bandcoil1604b.Theshieldlayerof
coaxialcables1900,1902aregroundedasshownschematicallyat1910,1912.ItisbelievedthatthereissignificantcouplingofRF
electromagneticenergydirectlybetweentheendfiredinductors1604a,1604b,asindicatedschematicallybytherelativelycloselyspacedraysat
1920.ItisalsobelievedthatthereisadditionalcouplingofRFelectromagneticenergybetweentheplates1602a,1602b,althoughnotatas
significantarate,asindicatedschematicallybythemorewidelyspacedraysat1930.Again,surprisingly,apairofsuchheads1600a,1600btuned
tosubstantiallythesamefrequency(orharmonicsthereof)canbearrangedinaskewedconfiguration(withtheplatesnotdirectlyfacingeach
otherandtheaxesofthecoilsskewed)andseparatedbyseveralfeetofseparationandstillpermitcouplingofsignificantRFelectromagnetic
energyfromhead1600atohead1600b.
[0097]FIG.20showstwoheads2000a,2000bthesameasthetwoheads1600a,1600binthe"endfired"configurationofFIGS.18and19,
exceptthattheheads2000a,2000bhaveplates2002a,2002bthatareelectricallyinsulatedfrominductors2004a,2004bandaregrounded.Thus,
intheconfigurationofFIG.20,theinductor2004aisincircuitcommunicationwithanRFgeneratorviacoaxialcable1900connectedto
connector2012aandinductor2004bisincircuitcommunicationwithaloadviaacoaxialcable1902connectedtoconnector2012b,withRF
electromagneticenergybeingcoupledfrominductor2004atoinductor2004b.Aconductor2040withinconnector2012aisincircuit
communicationwith2004a.Similarly,aconductor2042withinconnector2012bisincircuitcommunicationwithcoil2004b.Theshieldlayerof
coaxialcables1900,1902aregroundedasshownschematicallyat1910,1912.Additionally,inthisconfiguration,theplates2002a,2002bare
groundedasshownschematicallyat2044,2046.ItisbelievedthatthereissignificantcouplingofRFelectromagneticenergydirectlybetweenthe
endfiredinductors2004a,2004b,asindicatedschematicallybytherelativelycloselyspacedraysat2020.
[0098]FIGS.21Aand21Bshowschematicallytheendfiredcoils1604a,1604b,2004a,2004bshowninFIGS.1820couplingelectromagnetic
radiation1920,2020fromcoil1604a,2004atocoil1604b,2004b.InFIG.21A,thedistalends1614a,1614b,2014a,2014bofcoils1604a,
2004a,1604b,2004bareshownasbeingfree.Inthealternative,eitherorbothofthedistalends1614a,2014a,1614b,2014bmaybeconnectedto
activeorpassivecircuitrytoassistincouplingelectromagneticradiation1920,2020fromcoil1604a,2004atocoil1604b,2004b,whetherthereis
anassociatedplate1602,2002ornot.Forexample,eitherorbothofthedistalends1614a,2014a,1614b,2014bofcoils1604a,2004a,1604b,
2004bmaybeincircuitcommunicationwithparallelcapacitorsC1,C2asshowninFIG.21Btoassistincouplingelectromagneticradiationfrom
coiltocoil.Similarly,FIGS.22Aand22Bshowschematicallythesidetosidecoils1304a,1304bshowninFIG.15couplingelectromagnetic
radiation2200fromcoil1304atocoil1304b.InFIG.22A,thedistalends1314a,1314bofcoils1304a,1304bareshownasbeingfree.Inthe
alternative,eitherorbothofthedistalends1614a,1614bmaybeconnectedtoactiveorpassivecircuitrytoassistincouplingelectromagnetic
radiation2200fromcoil1304atocoil1304b,whetherthereisanassociatedplate1302ornot.Forexample,eitherorbothofthedistalends
1314a,1314b,ofcoils1604a,1604bmaybeincircuitcommunicationwithparallelcapacitorsC3,C4asshowninFIG.22Btoassistincoupling
electromagneticradiationfromcoiltocoil.Sidetosidecoils1304a,1304bwithoutcorrespondingplatesmaybeplacedinagroundedcage,e.g.,a
Faradaycagesuchasagroundedbronzescreenbox,topreventreradiationawayfromeachother,suchasreradiationalongtheircentralaxes.
Theuseofungroundedplatesincircuitcommunicationwithcoils(e.g.,FIGS.1319)tendstoconfinetheRFenergybetweentheplates,which
mightavoidtheneedforaFaradayshield.Forexample,forapairoftheexemplaryheadsdescribedabove(13.56MHzplatesformedasan
approximatelycircularshapeddiskofflatcopperthatisaboutten(10)inchesthickelectricallyconnectedtoacoilformedfromaboutsix(6)turns
of22or24gaugewirewouldarounda1inchhollowaircorewiththewindingsextendingaboutthree(3)inchesfromthesurfaceoftheplate)
arrangedintheconfigurationofFIG.18andtunedtothefrequencybeingtransmitted,withtheplatesspacedabout6''apart,transmittedRFseems
tostaysubstantiallywithintheconfinesoftheplatesusinganeonbulb,asbasictestinghasindicated.
[0099]Anyoftheforegoingheadsmaybeusedfortransmissionand/orreceptionofahyperthermiageneratingRFsignal.
[0100]FIG.23showsanexemplaryRFgenerator2300incircuitcommunicationwithatransmissionhead2302couplinghyperthermiagenerating
RFenergytoareceptionhead2304throughatargetarea2306.Thespacingbetweenthetransmissionhead2302andthereceptionhead2304
preferably,butnotnecessarily,maybeadjustedtoaccommodatetargetsofdifferentsizes.Thetransmissionhead2302and/orthereceptionhead
2304mayhavecircuitrytoaccommodatedifferencesinimpedancebetweenthetransmissionhead2302andthereceptionhead2304caused,e.g.,
bydifferencesinspacingbetweentheheads2302,2304and/ordifferenttargets.Suchcircuitrymayincludeautomaticantennamatchingcircuitry
and/ormanuallyadjustablevariablecomponentsforantennamatching,e.g.,highvoltage,highpowerRFvariablecapacitors.Thereceptionhead
2304maybeincircuitcommunicationwithaload2308,whichmaybeassimpleasanoninductiveresistiveload(e.g.,agroundedpower
resistor)providingapathforcoupledRFenergytodissipate.Thetransmissionhead2302andthereceptionhead2304mayeachbeinanyofthe
variousheadconfigurationsshownand/ordescribedherein.Thetransmissionhead2302and/orthereceptionhead2304mayhaveanassociated
powermeter,whichmaybeusedasfeedbacktoadjustanymanuallyadjustablevariablecomponentsforantennamatchinguntilasubstantial
amountofpowerbeingtransmittedbytransmissionhead2302isbeingreceivedbythereceptionhead2304.Ingeneral,suchpowermetersmay
beseparateorintegralwiththeRFgenerator,and/ortheRFreceiver,and/orthecombinedRFgenerator/receiver.Ifseparatepowermetersare
used,theymaybelocatedremotelywiththetransmissionhead2302andthereceptionhead2304tofacilitatecontemporaneousadjustmentand
tuningofthetransmissionhead2302andthereceptionhead2304.
[0101]TheexemplaryRFgenerator2300ofFIG.23comprisesacrystaloscillator2320thatgeneratesasignal2322atapowerlevelofabout0.1
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Wattsataselectablefrequencytoapreamplifier2324.Thesignal2322maybemodifiedbeforethepreamplifier2324tohaveavariableduty
cycle,e.g.,toprovideapulsedRFsignalatavariabledutycycle.Asdiscussedabove,itmaybebeneficialtouseafrequencymodulated(FM)RF
signaltocreatehyperthermiawithcertainenergyabsorptionenhancerparticles.Accordingly,inaddition,orinthealternative,signal2322maybe
modifiedbeforethepreamplifier2324tobeanFMsignal.Forexample,preamp2324maybereplacedwithanamplifyingFMexciterto
modulatethesignal2322withaselectedmodulationfrequencyandamplifythesignalaspreamp2324.TheparametersoftheFMRFsignalused
togeneratehyperthermiamaybeselectedtocorrespondtothespecificsampleofparticlesbeingusedasenergyabsorptionenhancerparticles.The
centerfrequencyofanFMhyperthermiageneratingRFsignalmaycorrespondtoaresonantfrequencyofnominallysizedparticlesusedasenergy
absorptionenhancerparticlesandthemodulationoftheFMhyperthermiageneratingRFsignalmaycorrespondtothesizetoleranceofthe
particlesusedasenergyabsorptionenhancerparticles,asdiscussedabove.
[0102]Thepreamplifier2324amplifiestheRFsignal2322(orthemodifiedsignal2322)andgeneratesasignal2326atapowerlevelofabout10
Wattstoanintermediatepoweramplifier2328.Theintermediatepoweramplifier2328amplifiestheRFsignal2326andgeneratesanRFsignal
2330atapowerlevelofabout100Wattstoapoweramplifier2332.Thepoweramplifier2332amplifiestheRFsignal2330andgeneratesa
selectablepowerRFsignal2334ataselectablepowerlevelof0.00Wattstoabout1000Wattstothetransmissionhead2302.Apowermetermay
beplacedincircuitcommunicationbetweenthepoweramplifier2332andthetransmissionhead2302tomeasuretheRFpowertothe
transmissionhead2302.Similarly,apowermetermaybeplacedincircuitcommunicationbetweenthereceptionhead2304andtheload2306to
measuretheRFpowerfromthereceptionhead2304.Thepreamplifier2324maybeahybridpreamplifier.Theintermediatepoweramplifier2328
maybeasolidstateClassCintermediatepoweramplifier.Thepoweramplifier2332maybeazerobiasgroundinggridtriodepoweramplifier,
whicharerelativelyunaffectedbychangesinoutputimpedance,e.g.,a3CX15000A7poweramplifier.
[0103]TheexemplaryRFgenerator2300showngeneratesahighpowerfixedfrequencyhyperthermiageneratingRFsignalatanadjustable
powerrangeof0.00Wattstoabout1000Watts.TheexemplaryRFgenerator2300shownmaybemodifiedtogeneratehighpowerfixed
frequencyhyperthermiageneratingRFsignalsatselectedfrequenciesoratanadjustablefrequency,anyofwhichmaybepulsedorFM
modulated.Forexample,apluralityofseparatecrystals,preamplifiers,andIPAs,eachatadifferentfrequency,e.g.,13.56MHz,27.12MHz,
40.68MHz,54.24MHz,67.80MHz,and81.36MHz(notshown)maybeswitchablyconnectedtothepoweramplifier2332forgenerationofa
highpowerhyperthermiageneratingsignalatafrequencyselectedfromapluralityoffrequencies.
[0104]Whilethepresentinventionhasbeenillustratedbythedescriptionofembodimentsthereof,andwhiletheembodimentshavebeen
describedinsomedetail,itisnottheintentionoftheapplicanttorestrictorinanywaylimitthescopeoftheappendedclaimstosuchdetail.
Additionaladvantagesandmodificationswillreadilyappeartothoseskilledintheart.Forexample,anyofthetransmittercircuitsand/or
transceivercircuitsdescribedhereincanbeusedwithvirtuallyanyoftheRFabsorptionenhancers(generaland/ortargeted),describedherein,or
withanycombinationorpermutationthereof,orwithoutanyRFabsorptionenhancer.Asanotherexample,theRFsignal(singlefrequencyorFM
modulated)maybemodulatedwithanothersignal,suchas,forexample,asquarewave(e.g.a300400Hzsquarewave).ModulatingtheRF
signalwithasquarewavemaystimulatethetissueandenhanceheatingsquarewavesintroduceharmonicsthatmayenhancemodulationutilized
andsquarewavesmayalsobeusedtopulsethetransmittedsignaltochangetheaveragedutycycle.Anotherexampleincludestotalbodyinduced
hyperthermiatotreatthepatient'sentirebody.Inthisexample,thetransmissionandreceptionheadsareaslargeasthepatientandhyperthermiais
inducedintheentirebody.Coolingthebloodmayberequiredtopreventoverheatingandcanbeaccomplishedinanymanner.Additionally,the
stepsofmethodshereinmaygenerallybeperformedinanyorder,unlessthecontextdictatesthatspecificstepsbeperformedinaspecificorder.
Therefore,theinventioninitsbroaderaspectsisnotlimitedtothespecificdetails,representativeapparatusandmethods,andillustrativeexamples
shownanddescribed.Accordingly,departuresmaybemadefromsuchdetailswithoutdepartingfromthespiritorscopeoftheapplicant'sgeneral
inventiveconcept.
USPatentApplication#20050251234(A1)
SystemsandMethodsforRFInducedHyperthermiaUsingBiologicalCellsandNanoparticlesasRFEnhancerCarriers
10November2005
JohnKanzius,etal.
USCl.607/101
IntlCl.A61F002/00
AbstractAmethodofinducinghyperthermiainatleastaportionofatargetareae.g.,atumororaportionofatumorortargetedcancerous
cellsisprovided.TargetedRFabsorptionenhancers,e.g.,tumorinfiltratinglymphocytes(TILs)containingRFabsorbingparticles,are
introducedintoapatient.ThesetargetedRFabsorptionenhancerswilltargetcertaincellsinthetargetareasandenhancetheeffectofa
hyperthermiageneratingRFsignaldirectedtowardthetargetarea.ThetargetedRFabsorptionenhancersmay,inamannerofspeaking,addone
ormoreRFabsorptionfrequenciestocellsinthetargetarea,whichwillpermitahyperthermiageneratingRFsignalatthatfrequencyor
frequenciestoheatthetargetedcells.
USPatentApplication#20050251233
SystemandmethodforRFinducedhyperthermia
JohnKanzius,etal.
10November2005
AbstractAnembodimentofanoninvasiveRFsystemforinducinghyperthermiainatargetarea,andacorrespondingnoninvasiveRFmethod
forinducinghyperthermiainatargetareaareprovided.ThesystemincludesanRFtransmitterandtransmissionhead,andRFreceiverand
receptionheadwhereinthetransmissionandreceptionheadsarearrangedproximateatargetareasothatanRFsignalbetweentheheadsinduces
hyperthermiainthetargetarea.Themethodincludesarrangingthetransmissionheadandreceptionheadproximateandoneithersideofatarget
areaandtransmittinganRFsignalthroughthetargetarea.
USPatentApplication#20050273143(A1)
SystemsandMethodsforCombinedRFInducedHyperthermiaandRadioimmunotherapy
USCl.07/101
JohnKanzius,etal.
8December2005
AbstractAcombinedradiotherapyandhyperthermiatherapyisprovided,includinginducinghyperthermiainatleastaportionofatargetarea
e.g.,atumororaportionofatumorortargetedcancerouscellsisprovided.Biomoleculeslabeledwithatleastoneradionuclidesuitablefor
radiotherapyareprovidedandintroducedintoapatienttargetedRFabsorptionenhancersareprovidedandintroducedintoapatientanda
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hyperthermiageneratingRFsignalisdirectedviatowardthetargetcells,therebywarmingtheradionuclidelabeledbiomoleculesandtargetedRF
absorptionenhancersboundtotargetcells.ThetargetedRFabsorptionenhancersmay,inamannerofspeaking,addoneormoreRFabsorption
frequenciestocellsinthetargetarea,whichwillpermitahyperthermiageneratingRFsignalatthatfrequencyorfrequenciestoheatthetargeted
cells.BiomoleculeslabeledwithatleastoneradionuclidesuitableforradiotherapymaybeusedforbothradiotherapyandasRFabsorption
enhancersforthehyperthermiageneratingRFsignal.
WO2007027620
ENHANCEDSYSTEMSANDMETHODSFORRFINDUCEDHYPERTHERMIAII
3082007
Classification:international:A61N1/40A61N1/40
AbstractAnRFtransceiverforcouplinganRFsignalthroughatargetarea,havingatransmissionheadhavingatransmissioninductorhaving
afirstaxisdirectedtowardatargetarea,anRFgeneratorcapableofgeneratingahyperthermiainducingRFsignalhavingatleastonecomponent
fortransmissionviathetransmissionhead,theRFsignalbeingcapableofheatingatleastoneoftargetcellsandRFabsorptionenhancers
associatedwithtargetcellstothermallydamagethetargetcells,areceptionheadforreceivingtheRFsignalandhavingareceptioninductor
havingasecondaxisdirectedtowardthetargetarea,afirsttunedcircuitincircuitcommunicationbetweentheRFgeneratorandthetransmission
head,andasecondtunedcircuitincircuitcommunicationbetweenthereceptionheadandaload,andwhereinthefirstandsecondtunedcircuits
cooperatewitheachotherandthetransmissionandreceptionheadstoformahighQcircuitforcouplingtheRFsignalthroughthetargetarea.
Thetunednetworksmaybesimpleorelaboratepinetworksandmayhavetunablecomponentstohelpcoupleadesiredamountofpowerfromthe
transmissionheadtothereceptionheadthroughthetargetarea.
ENHANCEDSYSTEMSANDMETHODSFORRFINDUCEDHYPERTHERMIA
Inventor:KANZIUSJOHN
Applicant:THERMMEDLLC
EC:A61B18/14A61N1/40T(+1)IPC:A61N1/40A61B18/14A61F2/00(+3)
EP1758648
20070307
EnhancedsystemsandmethodsforRFinducedhyperthermia
EC:IPC:A61F2/00A61F2/00
Publicationinfo:US2006190063
20060824
SYSTEMANDMETHODFORRFINDUCEDHYPERTHERMIA
Applicant:THERMMEDLLCKANZIUSJOHN
EC:A61B18/12A61N1/40T(+1)IPC:A61B18/12A61F2/00A61N1/40(+4)
WO200511054420051124
http://www.goerie.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081222/OPINION01/312229991/1/OPINION
ErieTimesNews(22Dec08)
KanziusInventionClearsHurdle
TheKanziuscancertreatingconcepthastakenamajorstride,thankstosuccessfulresultsfromasignificanttest.
Researchersfoundthatanexternalradiofrequencydevicecandestroyspecificcancercellsthathavebeentaggedwithtinypiecesofgold,or
nanoparticles.
JohnKanzius,aretiredErieradioengineer,inventedthedevice,andStevenCurley,M.D.,servesasprincipalinvestigatorfortheKanziusProject
atM.D.AndersonCancerCenterinHouston.
ResearchdemonstratingthatspecificcancercellscouldbetargetedwithnanoparticleswerepublishedonlineintheJournalofExperimental
TherapeuticsonFriday.TheresearchhasgeneratednewexcitementabouttheKanziusinvention.
"Itprovesthatthishasthepotentialtowork,anditmakessenseforustocontinuepushing,"Curleysays.
Atthisjunctureintheresearch,weechoCurley.Keeppushingonthescientificandresearchfronts.
KeeppushingforadditionaldonationstotheKanziusCancerResearchFoundation.Researchcostsmoney,andtheresourcesmustbeavailableto
keepthisprojectmovingaheadthroughthegovernmentregulatoryprocess.
KeeppushingGov.EdRendell,U.S.Sen.BobCasey,U.S.Sen.ArlenSpecterandsoontobeU.S.Rep.KathyDahlkempertokeepthelinesof
communicationopenwiththeKanziusFoundationandtheKanziusProjecttoseehowstateandfederalgovernmentcanassist.
KeeppushingtodeterminewhatroleEriecompaniescanplayinthemanufactureoftheKanziusinvention.
Witheachnewbreakthroughonthisproject,wewitnesstworeactions.TherearethepositiveresponsesarticulatedbyCurley,Kanziusandthe
manypeopletouchedbycancer,whoareoptimistic(yetrealistic)thatthisprojectwillbesuccessfulinhumantrials.
Thentherearethenegativeresponsesbysomewhosuspectthatcompetinginterestswillstompoutthegainsofcancerresearchersaffiliatedwith
Kanzius.
OnebenefitfromjournalpublicationofthecancertargetingtestsisthenewpublicityaboutKanzius,hisinventionandthehighregardhehas
gainedinthelegitimatescientificcommunity.Ordinarypeoplethosewhohavefoughtcancerandthosewhofearitcanunderstandthebasic
conceptsoftheKanziustreatment.Theyareunlikelytoletaplausiblecancertreatmentslipfrompublicsight.
Inthenewscientificstudy,researchersattachedspecificantibodies,orproteins,tothenanoparticles,andplacedthetreatednanoparticlesandlive
cancercellsinaspecimendish.Radiowavesblastedthetaggedcancercellsfortwominutes.Nearly100percentofthepancreaticandcolorectal
cellswerekilledhardlyanyofthecontrolgroup'scellsweredestroyed.
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"Itshowsthatwecantargetspecifictypesofcancer.We'renowworkingonothertypesofcancercells,includingbreast,prostate,leukemiaand
ovarian,"Curleysaid.
Curleyhasmuchmoreworkahead,includingwritingsixtoeightadditionalscientificmanuscriptsin2009.ApprovalfromtheFoodandDrug
Administrationforhumantrialscouldfollowinlate2010,withErieeventuallyinvolvedinPhaseIItrialsattheRegionalCancerCenterinErie.
Wouldweliketoseecancercuredtodayortomorrow?Absolutely.AreweconfidentthattheKanziusProjectisspeedingintherightdirection?
Nodoubt.
MX2009005080
RFSYSTEMSANDMETHODSFORPROCESSINGSALTWATER
Inventor:KANZIUSJOHN[US]RUSTUMROY
Applicant:KCENERGYLLC[US]
EC:C01B3/04BY02E60/36DIPC:C01B3/04C01B3/00
Classification:international:C01B3/04C01B3/00European:C01B3/04BY02E60/36D
Alsopublishedas:WO2008064002//JP2010509565//EP2109500//CA2669709
AbstractSystemsandmethodsforprocessingsaltwaterand/orsolutionscontainingsaltwaterwithRFenergy.Exemplarysystemsand
methodsmayuseRFenergytocombustsaltwater,producehydrogenfromsaltwaterorsolutionscontainingsaltwater,tovolatilizeasecondary
fuelpresentinsolutionscontainingsaltwater,toproduceandcombusthydrogenobtainedfromsaltwaterorsolutionscontainingsaltwater,to
volatilizeandcombustsecondaryfuelsourcespresentinsolutionscontainingsaltwater,todesalinateseawater,andtocarryouttheelectrolysisof
waterarepresented.Anexemplarysystemmaycompriseareservoirforcontainingasaltwatersolutionorsaltwatermixtureareactionchamber
havinganinletandanoutletafeedlineoperativelyconnectingthereservoirtotheinletofthereactionchamberanRFtransmitterhavinganRF
generatorincircuitcommunicationwithatransmissionhead,theRFgeneratorcapableofgeneratinganRFsignalabsorbablebythesaltwater
solutionorthesaltwatermixturehavingafrequencyfortransmissionviathetransmissionheadandanRFreceiverwhereinthereaction
chamberispositionedsuchthatitisbetweentheRFtransmissionheadandtheRFreceiver.
RelatedCases
[0001]ThiscaseclaimsprioritytoandanyotherbenefitofU.S.ProvisionalPatentApplicationSerialNo.60/865,530,filedNovember13,2006,
entitledRFSYSTEMANDMETHODSFORPROCESSINGSALTWATER(AttorneyDocket30064/04004)("the'530Application")U.S.
ProvisionalPatentApplicationSerialNo.60/938,613,filedMay17,2007,entitledRFSYSTEMANDMETHODSFORPROCESSINGSALT
WATERII(AttorneyDocket30064/04008)("the'613Application")U.S.ProvisionalPatentApplicationSerialNo.60/953,829,filedAugust3,
2007,entitledRFSYSTEMANDMETHODSFORPROCESSINGSALTWATERIII(AttorneyDocket30064/04009)andU.S.Provisional
PatentApplicationSerialNo.60/915,345,filedonMay1,2007,andentitledFIELDGENERATORFORTARGETEDCELLABLATION
(AttorneyDocket30274/04036),theentiredisclosuresofwhich,includingallappendices,diagrams,figures,andphotographsofwhich,are
herebyincorporatedbyreferenceintheirentireties.
FieldoftheInvention
[0002]Thepresentinventionrelatestosystemsandmethodsforprocessingwaterutilizingradiofrequency(RF)energy,suchas,forexample,RF
systemsandmethodsforcombustionofsaltwaterand/orsolutionscontainingsaltwater,RFsystemsandmethodsfordesalinatingseawater,RF
systemsandmethodsforheatingseawater,saltwater,and/orsolutionscontainingsaltwater,RFsystemsandmethodsforgeneratingsteam,RF
systemsandmethodsforvolatilizingsecondaryfuels,RFsystemsandmethodsfortheelectrolysisofsaltwaterandsaltwatermixtures,RF
systemsandmethodsforproducinghydrogenfromsaltsaltwaterandsaltwatermixtures,RFsystemsandmethodsforproducinghydrogenfrom
saltwaterand/orsolutionscontainingsaltwater,RFsystemsandmethodsforcombustionofvolatilesproducedfromsolutionscontainingsalt
water,and/orRFsystemsandmethodsforcombustionofhydrogenproducedfromsaltwaterand/orsolutionscontainingsaltwater.
BackgroundoftheInvention
[0003]Hydrogengasiscombustibleandisthereforeapotentiallyviablefuelsourceparticularlyforuseininternalcombustionengines.Watercan
beasourceofhydrogengasandunlikecrudeoil,whichisusedtoproducegasoline,waterandparticularlyseawaterhasanadvantageovercrude
oilinthatitispresentonearthingreatabundance.Furthermore,theburningofhydrogenproduceswater,anenvironmentallycleanbyproduct.
Manyothervolatileorganiccompounds,suchasethanolforexample,arealsocombustibleandsotheytooarepotentiallyviablefuelsourcesfor
useininternalcombustionengines.Likewise,ethanolhasanadvantageovercrudeoilinthatethanolcanbesynthesizedfromfermentationof
com,sugarcaneorotheragriculturalproductsanditisthereforearenewableresource,whilebycontrastcrudeoilisnot.
BriefDescriptionoftheDrawings
[0004]Figures17arehighlevelblockdiagramsofexemplaryRFsystemsforRFprocessingofsaltwaterand/orsolutionscontainingsaltwater,
suchascombustingsaltwaterorsolutionscontainingsaltwater,generatingsteamfromsaltwater,producingandcollectinghydrogenfromsalt
waterorsolutionscontainingsaltwater,anddesalinatingseawater
[0005]Figures8A8C,9A9CarevariousviewsofexemplaryRFtransmissionandRFreceptionheads
[0006]Figures1012,16,and16aareschematicdiagramsofexemplaryRFcircuitsforexemplaryRFsystemsforRFprocessingofsaltwater
and/orsolutionscontainingsaltwater,suchascombustingsaltwaterorsolutionscontainingsaltwater,generatingsteamfromsaltwater,
producingandcollectinghydrogenfromsaltwaterorsolutionscontainingsaltwater,anddesalinatingseawater[0007]Figures1315aretop,
top/sideperspective,andsideviewsofanexemplaryRFcouplingcircuitforexemplaryRFsystemsforRFprocessingofsaltwaterand/or
solutionscontainingsaltwater,suchascombustingsaltwaterorsolutionscontainingsaltwater,generatingsteamfromsaltwater,producingand
collectinghydrogenfromsaltwaterorsolutionscontainingsaltwater,anddesalinatingseawater
[0008]Figure17isamediumlevelflowchartofanexemplaryembodimentofanRFmethodologyforproducingandcollectinghydrogengas
fromsaltwaterandsolutionscontainingsaltwater
[0009]Figure18(a)and18(b)aremediumlevelflowchartsofexemplaryembodimentsofanRFmethodologyforproducingandcombusting
hydrogengasfromsaltwaterandforproducingandcombustinghydrogengasandproducingandcombustingothervolatilesfromsolutions
containingsaltwater
[0010]Figure19(a)and19(b)aremediumlevelflowchartsofexemplaryembodimentsofanRFmethodologyforproducingandcombusting
hydrogengasfromsaltwaterandforproducingandcombustinghydrogengasandproducingandcombustingothervolatilesfromsolutions
containingsaltwater,andtransferringthechemicalenergygeneratedbythecombustionofthehydrogengasandothervolatilesintomechanical
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energycapableofmovingapiston
[0011]Figure20isamediumlevelflowchartofanexemplaryembodimentofanRFmethodologyfordesalinatingseawater
[0012]Figure21isamediumlevelflowchartofanexemplaryembodimentofanRFmethodologyforcarryingouttheelectrolysisofwater
[0013]Figure22isaschematicillustrationshowingexemplarytransmissionandreceptionenclosureswiththeirtopwallsremoved
[0014]Figure23isahighlevelflowchartshowinganexemplarymethodofcombustingsaltwaterandsolutionscontainingsaltwaterwithRF
energy[0015]Figure24isaschematicillustrationshowinganexemplarysealedtransmissionenclosurewhichmaybesuitableforloweringinto
thegroundand
[0016]Figures2526aremediumlevelflowchartsofexemplaryembodimentsofanRFmethodologyforcombustinggasgeneratedfromaliquid
byatransmittedRFsignal.
Summary
[0017]SystemsarepresentedforusingRFenergytocombustsaltwaterand/orvarioussolutionscontainingsaltwater,toproducehydrogenfrom
saltwater,toproducevolatilesfromsolutionscontainingsaltwater,todesalinateseawater,and/ortocarryouttheelectrolysisofwater.An
exemplarysystemmaycompriseareservoirforcontainingsaltwaterthatisamixturecomprisingwaterandsalt,thesaltwaterhavinganeffective
amountofsaltdissolvedinthewaterareactionchamberhavinganinletandanoutletafeedlineoperativelyconnectingthereservoirtotheinlet
ofthereactionchamberanRFtransmitterhavinganRFgeneratorincircuitcommunicationwithatransmissionhead,theRFgeneratorcapableof
generatinganRFsignalatleastpartiallyabsorbablebythesaltwaterhavingatleastonefrequencyfortransmissionviathetransmissionheadand
anRFreceiverwhereinthereactionchamberispositionedsuchthatatleastaportionofthereactionchamberisbetweentheRFtransmission
headandtheRFreceiver.Otherexemplarysystemsmaycompriseareservoirforcontainingasolutionthatisamixtureofwaterandsaltand
optionallycontaining(i)atleastoneadditive,or(ii)atleastonesecondaryfuel,or(iii)mixturesthereof.
[0018]Similarly,methodsarepresentedforusingRFenergytocombustsaltwaterandsolutionscontainingsaltwater,todesalinateseawater,to
producehydrogenfromsaltwaterandsolutionscontainingsaltwater,and/ortocarryouttheelectrolysisofsaltwater.Anexemplarymethodmay
compriseprovidingsaltwatercomprisingamixtureofwaterandatleastonesaltorasaltwatersolutioncomprisingamixtureofwaterandat
leastonesaltandoptionallycontaining(i)atleastoneadditive,or(ii)atleastonesecondaryfuel,or(iii)mixturesthereofthesaltwaterorsalt
watersolutionhavinganeffectiveamountofthesaltdissolvedinthewaterprovidinganRFtransmitterhavinganRFgeneratorincircuit
communicationwithatransmissionhead,theRFgeneratorcapableofgeneratinganRFsignalatleastpartiallyabsorbablebythesaltwaterorsalt
watercomponentofthesolutioncontainingsaltwaterandhavingatleastonefrequencyfortransmissionviathetransmissionheadarrangingthe
transmissionheadnearthesaltwaterorsolutioncontainingsaltwatersuchthattheRFsignaltransmittedviathetransmissionheadinteractswith
atleastsomeofthesaltwaterandtransmittingtheRFsignalviathetransmissionheadforatimesufficienttocombustthesaltwaterortoheat
thesolutioncontainingsaltwatertovolatilizeandtocombustasecondaryfuelsourcethatmaybeoptionallypresent.Ifhydrogengasiscreated
fromthesaltwaterorthesolutioncontainingsaltwaterbytheRFsignal,theRFsignalmayalsobetransmittedviathetransmissionhead
sufficienttocombustthehydrogengassoproduced.
DetailedDescription
[0019]Intheaccompanyingdrawingswhichareincorporatedinandconstituteapartofthespecification,exemplaryembodimentsofthe
inventionareillustrated,which,togetherwithageneraldescriptionoftheinventiongivenabove,andthedetaileddescriptiongivenbelow,serve
toexampleprinciplesoftheinvention.
GeneralTerms
[0020]"Additive"asusedhereinisachemicalcompoundhavingsolubility,miscibility,orcompatibilitywithvarioussolutionsofsaltwater
(includingseawater,saltwater,orsolutionscontainingsaltwaterandoptionallycontainingatleastonesecondaryfuel)thatfurthermoreis
capableofalteringtheresponsivenessofthevarioussolutionsofsaltwatertostimulationbyRFenergy.
[0021]"Circuitcommunication"asusedhereinisusedtoindicateacommunicativerelationshipbetweendevices.Directelectrical,optical,and
electromagneticconnectionsandindirectelectrical,optical,andelectromagneticconnectionsareexamplesofcircuitcommunication.Twodevices
areincircuitcommunicationifasignalfromoneisreceivedbytheother,regardlessofwhetherthesignalismodifiedbysomeotherdevice.For
example,twodevicesseparatedbyoneormoreofthefollowingtransformers,optoisolators,digitaloranalogbuffers,analogintegrators,other
electroniccircuitry,fiberoptictransceivers,orevensatellitesareincircuitcommunicationifasignalfromonereachestheother,eventhough
thesignalismodifiedbytheintermediatedevice(s).Asafinalexample,twodevicesnotdirectlyconnectedtoeachother(e.g.keyboardand
memory),butbothcapableofinterfacingwithathirddevice,(e.g.,aCPU),areincircuitcommunication.
[0022]"Combustion"asusedhereinindicatesaprocessthatrapidlyproducesheatandlight(perhapscausedbyarapidchemicalchangeandwith
orwithout"burning"or"oxidation"intheclassicsense).SaltwaterandsolutionscontainingsaltwaterrespondtoRFenergyinmanyofthe
varioussystemsandmethodstaughthereinwithrapidheatingandrapidgenerationoflight,whichmaybevisible,UV,TR,etc.Thisisconsidered
"combustion"herein,eventhoughitmayormaynotbe"burning"intheclassicsense."Combustion"hereinalsoisusedtoindicatemoretypical
incendiary"combustion,"i.e.,theprocessofburninginwhicharapidchemicalchangeoccursthatproducesheatandlight,whichincludes
burningintheclassicalsenseoftheproductsproducedfromsaltwaterreactingwithRF.Forexample,whenhydrogeniscombustedorburnedin
airthehydrogenischemicallyoxidizedintowaterandundergoessucharapidreactionthataflameisproducedandthewaterisdischargedinthe
formofsteam.
[0023]"Desalinate"asusedhereinisusedtoindicatetheprocessofremovingsaltandotherchemicalsfromwater.Forexample,when
desalinationofseawateriscarriedoutthroughheating,e.g.,boiling,steamisproducedandcollected.Whenthecollectedsteamissubsequently
condensedbackintoaliquid,purewaterisobtainedfreeofanysaltorminerals."Electrolysis"asusedhereinisusedtoindicatetheprocessof
applyingenergytowaterinordertodecomposethewaterintoitsconstituentelementshydrogenandoxygen.Energycanbeappliedintheformof
eitherelectricalenergy,asforexampleintheapplicationofanelectriccurrent,orintheformofheatenergy.
[0024]"Operativelyconnected"or"operativelyconnecting"asusedhereinisusedtoindicatethatafunctionalconnection(e.g.,amechanicalor
physicalconnectionoranelectricaloropticalorelectromagneticormagneticconnection)existsbetweenthecomponentsofasystem.[0025]"Salt
water"asusedhereinisusedtoindicateamixturecomprisingwaterandsalt,thesaltwaterhavinganeffectiveamountofsaltdissolvedinthe
water."Solutioncontainingsaltwater"and"saltwatersolutions"areusedinterchangeablyandasusedhereinindicateamixturecomprisingsalt
waterandoptionallycontainingoneormoreofthefollowing:(i)atleastoneadditive,(ii)atleastonesecondaryfuel,or(iii)mixturesofboth.
Hence,asolutioncontainingsaltwatermaycompriseonlysaltwater."Saltwatermixture"asusedhereinisusedtoindicateamixturecontaining
saltwaterthatisusedinconductingelectrolysiswiththevarioussystemsandmethodstaughtherein.
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[0026]"Secondaryfuel"asusedhereinisusedtoindicatecombustibleorganiccompoundsthatcanbemadevolatileandthathavesolubility,
miscibility,orcompatibilitywithvarioussaltwatersolutions(includingsaltwater,seawater,orsaltwatersolutionscontainingsaltwaterand
optionallycontainingatleastoneadditive).Asusedherein,asecondaryfuelmaybetheonlysubstancethatiscombustingthus,useoftheterm
secondaryfueldoesnotnecessaryrequirethatthereisaprimaryfuelalsocombusting.Saltandsaltsolutionsmaybeusedtoincreasethe
combustionofsecondaryfuelswithoutthesaltorsaltsolutionalsocombusting.
Systems
[0027]ReferringtothedrawingsandtoFigures116A,variousdifferentviewsofexemplarysystemsandsystemcomponentsareshown.Itis
believedthatthesesystemsandcomponentsmaybeusedwithvirtuallyallthevariousRFabsorptionenhancersandvirtuallyallthevarious
methodsdiscussedherein.
[0028]TheexemplarysystemsofFigures14includeanRFgenerator102incircuitcommunicationwithatransmissionhead104fortransmitting
throughareactionchamber106anRFsignal108generatedbytheRFgenerator102andtransmittedbythetransmitterhead104.Thereaction
chamber106maybeopenorclosed,dependingonthespecificapplication.Thereactionchambermaybe,forexample,avesseloracylinderwith
anassociatedpiston.
Figure1[0029]ReferringtoFigure1,thereisshownafirstexemplaryembodimentofanRFsystem100thatusesanRFsignal108toprocess
solutionscontainingsaltwater110inthereactionchamber106.Forexample,theRFsignal108maycombustthesolutioncontainingsaltwater
110.Asanotherexample,theRFsignal108mayheatthesolutioncontainingsaltwater110forfurtherprocessing,e.g.,steamcollectionand
condensingtodesalinateasolutioncontainingsaltwater110.Asyetanotherexample,theRFsignal108mayproducehydrogenfromthesolution
containingsaltwater110ortheRFsignalmayheatthesolutioncontainingsaltwaterandvolatilizeanysecondaryfuelthatmaybeoptionally
containedinthesolution.Thehydrogenproducedaswellasanyvolatilizedsecondaryfueloptionallypresentmaybecollectedasagasandstored
forvarioususes,e.g.,storedforuseasafuel.Alternative,thehydrogenoranyvolatilizedsecondaryfuelorbothmaybecombustedinthereaction
chamber106.Exemplarysystem100comprisesanRFgenerator102incircuitcommunicationwithatransmissionhead104.Areactionchamber
106ispositionedsuchthatatleastaportionofthereactionchamber106isRFcoupledtothetransmissionhead104.hiexemplarysystem100,
theRFgenerator102communicatesanRFsignalfortransmissiontothetransmissionhead104.TheRFsignal108transmittedbythe
transmissionhead104passesthroughatleastaportionofthereactionchamber106.Asolutioncontainingsaltwater(andalsoasolution
optionallycontaining(i)atleastoneadditive,(ii)atleastonesecondaryfuel,or(iii)mixturesthereof)110containedwithinthereactionchamber
106ispositionedsuchthatthesolutioncontainingsaltwater110(andinparticularthesaltwatercomponentofthesolution)absorbsatleastsome
oftheRFsignal108.Optionally,theRFgenerator102maybecontrolledadjustingthefrequencyand/orpowerand/orenvelope,etc.ofthe
generatedRFsignaland/ormayhaveamodeinwhichanRFsignalatapredeterminedfrequencyandpoweraretransmittedviatransmissionhead
104.Inaddition,optionally,theRFgenerator102providesanRFsignal108withvariableamplitudes,pulsedamplitudes,multiplefrequencies,
etc.
[0030]Thesolutioncontainingsaltwater110absorbsenergyastheRFsignal108travelsthroughthereactionchamber106.Themoreenergythat
isabsorbedbythesaltwatercomponentofthesolutioncontainingsaltwater110thehigherthetemperatureincreaseintheareawhichleadsto
waterdecompositionandhydrogenproduction,andininstanceswherethesolutioncontainingsaltwater110alsocontainsasecondaryfuel,this
mayalsoleadtovolatizationandtocombustionofthesecondaryfuelinsteadoforinadditiontodecompositionofthesaltwaterandhydrogen
production.Asevenmoreenergyisabsorbedbythesaltwatercomponentofthesolutioncontainingsaltwater110,combustionofthehydrogen
thatisbeingproducedeventuallyoccurs.Therateofenergyabsorptionbythesolutioncontainingsaltwater110canbeincreasedbyincreasing
theRFsignal108strength,whichincreasestheamountofenergytravelingthroughthereactionchamber106.Othermeansofincreasingtherate
ofenergyabsorptionmayincludebutarenotlimitedtoconcentratingthesignalonalocalizedareaofthesolutioncontainingsaltwater110,or
furthermixingwiththesolutioncontainingsaltwateratleastoneadditivethatisappropriatelyselectedfromvariouschemicalspeciestobe
capableofalteringtherateofenergyabsorptionofthesolutioncontainingsaltwater110andasaresultmaybeabletoincreasetherateofenergy
absorptionbythesolutioncontainingsaltwater110.Examplesofadditivesthatitisbelievedmaybeusefulinthisregardincludesurfactants,
chemicalspeciesthatformazeotropicmixtureswithwater,andchemicalspeciesthatalterthefreezingpointofwater.
Figures24
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[0031]AsshowninFigures24,exemplarysystemsmayalsoincludeareceiverhead112andanassociatedcurrentpath114topermittheRF
signal108tobecoupledthroughthereactionchamber106.Thesystems200,300,400alsouseanRFsignal108toprocesssolutions110inthe
reactionchamber106.Forexample,theRFsignal108maycombustthesolutioncontainingsaltwater110.Asanotherexample,theRFsignal108
mayheatthesaltwatercomponentofthesolutioncontainingsaltwater110inpreparationforfurtherprocessing(e.g.:ininstanceswherethe
solutioncontainingsaltwater110issaltwateralone,steamcollectionandcondensingtodesalinatethesaltwaterininstanceswherethesolution
containingsaltwatercontainsasecondaryfuel,thevolatizationofthesecondaryfuel).Asyetanotherexample,theRFsignal108mayproduce
hydrogenfromormayvolatilizeasecondaryfuelcontainedwithinthesolutioncontainingsaltwater110andthehydrogenorthevolatilized
secondaryfuelorbothmaybecollectedasagasandstoredforvarioususes,e.g.,storedforuseasafuel.Inthealternative,thehydrogen
producedorthevolatilizedsecondaryfuelorbothmaybecombustedinthereactionchamber106.[0032]ReferringtoFigure2,theexemplary
system200hasatransmissionhead104andreceiverhead112arrangedproximatetoandoneithersideatleastaportionofthereactionchamber
106.Thisallowsatleastaportionofthesolutioncontainingsaltwater110inthereactionchamber106tobeexposedtotheRFsignal108
transmittedbythetransmissionhead104.SomeportionoftheRFsystemmaybetunedsothatthereceiverhead112receivesatleastaportionof
theRFsignal108transmittedviathetransmissionhead104.Asaresult,thereceiverhead112receivestheRFsignal108thatistransmittedvia
thetransmissionhead104.
[0033]Theheads104,112mayeachorbothhaveassociatedtuningcircuitrysuchaspinetworksortunablepinetworks,toincreasethroughput
andgenerateavoltageintheareaofthereactionchamber106andinthesolutioncontainingsaltwatersalt110containedwithin.Thus,asshown
inFigure3,thetransmissionhead104mayhaveanassociatedtuningcircuit116incircuitcommunicationbetweentheRFgenerator102andthe
transmissionhead104.Additionally,orinthealternative,asshowninFigure3,thecurrentpath114maycomprisethereceiverhead112being
grounded.
[0034]ReferringtoFigure3,thetransmissionhead104andreceiverhead112maybeinsulatedfromdirectcontactwiththereactionchamber
106.Thetransmissionhead104andreceiverhead112maybeinsulatedbymeansofanairgap118.Anoptionalmeansofinsulatingthe
transmissionhead104andreceiverhead112fromthereactionchamber106isshowninFigure4.Theexemplarysystem400includesinserting
aninsulatinglayerormaterial410suchas,forexample,Teflon<(R)>betweentheheads104,112andthereactionchamber106.Otheroptional
meansincludeprovidinganinsulationareaontheheads104,112,andallowingtheheadstobeputindirectcontactwiththereactionchamber
106.Thetransmissionhead104andthereceiverhead112,describedinmoredetailbelow,mayincludeoneormoreplatesofelectrically
conductivematerial.
[0035]Oneoptionalmethodofinducingahighertemperatureinthesolutioncontainingsaltwater110includesusingareceiverhead112thatis
largerthanthetransmissionhead104(althoughitwasearlierbelievedthatasmallerheadwouldconcentratetheRFtoenhanceRFheating,a
largerreceptionheadwasfoundtogenerateahighertemperature,perhapsbecauseoftheuseofahighQresonantcircuitdescribedinmoredetail
below).Forexample,asingle6"circularcopperplatemaybeusedontheTxsideandasinglesquare9.5"copperplatemaybeusedontheRx
side.Optionally,anRPabsorptionenhancermaybeaddedtothesolutioncontainingsaltwater110.AnRFabsorptionenhancerisanymeansor
methodofincreasingthetendencyofthesolutioncontainingsaltwater110toabsorbmoreenergyfromtheRFsignalthatthesaltwater
componentofthesolutioncontainingsaltwaterwouldotherwiseabsorb.SuitableRFabsorptionenhancersinclude,forexample,suspended
particlesofelectricallyconductivematerial,suchasmetals,e.g.,iron,variouscombinationofmetals,e.g.,ironandothermetals,ormagnetic
particles.ThemanytypesofRFabsorptionenhancersarediscussedingreaterdetailbelow.
[0036]TheRFgenerator102maybeanysuitableRFsignalgenerator,generatinganRFsignalatanyoneormoreoftheRFfrequenciesor
frequencyrangesdiscussedherein.TheRFsignal108generatedbytheRFgenerator102andtransmittedbythetransmissionhead104mayhave
afundamentalfrequencyintheHFrangeortheVHFrangeoranRFsignalatsomeotherfundamentalfrequency.TheRFsignal108maybea
signalhavingoneormorefundamentalfrequenciesintherange(s)of12MHz,and/or23MHz,and/or34MHz,and/or45MHz,and/or56
MHz,and/or67MHz,and/or78MHz,and/or89MHz,and/or910MHz,and/or1011MHz,and/or1112MHz,or1213MHz,or1314
MHz,or1415MHz.TheRFsignal108mayhaveafundamentalfrequencyat13.56MHz.TheRFgenerator102maybeanENIModelNo.
OEM12B(PartNo.OEM12B07)RFgenerator,whichismarkedwithU.S.Pat.No.5,323,329andisknowntobeusedtogeneratea13.56MHz
RFsignalforetchingsystems.Amongotherthings,theENIOEM12BRFgeneratorhasanRFpoweron/offswitchtoswitchahighpower(0
1250Watt)RFsignal,hasanRFpoweroutputadjusttoadjustthepowerofthesignalgenerated,andhasanRFpowermetertomeasurethe
poweroftheRFsignalbeinggeneratedthatcanbeswitchedtoselecteitherforwardorreversepowermetering.Thepowermeterinreversemode
canbeusedtocalibrateatuningcircuit,asexplainedabove,byadjustinganyvariablecomponentsofthetuningcircuituntilminimumpoweris
reflectedbacktothepowermeter(minimumVSWR).TheENIOEM12BRFgeneratormaybecooledbyaThermoNeslabMerlinSeriesM33
recirculatingprocesschiller.Aat13.56MHzRFsignalfromtheENIOEM12BRFgeneratorhavingapowerofabout8001000Wattswill
combustsaltwater.Inthealternative,theRFgeneratormaybeacommercialtransmitter,e.g.,thetransmitterportionofaYAESUbrandFT
1000MPMarkVtransceiver.AnRFsignalcanbegeneratedatabout13.56MHz(oneoftheFCCauthorizedfrequenciesforISMequipment)by
thetransmitterportionofaYAESUbrandFT1000MPMarkVtransceiverbyclippingcertainblockingcomponentsasknowntothoseskilledin
theart.TheRFgeneratorandtransmissionheadmayhaveassociatedantennatunercircuitry(notshown)incircuitcommunicationtherewithor
integraltherewith,e.g.,automaticormanualantennatunercircuitry,toadjusttotheimpedanceoftransmissionheadandthereactionchamber
(andareceiver,ifany).ThetransmitterportionofaYAESUbrandFT1000MPMarkVtransceiverhassuchintegralantennatunercircuitry
(pressinga"Tune"buttoncausestheunittoautomaticallyadjusttotheloadpresentedtotheRFgeneratorportion).TheRFgeneratorand
transmissionheadmayhaveassociatedantennatunercircuitry(notshown)incircuitcommunicationtherewithorintegraltherewith,e.g.,
automaticormanualantennatunercircuitry,toadjusttothecombinedimpedanceofthereactionchamberandthereceiverandcompensatefor
changestherein.ThetransmitterportionofaYAESUbrandFT1000MPMarkVtransceiverhassuchintegralantennatunercircuitry.Various
configurationsforthetransmissionheadandreceptionheadarepossible,asexemplifiedherein.
Figures56
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[0037]Thetransmissionhead104maybeanyofanumberofdifferenttransmitterheadconfigurations,suchasanelectricallyconductiveplate
havingacoaxialcoilincircuitcommunicationtherewith.Inthealternative,asexemplifiedbyFigure5,thetransmissionhead104maycomprise
(orconsistof)anelectricallyconductiveplate502(e.g.,a6"diameter,flat,planarplatemadeof0.020"stainlesssteel)withoutacorresponding
coil.Thetransmissionplate502maybecircularandmaybesizeddependingonthesizeofthetargetareaandthedesiredvoltagefieldgenerated
bytheplate.Similarly,asexemplifiedbyFigure6,thereceiverhead112maycomprise(orconsistof)anelectricallyconductiveplate602{e.g.,a
6"diameter,flat,planarplatemadeof0.020"stainlesssteel)withoutacorrespondingcoil.Thereceptionplate602maybecircularandmaybe
sizeddependingonthesizeofthetargetareaandthedesiredvoltagefieldgeneratedbytheplate.Thereceptionplate602maybesized
substantiallysmallerorsubstantiallylargerthanthetransmissionplate502tochangethefieldgeneratedinthereactionchamber106bythe
coupledRFsignal108.Inthealternative,eitherthereceptionplate602orthetransmissionplate502(whichincludesbothofthem)maybe
parabolicplateswiththeirconvexsidefacingthetargetarea(notshown).Theplatesmaybemadeofcopper(e.g.,0.090"copperplate)insteadof
stainlesssteel.
Figure79
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[0038]Inthealternative,thetransmissionhead104orreceiverhead112mayeachorbothbecomprisedofaseriesofspaced,stackedelectrically
conductiveplates.Thespaced,stackedelectricallyconductiveplatesmaybecoaxial,circularplatesandmayhavesequentiallydecreasing
diameters.Figure7showsanexemplarysystem700whereinthereceiverhead112comprisingspaced,stacked,electricallyconductive,coaxial,
andcircularplatesthathavesequentiallydecreasingdiameters.Theplatesofexemplaryreceiverhead800maybeconstructedasdescribedin
Figures8A8C(e.g.,sizedasshownwithanAluminumbase)andmaybeinsulatedfromeachotherasdescribedinFigures8A8C.Theplates
maybemadeofcopper(e.g.,0.090"copperplate)insteadofstainlesssteel.
[0039]Similarly,thetransmissionhead104maycompriseaseriesofspaced,stackedelectricallyconductiveplates.Thespaced,stacked
electricallyconductiveplatesmaybecoaxial,circularplatesandmayhavesequentiallydecreasingdiameters.Figures9A9Cshowanexemplary
transmissionhead900comprisingspaced,stacked,electricallyconductive,coaxial,andcircularplatesthathavesequentiallydecreasing
diameters.Theplatesofexemplarytransmissionhead900maybeconstructedasdescribedinFigures9A9C(e.g.,sizedasshownwithaTeflon
base)andmaybeinsulatedfromeachotherasdescribedinFigures9A9C.Inthealternative,platesofexemplaryreceiverhead800and/orthe
platesofexemplarytransmissionhead900maybeincircuitcommunicationwitheachother,e.g.,directlyelectricallycoupledintheirspaced
configurationwithelectricallyconductivefasteners.Theplatesmaybemadeofcopper(e.g.,0.090"copperplate)insteadofstainlesssteel.A
transmissionhead900withelectricallyinsulatedplatesmaybeusedwithareceiverhead800withelectricallyconnectedplates,andviceversa.
Figures1016[0040]Thetuningcircuit116maybeincircuitcommunicationbetweentheRFgenerator102andthetransmissionhead104and
maycompriseandpinetworkoratunablepinetwork.Anexemplarytuningcircuit1000isshowninFigure10formedwithcomponentslistedin
thatfigure.ExemplarycomponentvaluesforFigures1016aareshowninTableI.Tuningcircuit1000maybeconnectedbetweenanRF
generator102andatransmissionhead104.Thus,asshowninFigure11anexemplarysystemmayincludeanENIOEM12BRFgeneratorin
circuitcommunicationwithexemplarytuningcircuit1000,whichisincircuitcommunicationwithexemplarytransmissionhead900togenerate
anRFsignal108throughthereactionchamber106bycouplingtheRFsignal108toareceiverhead112.Thereceiverhead112maybethesame
asexemplaryreceiverhead800,asshownintheexemplarysystemofFigure11.
[0041]Theexemplaryimplementationoftheexemplarytuningcircuit1000usedinFigures1015appearstoshowavoltagegainofabout15tol
withrespecttothevoltageoftheRFsignalgeneratedbytheENIRFgenerator.Thusexemplarytuningcircuit1000maybeconsideredtobea
voltagestepuptransformer.Voltagesofthelargerplateofthetransmissionheadhavebeenestimatedtobeinexcessof40,000voltsperinch.
Accordingly,someorallofthetransmissionheadand/orthereceivingheadmaybesealed,enclosedinanenclosure,orotherwiseencapsulatedin
aninsulatingmaterial.
[0042]Figures1315showdifferentviewsofanexemplaryimplementationofportionsoftheexemplarysystemofFigure12.Asshowninthose
figures,inimplementingtheexemplarytuningcircuit1000usedinFigures1012,thelargerinductorL2maybepositionedwithitslongitudinal
axissubstantiallycoaxialwiththecentralaxisofplatesoftransmissionheadFPi,andthecentralaxisofthesmallinductorLimaybesubstantially
perpendiculartothelongitudinalaxisofthelargerinductorL2.Othercomponentsmaybeusedtoimplementtuningcircuit1000insteadofthe
exemplarycomponentslistedonFigures1012.Forexample,thesmallerinductorLjmaybesilvercoatedormaybemadeof12turnsof5/16"
coppertubing(ormoreturnsoflargerdiametercoppertubing)forincreasedcurrentcarryingcapacity(smallerinductorLicangetrelativelyhotin
exemplaryembodiments),andthecapacitorCimaybemadefromthirteen(13)100pFcapacitorsinsteadofeleven(11)fora1300pFcapacitor
C1.Asanotherexample,theplatesintheheadsmaybemadeofcopper(e.g.,madefrom0.090"copperplate)insteadofstainlesssteel.Inthe
exemplaryimplementationshowninFigures1315,aregionofthetargetareaslightlyclosertothetransmissionhead(about60/40distanceratio)
heatsslightlymorethandeadcenterbetweenthetwoheads.ThegroundedportionofthecomponentsofFigures1015maybemountedtoa
coppersheet1300orothersuitableconductingsheet,andtheconductingstandofreceptionheadFP2maybemountedonacoppersheet1500or
othersuitableconductingsheet,asshowninFigure15.Thegroundedplates1300,1500maybeconnectedbyoneormorecopperstraps1302.
Figure16
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[0043]Figure16showsanotherexemplarysystem1600thatisthesameassystem1200(showninFigures8A8C,9A9C,1215andasdescribed
above),exceptthetransmissionheadFPi'hasasingle6"plate,theone6"circularplateoftransmissionheadFPi,andthethree6"and4"and3"
platesofreceiverheadFP2aremadefrom0.090"thickcopper,capacitorCiis1300pFinsteadof1100pF,andthesmallerinductorLiissilver
coatedandmadeof12turnsof5/16"coppertubing.Figure16ashowsanotherexemplarysystem1600thatisthesameassystem1600exceptthat
thereceiverheadFP2'hasasingle6"circularplate.Thetransmittingportionandthereceivingportionmaybeenclosedinoneormoresuitable
enclosures,e.g.,enclosures3502,3504inFigure22.Opencircuitvoltagereadingsatthetransmissionheadofexemplaryphysicalembodiments
havetaken.OpencircuitvoltagesoftheRFfieldat100Woftransmittedpowerhavebeenmeasuredwithabroadbandoscilloscopeatabout6000
volts(e.g.,about5800V)peaktopeakamplitude,whichrisestoabout22,000voltsat1000Woftransmittedpower(Figure16Ainthe
configurationofFigures1315).Additionally,itisbelievedthatintheseexemplarysystemsthevoltageandcurrentarenotinphase(e.g.,outof
phasebyacertainphaseangle).Additionally,perhapsimprovedRFheatingefficiencyand/orRFtransmissionefficiencymayberealizedby
changingthephaserelationshipbetweenthevoltageandcurrenttoapredeterminedphaseangleorrealtimedetermined(oroptimal)phaseangle.
Inaddition,theQofexemplaryphysicalembodimentshavebeenestimatedusingbandwidth(S9or3dBpoint)inexcessof250(e.g.,250290)
(Figure16AintheconfigurationofFigures1315).Asshouldbeapparent,theRFheatingusingtheseexemplaryembodimentsissignificantly
differentthaninductiveheating(evensubstantiallydifferentfrominductiveheatingatsimilarfrequencies).
[0044]AsshowninFigure22,thecircuitsmaybemountedintwoenclosures:atransmissionenclosure3502andareceptionenclosure3504,with
areactionchamber3506therebetween.Exemplarytransmissionenclosure3502hasgroundedmetallicwalls3512onallsidesexcepttheside
3513facingthereceptionenclosure3504(onlyfoursuchgroundedwalls3512a3512doffivesuchwalls3512ofexemplarytransmission
enclosure3502areshownthetopgroundedwallhasbeenremoved).Similarly,exemplaryreceptionenclosure3504hasgroundedmetallicwalls
3514onallsidesexcepttheside3515facingthetransmissionenclosure3502(onlyfoursuchgroundedwalls3514a3514doffivesuchwalls
3514ofexemplaryreceptionenclosure3504areshownthetopgroundedwallhasbeenremoved).Thegroundedwalls3512oftransmission
enclosure3502areincircuitcommunicationwiththegroundedwalls3514ofreceptionenclosure3504.Facingwalls3513and3515maybemade
fromTEFLONoranothersuitableelectricalinsulator.Transmissionenclosure3502and/orreceptionenclosure3504maybemovablymountedto
permitvariablespacingbetweenthetransmissionheadandthereceptionheadtoaccommodatecreatedifferentlysizedreactionchambers3506.
Facingwalls3513and3515mayhaveassociatedopenings(notshown)towhichvariousracksandotherstructurescanbeconnectedtosupporta
bodypartorothertargetstructurebetweenthetransmissionheadandthereceptionhead.Dispersivepads(notshown)maybeprovidedfordirect
groundingofthetargetorcapacitivegroundingofthetargetstructure,whichgroundingpadsmaybeconnectedtothegroundedwalls3512,3514
(suchdirectorcapacitivegroundingpadsmaybehelpsmallertargetstructuresabsorbrelativelyhigherlevelsofRFandheatbetter).The
transmissionsidecomponents3522maybemountedinsideexemplarytransmissionenclosure3502andthereceptionsidecomponents3524may
bemountedinsideexemplaryreceptionenclosure3504.Exemplarytransmissionenclosure3502andreceptionenclosure3504bothmaybecooled
withtemperaturesensingfansthatturnonresponsivetotheheatinsidetheenclosures3502,3504reachingapredeterminedthermallevel.
Exemplarytransmissionenclosure3502andreceptionenclosure3504alsohaveapluralityofpassthroughconnectors,e.g.,permittingtheRF
signaltopassfromtheRFsignalgeneratorintotheexemplarytransmissionenclosure3502(perhapsviaapowermeter)andpermittingthe
receivedsignaltopassoutsideexemplaryreceptionenclosure3504toapowermeterandbackinsidereceptionenclosure3504.Inthisexemplary
embodiment,theenclosures3502,3504maybemovedtovarythespacingbetweenthedistal,adjacentendsoftheheadsfromabouttwoinchesto
afootormoreapart.Variousotherembodimentsmayhavedifferentrangesofspacingbetweenthedistal,adjacentendsoftheheads,e.g.,from
about2"toabout20"ormoreapartorfromabout2"toabout40"ormoreapart.
[0045]Eachsuchenclosuremayhavegrounded(e.g.,aluminum)wallswithagrounded(e.g.,copper)baseplate,exceptforthewallsproximate
thetransmissionheadFPi'andthereceptionheadFP2.,whichmaybemadefromanelectricalinsulatorsuchasceramicorTEFLONbrandPTFE,
e.g.,TEFLONbrandvirgingradeelectricalgradePTFE,oranotherinsulator.Thewallsmaybegroundedtothecopperplateusingcopperstraps
and,ifapluralityofenclosuresareused,theenclosuresmayhavecopperstrapbetweenthentogroundtheenclosurestogether.Alongstandard
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fluorescentlightbulbcanbeusedtoconfirmeffectivegrounding(e.g.,byturningontheRFsignalandrepeatedlyplacingthelightbulbproximate
thetransmissionheadtoilluminatethebulbandthenmovingthebulbtolocationsaroundtheenclosurewatchingforthelightbulbtocease
illumination,whichconfirmsacceptablegrounding).Thegroundedwallsmayhavealayerofelectricalinsulatorontheinsidethereof,suchas
ceramicorTEFLONbrandPTFE,e.g.,TEFLONbrandvirgingradeelectricalgradePTFE,oranotherinsulator.
[0046]TheexemplarysystemsofFigures1216arebelievedtogenerateaveryhighvoltagefieldinthetargetarea,whichveryhighvoltagefield
canbeusedtoheatmanydifferenttypesofRFabsorbingparticlesaspartofRFabsorptionenhancersinconnectionwiththevariousmethods
taughtherein.Forexample,theexemplarysystemsofFigures1216arebelievedtobecapableofheatingandcombustingsaltwatersolutionsin
connectionwiththevariousmethodstaughtherein.
[0047]Figure24illustratesanexemplarytransmissionarrangement2400thatisadaptedforatleastpartialsubmersioninaliquid.Theenclosure
includesasealedcircuithousing2405inwhichisenclosedatuningcircuit2420andatransmissionhead2425.ThetuningcircuitreceivesanRF
signalfromanRFgenerator2410thatmaybeenclosedintheenclosureasshownorlocatedoutsideoftheenclosure2405.Aninsulatedregion
2430,e.g,anairpocketorpocketofanothergas,isdisposedbetweenthetransmissionhead2425andtheenclosure2405.Theenclosuremayalso
includeamountingmeans,suchasahookorloop2450,thatisusedtomechanicallycoupletheenclosuretoacableorothersimilarmechanism
forloweringtheenclosureintoaholeorconfinedtreatmentarea,e.g.,withawinchorcrane(notshown)orothermeansformowering.IftheRF
generator2410islocatedoutsidethesealedenclosure2405,aninsulatedelectricalconductor(notshown)maybeprovidedtoplacethecircuit
2420incircuitcommunicationwiththeRFgenerator.Duringconstruction,airfromtheportionoftheenclosure2405surroundingthecoupling
circuitmaybeevacuatedandtheenclosure2405filledwithaninertgas,suchasnitrogenorxenonandthensealed.Thecouplingcircuitmaybe
tunableornot(e.g.,pretuned),andmaybethesameasanyofthecouplingcircuitsshownordescribedherein,withvirtuallyanyofthe
transmissionheadsshownherein.Ifthecouplingcircuitportionoftheenclosure2405isfilledwithaninertgas,itisbelievedthatmuchhigher
poweredRFsignalsmaybecoupledusingthevariouscouplingcircuitsdisclosedherein,e.g.,Figures1315orFigure16a.Inthealternative,if
thecouplingcircuitportionoftheenclosure2405isfilledwithaninertgas,itisbelievedthatsignificantlysmallercouplingcircuitsmaybeused
visavistheexemplarycouplingcircuitofFigures1315,becausesmallercomponentsmaybeused(byincreasingthevoltagebreakdownofthe
coupledcomponentswithintheenclosure).Ifthecouplingcircuitistunable,suchtuningmaybeaccomplishedusingremotelycontrollabletunable
components,e.g.,variablecapacitorshavingsteppermotorsconfiguredtochangethevalueofthecapacitor,orwithremotecablestoremotely
mechanicallychangethevalueofthecapacitor.Thus,acontrolunitremovefromtheenclosure(notshown)maybeusedtosendelectricalsignals
totunethecircuittoreduceorremovereflectedpowerorausermaymechanicallyremotelytunethecircuittoreduceorremovereflectedpower.
Althoughagroundedreceptionhead(notshown)maybeusedinthisconfiguration(e.g.,alsomountedtotheenclosureandconfiguredtope[pi]nit
watertoflowbetweenthetransmissionandreceptionheadsorbetweentheinsulatedregionandthereceptionhead)itisbelievedthatitmaybe
possibletotunethecircuitwithoutareceptionheadperse,usingthetargetwaterasareceiverandacurrentpath(asasortofgroundedreception
head).
Methods[0048]Solutionscontainingsaltwaterandthatoptionallycontain(i)atleastoneadditive,or(ii)atleastonesecondaryfuel,or(iii)
mixturesthereofmaybecombustedusingRFsignalsbypassingahighvoltageRFsignalthroughthesolutioncontainingsaltwater.Inageneral
sense,themethodsmaybecharacterizedbyprovidingasolutioncontainingsaltwaterandthatmayoptionallycontain(i)atleastoneadditive,or
(ii)atleastonesecondaryfuel,or(iii)mixturesthereofandpassinganRFsignalthroughthesolutioncontainingsaltwatertocombustthesolution
containingsaltwater(Figure23).Alternatively,inageneralsensethemethodsmaybecharacterizedasmethodsforaddingsalttoenhancethe
heatingofwaterorotherliquids.Saltwaterhasbeencombustedusinganexemplarysystemthatincludedacircuitimplementationofthecircuitof
Figure16beingusedtotransmitanRFsignalthroughthesaltwatertocombustthesaltwater.AsolutionofOCEANICbrandNaturalSeaSalt
Mixhavingaspecificgravityofabout1.026g/cm<3>wasused.A13.56MHzRFsignalfromanENIOEM12BRFgeneratorhavingapowerof
about8001000Watts(e.g.,about900Watts)wasusedtocombustthesaltwater.
Figure17
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[0049]Figure17illustratesahighlevelexemplarymethodology1700forproducinghydrogenfromsaltwaterorfromsolutionscontainingsalt
water.
[0050]Themethodologybeginsatblock1702.Atblock1704thesaltwaterisprovided.Thesaltwatercompriseswaterandatleastonesalt
whereinaneffectiveamountofsaltisdissolvedinthewater,hicertainembodimentssaltisaddedtowaterorotherliquidstoenhanceheating.
Optionally,asolutioncontainingsaltwatermaybeusedthatcontainssaltwaterand(i)atleastoneadditive,or(ii)atleastonesecondaryfuel,or
(iii)mixturesthereof.Thesaltcanbeanytypeofusefulsaltwhichiswatersoluble.Severalexamplesofusefulsaltsaredescribedingreaterdetail
below.AneffectiveamountofsaltistheamountofsaltnecessarytoabsorbsufficientenergyoutputfromtheRFsignalsuchthatsaltwaterora
solutioncontainingsaltwaterundergoesdecompositiontogeneratehydrogen.OCEANICbrandNaturalSeaSaltMixmaybeusedtoapproximate
thecompositionofnaturallyoccurringseawaterhavinganeffectiveamountofsalt,andthatmaybeusedfurtheraseithersaltwaterorasthesalt
watercomponentinasolutioncontainingsaltwaterthatisusedinthesystemsandmethodsdiscussedandshownherein.Suchapproximationsof
naturallyoccurringseawatermayhaveaspecificgravityofabout1.02g/cm<3>to1.03g/cm<3>,e.g.,betweenabout1.0201.024orabout2832
PPT,asreadoffofahydrometer.Asanapproximationofnaturallyoccurringseawater,amixtureofwaterwiththeaboveidentifiedseasalt
havingaspecificgravityofabout1.026g/cm<3>(asmeasuredwitharefractometer)wasusedinexemplarysystemsandmethods.Inthe
alternative,itisbelievedthatactualseawatermaybeusedinthesystemsandmethodsdiscussedandshownherein.
[0051]Itiscontemplatedthatareservoirofsaltwaterorasolutioncontainingsaltwatercouldbemadebeforehandandstoredinatanksuchthat
itwouldbeavailableupondemand.Forexample,thestoragetankcouldbeconnectedtothereactionchamberbymeansofafeedtube.Inthis
manner,asupplyofthepreviouslypreparedsaltwaterorsolutioncouldbepumpedfromthestoragetankintothereactionchamberviathefeed
tubewhereinthefeedtubehasoneendconnectedtothestoragetankandtheotherendconnectedtoaninletpresentonthereactionchamber.
Again,itisbelievedthatordinaryseawatermaybeused.
[0052]Atblock1706anRFtransmitterisprovided.TheRFtransmittermaybeanytypeofRFtransmittergeneratingasuitableRFsignal.RF
transmittermaybeavariablefrequencyRFtransmitter.Optionally,theRFtransmitterisalsomultifrequencytransmittercapableofproviding
multiplefrequencyRFsignals.OptionallytheRFtransmitteriscapableoftransmittingRFsignalswithvariableamplitudesorpulsedamplitudes.
Oneormoreofavarietyofdifferentshapesandsizesoftransmissionandreceptionheadsmaybeprovided.
[0053]Thetransmissionheadmaybeselectedatblock1708.TheselectionofthetransmissionheadmaybebasedinpartonthetypeofRF
transmitterprovided.Otherfactors,suchas,forexample,thedepth,sizeandshapeofthegeneraltargetarea,orspecifictargetareatobetreated,
andthenumberoffrequenciestransmittedmayalsobeusedindeterminingtheselectionofthetransmissionhead.
desiredreceiverheadmaybeselected.Similarlytotheselectionofthetransmissionhead,thereceiverheadmaybeselectedtofitthedesired
characteristicsoftheparticularapplication.Forexample,areceiverheadthatislargerthanthetransmissionheadcanbeselectedtoconcentrate
theRFsignalonaspecificareainthereactionchamber(althoughitwasearlierbelievedthatasmallerheadwouldconcentratetheRFtoenhance
RFheating,alargerreceptionheadwasfoundtogenerateahighertemperature).Forexample,asingle6"circularcopperplatemaybeusedonthe
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Txsideandasinglesquare9.5"copperplatemaybeusedontheRxside.Inthismanner,selectionofvarioussizesandshapesofthereceiver
headsallowforoptimalconcentrationoftheRFsignalinthesaltwatermixture.
[0055]Atblock1714thetransmissionheadisarranged.Arrangementofthetransmissionheadisaccomplishedby,forexample,placingthe
transmissionheadproximatetoandononesideofthereactionchamber.Atblock1716thereceiverheadisarranged.Arrangementofthereceiver
headissimilarlyaccomplishedby,forexample,placingthereceiverheadproximatetoandontheothersideofthereactionchambersothatanRF
signaltransmittedviathetransmissionheadtothereceiverheadwillpassthroughthereactionchamberandbeabsorbedbythesaltwaterorthe
saltwatercomponentofthesolutioncontainingsaltwater.Thetransmissionheadandreceptionheadsareinsulatedfromdirectcontactwiththe
reactionchamber.Theheadsmaybeinsulatedfromthereactionchamberbymeansofanairgap.Optionally,theheadsmaybeinsulatedfromthe
targetareabymeansofanotherinsulatingmaterial.
[0056]TheRFfrequency(s)maybeselectedatblock1718.InadditiontoselectingthedesiredRFfrequency(s)atblock1718,thetransmission
timeordurationmayalsobeselected.Thedurationtimeissetto,forexample,aspecifiedlengthoftime,orsettoraisethetemperatureofatleast
aportionofthesaltwaterorthesolutioncontainingsaltwatertoadesiredtemperature/temperaturerange,orsettoadesiredchangein
temperature.Inaddition,optionally,othermodificationsoftheRFsignalmaybeselectedatthistime,suchas,forexample,amplitude,pulsed
amplitude,anon/offpulserateoftheRFsignal,avariableRFsignalwherethefrequencyoftheRFsignalvariesoverasettimeperiodorin
relationtosettemperatures,rangesorchangesintemperatures.
[0057]Atblock1720theRFsignalistransmittedfromthetransmissionheadtothereceiverhead.TheRFsignalpassesthroughthereaction
chamberandisabsorbedbythesaltwaterorthesaltwatercomponentofthesolutioncontainingsaltwaterthatiscontainedwithinthereaction
chamber.AbsorptionoftheRFenergyresultsindecompositionofthesaltwaterorthesaltwatercomponentofthesolutioncontainingsaltwater
togeneratehydrogen.
[0058]Atblock1722thehydrogenproducedbydecompositionofasaltwaterorsolutioncontainingsaltwateriscollected.Hydrogenmaybe
collectedbyanymeans.Anexampleofameansforcollectinghydrogenwouldbetoutilizeavacuumorpumpapparatustoremovethehydrogen
gasasitisproducedandtothenretainthehydrogeninalocationphysicallyseparatedfromthereactionchamber.Forexample,suchavacuumor
pumpapparatuscouldhaveoneendattachedtoanoutletpresentonthereactionchamberandtheotherendattachedtoagasstoragecontainer.It
iscontemplatedthatthegasstoragecontainermaybefittedwithvalves,asforexampleaonewayvalve,suchthatgascouldenterorbepumped
intothetankbutthenthegascouldnotleavethetank.
[0059]Themethodologymayendatblock1724andmaybeendedafterapredeterminedtimeintervaland/inresponsetoadeterminationthata
desiredamountofhydrogenproductionhasbeenachieved.Themethodmaybeperformedonceorrepeatedly,orcontinuously,orperiodically,or
intermittently.
Figures18(a)and18(b)
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[0060]Figure18(a)illustratesahighlevelexemplarymethodology1800forproducinghydrogenfromsaltwaterandsubsequentlyforthe
combustionofthehydrogenproduced.Figure18(b)illustratesahighlevelexemplarymethodology1800for(i)sufficientlyheatingasolution
containingsaltwaterthatmayoptionallycontainasecondaryfuelinordertovolatilizeandcombustthesecondaryfuelor(ii)decomposingthe
saltwatercomponentofthesolutioncontainingsaltwatertogeneratehydrogenandtosubsequentlycombustthehydrogenproducedor(iii)both.
[0061]ThemethodologyforbothFigures18(a)and18(b)beginsatblock1802.Atblock1804eithersaltwaterorasolutioncontainingsaltwater
isprovided.InFigure18(a)thesaltwatercompriseswaterandatleastonesalt,whereinaneffectiveamountofsaltisdissolvedinthewater.In
certainembodimentssaltisaddedtowaterorotherliquidstoenhanceheating.InFigure18(b)thesaltwatersolutioncomprisesthesaltwaterof
Figure18(a)andoptionally:(i)atleastoneadditive,or(ii)atleastonesecondaryfuelsource,or(iii)mixturesthereof.ThesaltusedinFigures
18(a)(b)canbeanytypeofusefulsaltwhichiswatersoluble.Severalexamplesofusefulsaltsaredescribedingreaterdetailbelow.Aneffective
amountofsaltistheamountofsaltnecessarytoallowsurroundingwatertoabsorbsufficientenergyoutputfromtheRFsignalsuchthatit
undergoesdecompositiontogeneratehydrogen,ortheamountofsaltnecessarytoallowsurroundingwatertoabsorbsufficientenergyoutput
fromtheRFsignalsuchthatitundergoessufficientheatingtovolatilizeandcombustanysecondaryfuelsourceoptionallypresent.OCEANIC
brandNaturalSeaSaltMixmaybeusedtoapproximatethecompositionofnaturallyoccurringseawaterhavinganeffectiveamountofsaltand
thatmaybeusedfurtherasthesaltwatercomponentofthesaltwatercontainingsolutioninthesystemsandmethodsdiscussedandshownherein.
Suchapproximationsofnaturallyoccurringseawatermayhaveaspecificgravityofabout1.02g/cm<3>to1.03g/cm<3>,e.g.,betweenabout
1.0201.024orabout2832PPT,asreadoffofahydrometer.Asanapproximationofnaturallyoccurringseawater,amixtureofwaterwiththe
aboveidentifiedseasalthavingaspecificgravityofabout1.026g/cm<3>(asmeasuredwitharefractometer)wasusedinexemplarysystemsand
methods.Inthealternative,itisbelievedthatactualseawatermaybeusedinthesystemsandmethodsdiscussedandshownherein.
[0062]Itiscontemplatedthatareservoirofsaltwaterorasolutioncontainingsaltwatercouldbemadebeforehandandstoredinatanksuchthat
itwouldbeavailableupondemand.Forexample,thestoragetankcouldbeconnectedtothereactionchamberbymeansofafeedtube.Inthis
manner,asupplyofthesaltwaterorthesaltwatercontainingsolutionpreviouslypreparedcouldbepumpedfromthestoragetankintothe
reactionchamberviathefeedtubewhereinthefeedtubehasoneendconnectedtothestoragetankandtheotherendconnectedtoaninletpresent
onthereactionchamber.
transmittermaybeavariablefrequencyRFtransmitter.Optionally,theRFtransmittermayalsobeamultifrequencytransmittercapableof
providingmultiplefrequencyRFsignals.Stillyet,optionallytheRFtransmittermaybecapableoftransmittingRFsignalswithvariable
amplitudesorpulsedamplitudes.Avarietyofdifferentshapesandsizesoftransmissionandreceptionheadsmaybeprovided.
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RFheating,alargerreceptionheadwasfoundtogenerateahighertemperature).Varioussizesandshapesofthereceiverheadsallowforoptimal
concentrationoftheRFsignalinthesaltwaterandsolutionscontainingsaltwater.
saltwatercomponentofasolutioncontainingsaltwater.Thetransmissionheadandreceptionheadsareinsulatedfromdirectcontactwiththe
reactionchamber.Theheadsmaybeinsulatedfromthereactionchamberbymeansofanairgap.Optionally,theheadsmaybeinsulatedfromthe
targetareabymeansofanotherinsulatingmaterial.[0067]TheRFfrequency(s)maybeselectedatblock1818.Inadditiontoselectingthe
desiredRFfrequency(s)atblock1818,thetransmissiontimeordurationmayalsobeselected.Thedurationtimeissetto,forexample,aspecified
lengthoftime,orsettoraisethetemperatureofatleastaportionofthesaltwaterorthesolutioncontainingsaltwatertoadesired
temperature/temperaturerange,orsettoadesiredchangeintemperature.Inaddition,optionally,othermodificationsoftheRFsignalmaybe
selectedatthistime,suchas,forexample,amplitude,pulsedamplitude,anon/offpulserateoftheRFsignal,avariableRFsignalwherethe
frequencyoftheRFsignalvariesoverasettimeperiodorinrelationtosettemperatures,rangesorchangesintemperatures.
chamberandisabsorbedbythesaltwaterorthesaltwatercomponentofthesolutioncontainingsaltwaterthatispresentwithinthereaction
chamber.InFigure18(a),absorptionoftheRFenergyinitiallyresultsindecompositionofthesaltwatertoproducehydrogen,whilestillfurther
absorptionoftheRFenergyeventuallyleadstothecombustionofthehydrogenproducedbythedecompositionofthesaltwater.InFigure18(b),
absorptionoftheRFenergyinitiallyresultsin(i)sufficientlyheatingthesolutioncontainingsaltwaterinordertovolatilizeandtocombustany
secondaryfuelthatmaybeoptionallypresentor(ii)decompositionofthesaltwatercomponentofthesolutioncontainingsaltwatertogenerate
hydrogenor(iii)both.
desiredamountofhydrogenproductionandhydrogencombustion,oralternativelyadesiredamountofvolatilizationandcombustionofthe
secondaryfuelthatmaybeoptionallypresentisachieved.Themethodmaybeperformedonceorrepeatedly,orcontinuously,orperiodically,or
intermittently.
Figures19(a)and19(b)
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[0070]Figure19(a)illustratesahighlevelexemplarymethodology1900forproducinghydrogenfromsaltwater,forthecombustionofthe
hydrogenproduced,andforthesubsequentconversionofthischemicalenergyintomechanicalenergythatmovesapiston.Figure19(b)
illustratesahighlevelexemplarymethodology1900for(i)sufficientlyheatingasolutioncontainingsaltwaterthatmayoptionallycontaina
secondaryfuelinordertovolatilizeandcombustthesecondaryfuelor(ii)decomposingthesaltwatercomponentofthesolutioncontainingsalt
watertogeneratehydrogenandtosubsequentlycombustthevolatilizedsecondaryfuelsourceorthehydrogenproducedor(iii)bothandforthe
subsequentconversionofthechemicalenergythatcombustionreleasesintomechanicalenergythatmovesapiston.
[0071]ThemethodologyforbothFigures19(a)and19(b)beginsatblock1902.Atblock1904eithersaltwaterorasolutioncontainingsaltwater
isprovided.InFigure19(a)thesaltwatercompriseswaterandatleastonesaltwhereinaneffectiveamountofsaltisdissolvedinthewater.In
certainembodimentssaltisaddedtowaterorotherliquidstoenhanceheating.InFigure19(b)thesolutioncontainingsaltwatercomprisesthesalt
waterfromFigure19(a)andoptionally(i)atleastoneadditive,or(ii)atleastonesecondaryfuel,or(iii)mixturesthereof.Thesaltcanbeany
typeofusefulsaltwhichiswatersoluble.Severalexamplesofusefulsaltsaredescribedingreaterdetailbelow.Aneffectiveamountofsaltisthe
amountofsaltnecessarytoallowsurroundingwatertoabsorbsufficientenergyoutputfromtheRFsignalsuchthatitundergoesdecompositionto
generatehydrogen,ortheamountofsaltnecessarytoallowsurroundingwatertoabsorbsufficientenergyoutputfromtheRFsignalsuchthatit
undergoessufficientheatingtovolatilizeandcombustanysecondaryfuelsourceoptionallypresent.OCEANICbrandNaturalSeaSaltMixmay
beusedtoapproximatethecompositionofnaturallyoccurringseawaterhavinganeffectiveamountofsaltandthatmaybeusedfurtherasthesalt
watercomponentofthesolutionscontainingsaltwaterthatareusedinthesystemsandmethodsdiscussedandshownherein.Such
approximationsofnaturallyoccurringseawatermayhaveaspecificgravityofabout1.02g/cm<3>to1.03g/cm<3>,e.g.,betweenabout1.020
1.024orabout2832PPT,asreadoffofahydrometer.Asanapproximationofnaturallyoccurringseawater,amixtureofwaterwiththeabove
identifiedseasalthavingaspecificgravityofabout1.026g/cm<3>(asmeasuredwitharefractometer)wasusedinexemplarysystemsand
methods.Inthealternative,itisbelievedthatactualseawatermaybeusedinthesystemsandmethodsdiscussedandshownherein.[0072]Itis
contemplatedthatareservoirofthesaltwaterorasolutioncontainingsaltwatercouldbemadebeforehandandstoredinatanksuchthatitwould
beavailableupondemand.Forexample,thestoragetankcouldbeconnectedtothereactionchamberbymeansofafeedtube.Inthismanner,a
supplyofthesaltwaterorthesolutioncontainingsaltwaterpreviouslypreparedcouldbepumpedfromthestoragetankintothereactionchamber
viathefeedtubewhereinthefeedtubehasoneendconnectedtothestoragetankandtheotherendconnectedtoaninletpresentonthereaction
chamber.Alternatively,itiscontemplatedthataspraynozzlecouldbeattachedontotheendofthefeedtubeleadingintotheinletpresentonthe
reactionchamber.Inthisarrangementitisbelievedthatthesaltwaterorthesolutioncontainingsaltwatercouldbeintroducedintothereaction
chamberintheformofamistorspray.
desiredreceiverheadmaybeselected.Similarlytotheselectionofthetransmissionhead,thereceiverheadismaybeselectedtofitthedesired
theRPsignalonaspecificareainthereactionchamber(althoughitwasearlierbelievedthatasmallerheadwouldconcentratetheRFtoenhance
concentrationoftheRFsignalinthesaltwaterandsolutioncontainingsaltwater.
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saltwatercomponentofasolutioncontainingsaltwater.Thetransmissionheadandreceivingheadsareinsulatedfromdirectcontactwiththe
reactionchamber.Theheadsmaybeinsulatedfromthereactionchamberbymeansofanairgap.Optionally,theheadsareinsulatedfromthe
targetareabymeansofanotherinsulatingmaterial.
[0077]TheRFfrequency(s)maybeselectedatblock1918.hiadditiontoselectingthedesiredRFfrequency(s)atblock1918,thetransmission
aportionofthesaltwaterorsaltwatersolutiontoadesiredtemperature/temperaturerange,orsettoadesiredchangeintemperature.Inaddition,
optionally,othermodificationsoftheRFsignalmaybeselectedatthistime,suchas,forexample,amplitude,pulsedamplitude,anon/offpulse
rateoftheRFsignal,avariableRFsignalwherethefrequencyoftheRFsignalvariesoverasettimeperiodorinrelationtosettemperatures,
rangesorchangesintemperatures.
chamberandisabsorbedbythesaltwaterorthesaltwatercomponentofthesaltwatercontainingsolutionpresentwithinthereactionchamber.In
Figure19(a),absorptionoftheRFenergyinitiallyresultsindecompositionofthesaltwatertoproducehydrogen,whilestillfurtherabsorptionof
theRFenergyeventuallyleadstothecombustionofthehydrogenproducedbythedecompositionofthesaltwater.InFigure19(b),absorptionof
theRFenergyinitiallyresultsin(i)sufficientlyheatingthesolutioncontainingsaltwaterinordertovolatilizeandtocombustanysecondaryfuel
thatmaybeoptionallypresentor(ii)decompositionofthesaltwatercomponentoftheaqueoussolutiontogeneratehydrogenor(iii)both.
[0079]Alternatively,itiscontemplatedthatanignitionsource,forexampleasparkplug,couldbeattachedtothereactionchamber.Thisignition
sourcewouldalsobeincircuitcommunicationwithacurrentsource,suchasforexampleabattery.Thearrangementcontemplatedherewould
provideforacurrentgoingtotheignitionsourcetobeswitchedonandoffwhendesired.Thiswouldresultingenerationofanignitionevent,as
forexamplewithasparkplugasparkwouldbeproduced,ondemand.Itisbelievedthatthisignitioneventwouldcausethecombustionofthe
hydrogenthathadbeenproducedbythedecompositionofthesaltwater,orwouldcausethecombustionofeitherthehydrogenoranyvolatilized
secondaryfuelorboththatisproducedbyRFtreatementofasolutioncontainingsaltwaterinthereactionchamber.
[0080]Atblock1922,theenergygeneratedfromthecombustionofhydrogen,whichisproducedfromthedecompositionofthesaltwater(or
moregenerally,theenergygeneratedfromeither(i)combustionofthehydrogenproducedfromdecompositionofthesaltwater,or(ii)the
volatilizationandcombustionofanysecondaryfuelthatmaybeoptionallypresentinasolutioncontainingsaltwater,or(iii)both),istransmitted
toapistoninordertoperformmechanicalwork.Inanyevent,thecombustionofeitherthehydrogenoranysecondaryfuelorbothgenerateshot
exhaustgasesincludingsteam.Thesehotexhaustgasesexpandandindoingsocreateanincreaseinpressure.Itiscontemplatedthattheheadofa
pistoncouldbeattachedtotheoutletpresentonthereactionchamberandtheotherendofpistonattachedtoaleverarm.Asexpandingexhaust
gasespushagainstthepistonhead,theleverarmismovedtransformingthechemicalenergyofexpandingexhaustgasesintomechanicalenergy
andintotheperformanceofmechanicalwork.
[0081]Itisfurthercontemplatedthatthispistonarrangementcouldbeutilizedtogetherwiththespraynozzleandignitionsourcedescribedabove,
toallowonetoconvertchemicalenergyintomechanicalenergyandsubsequentlyintotheperformanceofmechanicalwork,ondemand.For
example,thismethodcouldbeusedinsuchanarrangementinordertopoweraninternalcombustionengine.Itisfurthercontemplatedthatone
exampleofhowthismethodtogetherwiththeappropriatesystemcouldbeutilized,wouldbeinprovidinganenginethatwouldbefueledbysalt
waterorvarioussolutionscontainingsaltwater,orevendirectlybyseawatertakenfromtheoceanwithoutfurtherpurification,ratherthan
requiringgasolineorotherwaterincompatiblehydrocarbonfuelstooperate.Specifically,itiscontemplatedthatthisenginecouldbeprovidedin
anappropriatesizeandinamannersuchthatitcouldbeusedtopoweranautomobileorotherformofmotorizedvehicle.
desiredamountofhydrogenproductionandhydrogencombustion,oralternativelythatadesiredamountofvolatilizationandcombustionofany
secondaryfuelsourcethatisoptionallypresenthasbeenachieved.Themethodmaybeperformedonceorrepeatedly,orcontinuously,or
periodically,orintermittently.
Figure20
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[0083]Figure20illustratesahighlevelexemplarymethodology2000fordesalinatingseawater.
[0084]Themethodologybeginsatblock2002.Atblock2004seawaterisprovided.Anymannerofseawaterfromanyoceanorofany
concentrationorsalinitywouldsuffice.Furthermore,itiscontemplatedthattheseawatercouldbetakenfromthesourceinitsnaturaloccurring
formanduseddirectlywithouttheneedforanyfurtherpurificationorprocessing.Examplesofseveralsourcesforseawateraredescribedbelow.
Itisalsocontemplatedthatanamountofseawatercouldbestoredinareservoirorstoragetanksuchthatitwouldbeavailabletofillthereaction
chamberupondemand.Forexample,thestoragetankcouldbeconnectedtothereactionchamberbymeansofafeedtube.Inthismanner,a
supplyofseawatercouldbepumpedfromthestoragetankintothereactionchamberviathefeedtubewhereinthefeedtubehasoneend
connectedtothestoragetankandtheotherendconnectedtoaninletpresentonthereactionchamber.[0085]Atblock2006anRFtransmitteris
provided.TheRFtransmittermaybeanytypeofRFtransmittergeneratingasuitableRFsignal.RFtransmittermaybeavariablefrequencyRF
transmitter.Optionally,theRFtransmittermayalsobeamultifrequencytransmittercapableofprovidingmultiplefrequencyRFsignals.Stillyet,
optionallytheRFtransmittermaybecapableoftransmittingRFsignalswithvariableamplitudesorpulsedamplitudes.Avarietyofdifferent
shapesandsizesoftransmissionandreceptionheadsareprovided.
concentrationoftheRFsignalintheseawater.
signaltransmittedviathetransmissionheadtothereceiverheadwillpassthroughthereactionchamberandbeabsorbedbytheseawater.The
transmissionheadandreceptionheadsareinsulatedfromdirectcontactwiththereactionchamber.Theheadsmaybeinsulatedfromthereaction
chamberbymeansofanairgap.Optionally,theheadsmaybeinsulatedfromthetargetareabymeansofanotherinsulatingmaterial.
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aportionoftheseawatertoboiling.Inaddition,optionally,othermodificationsoftheRFsignalareselectedatthistime,suchas,forexample,
amplitude,pulsedamplitude,anon/offpulserateoftheRFsignal,avariableRFsignalwherethefrequencyoftheRFsignalvariesoverasettime
periodorinrelationtosettemperatures,rangesorchangesintemperaturesordesiredphasetransitions.
chamberandisabsorbedbytheseawatercontainedwithinthereactionchamber.AbsorptionoftheRFenergyresultsinheatingoftheseawater
causingtheseawatertoundergoaphasechangeandproducesteam.Thesteamproducedwouldbefreeofanysalt,minerals,oranyother
nonvolatileimpuritiesinitiallypresentintheseawater.
[0091]Atblock2022thesteamproducedbyheatingtheseawatertoboilingiscollected.Atblock2024thecollectedsteamiscondensedtoform
purifiedwater.Thesteammaybecollectedbyanymeans.Anexampleofameansforcollectingandcondensingsteamwouldbetoutilizeathe
naturaltendencyofhotgases,suchassteam,torise.Forexample,itiscontemplatedthatanexhaustpipehavingoneendattachedtotheoutlet
presentinthereactionchamberandpositionedtobedirectlyabovethereactionchambercouldconductthesteam,asitisproduced,awayfromthe
reactionchamber.Itisfurthercontemplatedthattheotherendoftheexhaustpipecouldbeattachedtoaremotelypositionedtankandthatthis
tankwouldfunctionedasacondensersuchthat,uponenteringthetank,thesteamwouldcoolandconvertphasesfromsteamintowater.Asa
result,itisbelievedthatpurifiedwaterwouldbecondensedandcollectinsuchacondensertank.Itiscontemplatedthat,optionally,thecondenser
tankcouldbeexternallycooledinordertofacilitatetherateofcondensationofthesteam.[0092]Themethodologymayendatblock2026and
maybeendedafterapredeterminedtimeintervaland/inresponsetoadeterminationthatadesiredamountofsteamproductionanddesalination
hasbeenachieved.Themethodmaybeperformedonceorrepeatedly,orcontinuously,orperiodically,orintermittently.
Figure21
[0093]Figure21illustratesahighlevelexemplarymethodology2100ofcarryingouttheelectrolysisofwater.
[0094]Themethodologybeginsatblock2102.Atblock2104asaltwatermixtureisprovided.Thesaltwatermixturecompriseswaterandatleast
onesaltwhereinaneffectiveamountofsaltisdissolvedinthewater.Thesaltshouldbewatersolubleand,inordertoeffectivelyformboth
hydrogenandoxygengases,thesaltshouldbeselectedsuchthatthecorrespondingcationofthesalthasalowerstandardelectrodepotentialthan
H<+>andthecorrespondinganionofthesalthasahigherstandardelectrodepotentialthanOH<">.Amoredetaileddescriptionofvarioussalts
andtheireffectiveamountswhichareusefulinthisregardisgivenbelow.
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andthenumberoffrequenciestransmittedmayalsobeusedindeterminingtheselectionofthetransmissionhead.[0097]TheRFreceiveris
providedatblock2110.TheRFreceivermaybetunedtothefrequency(s)oftheRFtransmitter.Atblock2112,thedesiredreceiverheadmaybe
selected.Similarlytotheselectionofthetransmissionhead,thereceiverheadmaybeselectedtofitthedesiredcharacteristicsoftheparticular
application.Forexample,areceiverheadthatislargerthanthetransmissionheadcanbeselectedtoconcentratetheRFsignalonaspecificareain
thereactionchamber(althoughitwasearlierbelievedthatasmallerheadwouldconcentratetheRFtoenhanceRFheating,alargerreceptionhead
wasfoundtogenerateahighertemperature).VarioussizesandshapesofthereceiverheadsallowforoptimalconcentrationoftheRFsignalinthe
saltwatermixture.
signaltransmittedviathetransmissionheadtothereceiverheadwillpassthroughthereactionchamberandbeabsorbedbythesaltwatermixture.
Thetransmissionheadandreceptionheadsareinsulatedfromdirectcontactwiththereactionchamber.Theheadsmaybeinsulatedfromthe
reactionchamberbymeansofanairgap.Optionally,theheadsareinsulatedfromthetargetareabymeansofanotherinsulatingmaterial.
aportionofthesaltwatermixturetoadesiredtemperature/temperaturerange,orsettoadesiredchangeintemperature.Inaddition,optionally,
othermodificationsoftheRFsignalareselectedatthistime,suchas,forexample,amplitude,pulsedamplitude,anon/offpulserateoftheRF
signal,avariableRFsignalwherethefrequencyoftheRFsignalvariesoverasettimeperiodorinrelationtosettemperatures,rangesorchanges
intemperatures.[00100]Atblock2120theRFsignalistransmittedfromthetransmissionheadtothereceiverhead.TheRFsignalpassesthrough
thereactionchamberandisabsorbedbythesaltwatermixturecontainedwithinthereactionchamber.AbsorptionoftheRFenergyresultsin
decompositionofthesaltwatermixturetoproducehydrogenandoxygen.
[00101]Atblock2122boththehydrogenandoxygenproducedbydecompositionofthesaltwatermixtureiscollected.Meansforcollectingand
separatingthehydrogenandoxygenproducedbytheelectrolysisofthesaltwatermixturewillbeknowntothoseskilledintheart.Such
techniquesmayincludeusingtwoevacuated,gascollectionbellsthatarenestedwithinoneanotherwheretheopeningtotheinnermostgas
collectionbelliscoveredwithasemipermeablemembrane.Thesemipermeablemembranemaybemadefromamaterialthathasagreater
permeabilitytohydrogengasthanitdoestooxygengas.Inthisregard,asthemixtureofhydrogenandoxygengasesaredirectedusingaseriesof
tubesandvalvestowardsthetwogascollectionbellsnestedwithinoneanother,onlyhydrogengaswouldbeabletoeffectivelypassthroughthe
membranecoveringtheinnermostgascollectionbell.Assuch,thehydrogengaswouldbecomeconcentratedintheinnermostgascollectionbell,
whiletheoxygengaswouldbecomeconcentratedintheoutermostgascollectionbell.Inthismanner,itisbelievedthatthehydrogengascouldbe
isolatedandcollectedseparatelyfromtheoxygengas.
[00102]Themethodologyendsatblock2124andmaybeendedafterapredeterminedtimeintervaland/inresponsetoadeterminationthata
desiredamountofhydrogenproductionhasbeenachieved.
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Figure25
[00103]Figure25illustratesahighlevelexemplarymethodology2500ofcarryingoutthecombustionofaliquid.Themethodologybeginsat
block2510.Atblock2510anRFsystemisprovidedthatiscapableofgeneratinganRFsignal.TheRFsystemmayincludeanRFgenerator,
transmitterandtransmissionheadandbeofthetypedescribedabovesuchthatitiscapableofgeneratinganignitablegasfromseawaterinan
opencontainerproximatetothetransmissionhead.Atblock2520aliquidisprovidedthatincludesaneffectiveamountofatleastoneion
dissolvedintheliquidforgenerationofanignitablegasbytheRFsignal.Atblock2530theRFsignalistransmittedsuchthatitinteractswithat
leastsomeoftheliquid.Atblock2540theignitablegasgeneratedfromtheliquidbytheRFsignalisignited.Atblock2550themethodology
endsandmaybeendedafterapredeterminedtimeintervaland/inresponsetoadeterminationthataportionoftheliquidhasbeencombusted.
Figure26
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[00104]Figure26illustratesahighlevelexemplarymethodology2600ofcarryingoutthecombustionofaliquid.Themethodologybeginsat
block2610.Atblock2610anRFsystemisprovidedthatiscapableofgeneratinganRFsignal.TheRFsystemmayincludeanRFgenerator,
transmitter,andtransmissionheadandbeofthetypedescribedabovesuchthatitiscapableofgeneratinganignitablegasfromseawaterinan
opencontainerproximatetothetransmissionhead.Atblock2620aliquidisprovidedthatincludesaneffectiveamountofatleastoneion
dissolvedintheliquidforgenerationofanignitablegasbytheRFsignal.Atblock2630theRFsignalistransmittedandatblock2640aportion
oftheliquidiscombusted.
[00105]AdditionalmethodsarecontemplatedusingthesystemsdescribedhereinwhereafrequencyforoperationoftheRFsignalmaybe
selectedsuchthatthefrequencyisthesameas,oroverlaps(eitherpartiallyorcompletely)orhasharmonicsthatarethesameasoroverlaps
specificRFfrequenciesthatarecapableofstimulatingorexcitinganyofthevariousenergylevelsofvariousions,e.g.,anyofthevariousmetal
speciesthatcomprisethesaltsthataredissolvedinthesaltwatersolutions.Onehavingordinaryskillintheartwillunderstandhowtodetermine
andtomeasureRFfrequenciesthatstimulateorexcitevariousenergylevelsforvariousmetalspecies.Inthisregardandbasedonempirical
testing,webelievethat13.56stimulatesand/orexcitesNaionsbetterthananyotherionshereinsotested.Assuch,itisbelievedthatuseful
embodimentsofthemethodsdescribedhereinmaythereforealsoinclude(i)selectinganRFsignalhavingapreferredfrequency,(ii)selectinga
metalsaltcomprisingametalspeciescapableofbeingstimulatedorexcitedbythepreferredfrequencyselected(oraharmonicthereof),(iii)
transmittingtheRFsignalhavingthepreferredfrequencythroughortoanaqueoussolutionofthemetalsaltforasufficienttimeinorderto
stimulateorexcitethemetalspeciespresentintheaqueoussolutiontogenerateheat.Alternatively,methodsmayalsoinclude(i)selectingasalt
comprisingapreferredmetalspecies,(ii)selectinganRFsignalhavingafrequency(oraharmonicthereof)capableofstimulatingorexcitingthe
preferredmetalspecies,(iii)transmittingtheRFsignalhavingthefrequencytoorthroughanaqueoussolutionofthemetalsaltcomprisingthe
preferredmetalspeciesforasufficienttimetogenerateheat.
[00106]AdditionalmethodsarecontemplatedusingthesystemsdescribedhereinwheretheRFsignalmaybeusedtoprocessclaysandsoilsto
heatandsterilizetheclaysandsoils,todirectlygeneratehydrogenfromtheclaysandsoils,andforremediationoftheclaysorsoilsbyremoving
orextractingorganiccontaminantsandwastes.Itiscontemplated,asabove,thatafrequencyforoperationoftheRFsignalmaybeselectedsuch
thatthefrequency(oraharmonicthereof)isthesameasoroverlapswith(eitherpartiallyorcompletely)specificRFfrequenciescapableof
stimulatingorexcitinganyofthevariousenergylevelsofanyofthevariousmetalspeciescomprisingmetalsaltsormetalcompoundsthatare
dissolvedordistributedwithinthesoils.Sincesoilsoftencontainmoistureorthemetalspeciespresentinthesoilsandclayshavewatermolecules
coordinatedtothem,itisthereforebelievedthatthesystemsandmethodsdescribedhereincouldbeusedtoheatandprocesssuchmetal
containingsoils.Assuch,webelievetheRFsignalcouldbeused(inanyofthevariousmannershereindescribedfortreatmentofsaltwater
solutions)toproducedheatand/orsteamand/orhydrogenandoxygenfreeradicalsinsituwithinvarioussoils,andinparticularinclaysandclay
containingsoils.Theheatand/orthesteamand/orthehydrogenandoxygenfreeradicalproducedfromthewatermoleculespresentinthesoil
wouldtreatthesurroundingsoil,inparticulartheheatand/orthefreeradicalsgeneratedwouldperhapssterilizethesoil,killinganyanimal,
vegetableormicrobiallifethatmayalsobepresent.Itisfurthercontemplatedthatsteamproducedinsituinthismannermayalsobeusedto
volatizeandextractanyhydrocarbonpollutantsthatmayalsobepresentinthesoilsandclays.Assuch,itiscontemplatedthatsoilsof
contaminatedcommercialresidentialandindustrialsites,hazardouswastedumpsites,gasstations,etc.couldberemediatedusingthesystemsand
methodsdescribedherein.OneskilledintheartwillunderstandhowtheRFsystemsandmethodsdescribedhereincouldbecoupledwithknown
extractionandremediationprocessesandmethodsforinsitutreatmentofcontaminatedsoils.Exemplaryhydrocarboncontaminantsthatcouldbe
extractedorremovedwouldincludebutarenotlimitedtoorganicsolvents,oilandoilbyproducts,insecticides,andpolychlorinatedbiphenyls.
Similarly,itiscontemplatedthatclathrates,zeolites,andothermaterialscontainingorhavingvariousmetalspeciesadsorbedtotheirsurfacesor
intherestructuresandcontainingeithermoistureorwatermoleculescoordinatedtothemetalspeciespresentmaybeprocessedandheatedin
similarmannersashasbeendescribedhereinforsoilsandclays.
[00107]Inaccordancewiththesystemsandmethodsofthepresentinventionpreviouslydescribed,furtherembodimentsarecontemplatedofan
RFsystemforselectivedisinfectionofsurfacesandmaterialsisprovided.ThesystemincludesanRFtransmitterhavinganRFgeneratoranda
transmissionhead,andanRFreceiverhavingaresonantcircuitandareceptionhead.Whenthetransmissionandreceptionheadsarearranged
proximatetoandoneithersideofasurfaceormaterialandanRFsignalistransmittedfromthetransmissionhead,throughthesurfaceor
material,tothereceptionhead,atleastaportionofthesurfaceormaterialisdisinfectedwithoutdirectcontactoftheheadstothesurfaceor
material.Itiscontemplated,asabove,thatafrequencyforoperationoftheRFsignalmaybeselectedsuchthatthefrequency(orharmonic
thereof)isthesameasoroverlapswith(eitherpartiallyorcompletely)specificRFfrequenciesthatarecapableofstimulatingorexcitinganyof
thevariousenergylevelsofanyofthevariousmetalspeciesormetalsaltsormetalcompoundsthatmay,forexample,bepresentwithinvarious
targetedmicrobes,bacteria,orviruses.Sinceenvironmentswheremicrobes,bacteria,andvirusesarefoundalsooftencontainmoisture,we
thereforebelievethatthesystemsandmethodsdescribedhereincouldbeusedtodisinfectsurfacesandmaterialsthroughselectivelyheatingand
destroyingvarioustargetedmicrobes,bacteria,andvirusesthatarepresentonthesurfacesormaterialstobedisinfected.TheRFsignalwouldbe
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appliedforasufficienttimetolocallyheatanddestroyanytargetedmicrobes,bacteria,andvirusesthatcontainmetals(metalsthatareeither
coordinatedbywatermoleculesorinanenvironmentcontainingmoisture)thatarestimulatedorexcitedbytheRFsignalhavingtheparticular
frequencysoselected.
[00108]Inaccordancewiththesystemsandmethodsofthepresentinventionpreviouslydescribed,furtherembodimentsarecontemplatedofan
RFsystemforaffectingachangeinthegerminationandgrowthofplantlifeisprovided.ThesystemincludesanRFtransmitterhavinganRF
generatorandatransmissionhead,andanRFreceiverhavingaresonantcircuitandareceptionhead.Whenthetransmissionandreceptionheads
arearrangedproximatetoandoneithersideofaseedoraplantandanRFsignalistransmittedfromthetransmissionhead,throughtheseedor
plant,tothereceptionhead,atleastaportionoftheseedorplantisprocessedwithoutdirectcontactoftheheadstotheseedorplant.Forexample,
aseedmaybeplacedinabrackishenvironmentoraplantmaybewateredwithbrinesolutionandnaturalbiologicalprocessessuchasosmotic
pumpingmechanismsmaybetakenadvantageofinordertocreateaseedorplanthavinganinternalenvironmentwithanincreasedsalt
concentration.WebelievethatanyofthesystemsormethodsdescribedhereinmaybeusedtothenexposethesopreparedseedorplanttoanRF
signal,whereintheRFsignalwouldaffectachangeintherateofgerminationoftheseedoraffectachangeintherateofgrowthoftheplant.We
believedthatthatafrequencyforoperationoftheRFsignalmaybeselectedsuchthatthefrequency(orharmonicthereof)isthesameasor
overlapswith(eitherpartiallyorcompletely)specificRFfrequenciesthatarecapableofeitherincreasingordecreasingtheratesofseed
germinationandplantgrowthinordertoaffectsuchachangeinthegerminationandgrowthofplantlife.
[00109]Inaccordancewiththesystemsandmethodsofthepresentinventionpreviouslydescribed,furtherembodimentscontemplatingRF
systemsandmethodsforprocessingafluidareprovided.Processingafluidincludesbutisnotlimitedtoheatingand/orcombustingthefluid.
Fluidscanbeprocessedwhetherornottheycontainanyoftheusefulsaltsorions(eithercationsoranions)hereindescribed.Anexemplaryfluid
inthisregardincludesbutisnotlimitedtowaterthatisextractedfromoilwellsandthatiscontaminatedwithoilresiduesand/orother
hydrocarboncontaminants.Methodsforprocessing(includingheatingand/orcombusting)afluidinvolveusinganyofthesystemspreviously
describedand(i)providingafluidtobeprocessed(includingheatingand/orcombustingthefluid),(ii)addinganeffectiveamountofsalttothe
fluid(e.g.,byaddingsolidsaltorbyaddingasaltsolution),and(iii)passingRFthroughthefluidcontaininganeffectiveamountofsalttoprocess
thefluid.Ingeneral,usefulsystemsmayincludeanRFtransmitterhavinganRFgeneratorandatransmissionhead,andanRFreceiverhavinga
resonantcircuitandareceptionhead.Whenthetransmissionandreceptionheadsarearrangedproximatetoandoneithersideofthefluidhaving
aneffectiveamountofsaltaddedtoitanRFsignalistransmittedfromthetransmissionhead,throughthefluidcontainingthesalt,tothereception
head,andatleastaportionofthefluidisprocessed.Processinginthisregardmayincludeheatingthefluidand/orcombustingthefluidandin
suchsituationssaltisaddedtoenhanceheatingofthefluid.
SaltWater,SaltWaterSolutions,andSaltWaterMixtures
[00110]Ordinaryandnaturallyoccurringseawatermaybeused.Generally,asaltwhichisusefulasthesaltwaterorinthesolutioncontaining
saltwaterorinthesaltwatermixturesemployedinthesesystemsandmethodsdisclosedhereinincludeanysaltwhichhassolubilityinwater.For
example,NaClisausefulsaltbecauseNaClisverysolubleinwater.Otherusefulsaltsmayincludesaltsthathaveastheircationanyelementin
cationicform,whichmayselectedfromthegroupconsistingofLi<+>,Na<+>,K<+>,Rb<+>,Cs<+>,Be<2+>,Mg<2+>,Ca<2+>,Ba<2+>,
Sr<2+>,Mn<2+>,Fe<2+>,Fe<3+>,Ni<2+>,Cu<2+>,Zn<2+>,Ag<+>,Au<+>,B<3+>,Al<3+>,Ga<3+>,In<3+>andthathaveastheanion
anyelementinanionicformthatisselectedfromthegroupconsistingofCl<">,Br<">,I<">,borate,citrate,nitrate,phosphate,sulfate,carbonate,
andhydroxide.Thesaltusedinthesystemsandmethodsdisclosedhereincanbeusedaseitherapuresalt,thesaltmadefromonetypeofcation
andonetypeofanionthatarethosecationsandanionslistedaboveoritcanbeasaltmixture,madefrommorethanonetypesalt,madefromone
ormoretypesofcationsand/oroneormoretypesofanionsthatarethosecationsandanionslistedabove.Again,ordinaryandnaturallyoccurring
seawatermaybeused.
[00111]Anotherusefulsaltwater(orsaltwatercomponentofeithersolutionscontainingsaltwaterorsaltwatermixtures)foruseinthesystems
andmethodsdisclosedhereinisseawater.Thisincludesalltypesofseawater,includingwatertakenfromanyoftheoceansorothernaturallysalty
bodiesofwaterfoundontheearth.Usingseawaterasdisclosedhereinincludesusingseawaterinitsnaturaloccurringform,thatis,seawater
whichistakenfromtheoceananduseddirectlywithoutanyfurtherprocessingorpurification.
[00112]Anotherusefulsaltwaterorsaltwatersolutionforuseinthesystemsandmethodsdisclosedhereinisbrinewater.Brinewatermaybe
waterextractedfromtheground(groundwater)andincludeswaterthatistakenfromwaterwellsandoilwells.Usingbrinewaterasdisclosed
hereinincludesusingbrinewaterthathasbeenfurtherprocessedortreated(forexample,byadditionofsalt,e.g.,addingsolidsaltorasalt
solution)orthatisinitsnaturallyoccurringformanduseddirectlywithoutanyfurtherprocessingorpurification.
[00113]OCEANICbrandNaturalSeaSaltMixmaybeusedtoapproximatenaturallyoccurringseawaterhavinganeffectiveamountofsaltand
usedasthesaltwaterorsaltwatercomponentofsolutionscontainingsaltwaterandsaltwatermixturesemployedinthesystemsandmethods
discussedandshownherein.Suchapproximationsofnaturallyoccurringseawatermayhaveaspecificgravityofabout1.02g/cm<3>to1.03
g/cm<3>,e.g.,betweenabout1.0201.024orabout2832PPT,asreadoffofahydrometer.Amixtureoftheaboveidentifiedseasaltmixhaving
aspecificgravityofabout1.026g/cm<3>(asmeasuredwitharefractometer)wasusedinexemplarysystemsandmethods.Inthealternative,itis
believedthatactualseawatermaybeusedinthesystemsandmethodsdiscussedandshownherein.Thepreciseamountofsaltinsaltwaterorin
thesaltwatercomponentofthesolutionscontainingsaltwaterandsaltwatermixturesusedandcontemplatedhereinmayvaryfromspecific
applicationtospecificapplication.
[00114]Inordertoformbothhydrogenandoxygengas,saltscapableofformingsaltwatermixturesthatareusefulforuseintheelectrolysis
systemsandelectrolysismethodsdisclosedherein,shouldbewatersolublesaltsandalsoshouldhaveacationandananionselectedsuchthatthe
cationhasalowerstandardelectrodepotentialthanH<+>andtheanionhasagreaterstandardelectrodepotentialthanOH<">.Forexample,the
followingcationshavelowerstandardelectrodepotentialthanH<+>andarethereforesuitableforuseaselectrolytecations:Li<+>,Rb<+>,
K<+>,Cs<+>,Ba<2+>,Sr<2+>,Ca<2+>,Na<+>,andMg<2+>.Forexample,ausefulanionwouldbeSO4<2">,becauseithasagreater
standardelectrodepotentialthanOH<">andisverydifficulttooxidize.ItiscontemplatedthatNa2SO4wouldbeausefulsaltforusewiththe
electrolysissystemsandmethodsdisclosedherewithinbecauseitisawatersolublesaltthatiscomposedofacation(Na<+>)thathasalower
standardelectrodepotentialthanH<+>andananion(SO4<2">)thathasagreaterstandardelectrodepotentialthanOH<">.
Additive
[00115]Aspreviouslyindicated,asusedhereinanadditivemaybeanorganic,organometallic,orinorganicchemicalcompoundhaving
solubility,miscibility,orcompatibilitywithsaltwaterandsolutionscontainingsaltwaterandsaltwatermixtures(includingseawaterorsolutions
containingsaltwaterandoptionallycontainingatleastonesecondaryfuel)andthatiscapableofalteringtheresponseofthesaltwater,various
solutionscontainingsaltwater,andsaltwatermixturesinresponsetostimulationbyRFenergy.Bothmolecularandpolymericspeciesare
contemplatedasbeingusefuladditives.Itisfurtherbelievethatusefulamountsofadditiveincludesolutionscontainingsaltwaterwherethe
additiveispresentasatleastoneminorcomponentinthesolutioncontainingsaltwater.Embodimentscontemplatedinthisregardwouldinclude
solutionscontainingsaltwaterandhavingfromabout0.001toabout10.0weight%additive,andmorepreferablyfromabout0.001toabout1.0
weight%additive,andevenmorepreferablyfromabout0.001toabout0.1weight%additive.
[00116]ItiscontemplatedthatasaltwatersolutionorsaltwatermixturecontaininganadditivewillresponddifferentlytoRFstimulationversus
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comparablesaltwatersolutionorsaltwatermixturethatdoesnotcontainanyadditive.Webelievethattheresponseofasaltwatersolutionorsalt
watermixturetoRFenergymaybealteredinavarietyofways.Forexample,analterationinRFresponsethatanadditivemayhavemayinclude
butisnotlimitedtoincreasingordecreasingtherateatwhichasolutionormixturecontainingtheadditiveeitherheats,combusts,orbothupon
exposuretoafixedamountorfluxofRFenergyexhibitingadesiredtemperaturechangeorlevelofcombustionofasaltwatersolution
containinganadditivewithexposuretoalargerorasmalleramountofRFenergyanddecreasingthesurfacetensionofasaltwatersolution
containinganadditivesuchthatcombustionofthesaltwatersolutionormixtureoccursuponapplicationofanRFfieldwithoutanyneedfor
externallyperturbingthesurfaceofthesaltwatersolution.Surfactants,includingsoapsanddetergents,areembodimentsofusefuladditivesinthis
regardsincetheyareknowntolowerthesurfacetensionofaqueoussolutions.Furthermore,webelievethatwatersolubleorganiccompoundsthat
canlowertheheatcapacityofanaqueoussolutionorthatcanchangethefreezingpointofwaterorthatcanfo[pi]nazeotropicmixtureswithwater
wouldalsobeusefuladditivesinthisregard.
SecondaryFuels[00117]Aspreviouslyindicated,asusedhereinasecondaryfuelmaybeanycombustibleorganiccompoundthathassolubility,
miscibility,orcompatibilitywithsaltwaterorvarioussolutionscontainingsaltwaterorsaltwatermixtures(includingseawater,saltwateror
solutionscontainingsaltwaterthatoptionallycontainatleastoneadditive).Itisbelievethatausefulamountofsecondaryfuelincludessolutions
containingsaltwaterwerethesecondaryfuelispresentastheminorcomponent.Alternatively,itisalsobelievethatausefulamountofsecondary
fuelincludessolutionscontainingsaltorsaltwaterwerethesecondaryfuelispresentasthemajorcomponent.Inthisregard,embodimentsare
contemplatedofsaltwatersolutionscontainingfromabout0.01toabout99.99weight%ofatleastonealternativefuel,andpreferablyfromabout
1.0toabout99.0weight%ofatleastonealternativefuel,andmorepreferablyfromabout10toabout90weight%ofatleastonealternativefuel,
andevenmorepreferablyfromabout30toabout70weight%ofatleastonealternativefuel,andevenmorepreferablyfromabout40toabout60
weight%ofatleastonealternativefuel.
[00118]ItiscontemplatedthatexposuretoRFenergyofasaltwatersolutioncontainingatleastonesecondaryfuel,whereinthesecondaryfuelis
theminorconstituent,mayresultinanenhancementorinaboostinperformanceintermsofthecombustibilityofthesaltwatersolutionversus
theresultsobtainedbyacomparablesaltwatersolutionthatdoesnotcontainanysecondaryfuel.Alternatively,itisalsocontemplatedthat
exposuretoRFenergyofasaltwatersolutioncontainingatleastonesecondaryfuel,wherethesecondaryfuelisthemajorconstituentofthemix,
allowsRFenergytobeusedtocombustthesecondaryfueleventhoughthesecondaryfuelitselfmaybeRFinert.Withoutintendingtobebound
bytheory,webelievethatthesecondaryfuelmaybeusefulaseithertheminororthemajorcomponentinasaltwatersolutionbecausethesalt
watercomponentofthesaltwatersolutionisstimulatedbytheRFsignalandabsorbsenergy.Assuch,absorptionofRFenergybythesaltwater
componentcausesthetemperatureofthesaltwatersolutiontoincreasetothepointwheresecondaryfuelpresentinanyamountvolatilizesand
becomesmorecapabilityofcombustinginthepresenceofaspark,flame,oranyotherincendiarysource.Inthisregard,methanol,ethanol,and
isopropanolareusefulassecondaryfuelsbecausetheyarecombustibleorganicsolventsandaresolublewithorhavechemicalcompatibilitywith
water.Furthermore,webelievethatmanyadditionalorganicsolventsandcompounds,whichmayhavebothvolatilityandsolubilityormiscibility
withaqueoussolutions,wouldalsobeusefulassecondaryfuelsinthisregard.Forexample,wecontemplatethatnpropanol,acetone,
formaldehyde,aceticacid,andformicacidmayalsobeusefulsecondaryfuels.
RFAbsorptionEnhancers
[00119]Saltwater,solutionscontainingsaltwater,andsaltwatermixturesmaybeprocessedusingRFasis.Inthealternative,itisalsobelieved
thatRFabsorptionenhancersmaybeaddedtothesaltwater,solutionscontainingsaltwater,andsaltwatermixturespriortoprocessingwithRF
toenhancetheeffectsoftheRFenergyonthesaltwater,e.g.,enhancedheating,enhanced,combustion,enhanceddesalination,etc.TheRF
absorptionenhancersmaybeparticlesmadefromRFabsorbingmaterialsthatabsorboneormorefrequenciesofanRFelectromagneticsignal
substantiallymorethanothermaterials.Thismaype[pi]nittheRFsignaltoheatsaltwater(oranysolutioncontainingsaltwaterorsaltwater
mixture)containingRFabsorbingenhancerssubstantiallymorethanitwouldsaltwater(orsaltwatersolutionorsaltwatermixture)thatdoesnot
containadditionalRFabsorptionenhancers.
[00120]ExemplaryRFabsorptionenhancersincludeparticlesofelectricallyconductivematerial,suchassilver,gold,copper,magnesium,iron,
anyoftheothermetals,and/ormagneticparticles,orvariouscombinationsandpermutationsofgold,iron,anyoftheothermetals,and/or
magneticparticles.ExamplesofotherRFabsorptionenhancersinclude:metaltubules(suchassilverorgoldnanotubesorsilverorgold
microtubes,whichmaybewatersoluble),particlesmadeofpiezoelectriccrystal(naturalorsynthetic),particlesmadeofsyntheticmaterials,
particlesmadeofbiologicmaterials,roboticparticles,particlesmadeofmanmadeappliedmaterials,likeorganicallymodifiedsilica(ORMOSIL)
nanoparticles.ExamplesofyetotherRFabsorptionenhancersthatmaybeusefulincludeRFabsorbingcarbonmoleculesandcompounds:
fullerenes(anyofaclassofclosedhollowaromaticcarboncompoundsthataremadeupoftwelvepentagonalanddifferingnumbersofhexagonal
faces),carbonnanotubes,othermoleculesorcompoundshavingoneormoregraphenelayers,andotherRFabsorbingcarbonmoleculesand
compoundse.g.,C60(alsoknownasa"buckyball"ora"buckminsterfullerene"),C70,C76,C84,buckytubes(singlewalledcarbonnanotubes,
SWNTs),multiwalledcarbonnanotubes(MWNTs),andothernanosizedormicrosizedcarboncagemoleculesandcompounds.Suchcarbon
basedparticlesmaybeinwatersolubleform.Suchcarbonbasedparticlesmayhavemetalatoms(e.g.,nickelatoms)integraltherewith,which
mayaffecttheirabilitytoabsorbRFenergyandheatinresponsethereto.Anyoftheforegoing(andsubsequentlylisted)particlesmaybesizedas
socalled"nanoparticles"(microscopicparticleswhosesizeismeasuredinnanometers,e.g.,11000nm)orsizedassocalled"microparticles"
(microscopicparticleswhosesizeismeasuredinmicrometers,e.g.,11000[mu]m).
[00121]Additionally,RFabsorbingcarbonmoleculesandcompoundsmaybefabricatedasRFabsorptionenhancerstobeparticleswithnon
linearIVcharacteristics(rectifyingcharacteristics)and/orcapacitance.SuchnonlinearIVcharacteristicsmayresultfrom,forexample,
nanotubeswithaportiondoped(e.g.,bymodulationdoping)withamaterialgivingntypesemiconductingpropertiesadjacentaportiondoped
withptypesemiconductingpropertiestoformananotubehavinganintegralrectifyingpnjunction.Inthealternative,nanotubescanbe
fabricatedwithanintegralSchottkybarrier.Ineithercase,itmaybehelpfultousenanotubeshavingatleasttwoconductingregionswitha
rectifyingregiontherebetween.Accordingly,rectifyingcircuitsforRFabsorbingparticlesforRFabsorptionenhancersmaybefabricatedfrom
RFabsorbingcarbonmoleculesandcompoundshavingnonlinearIVcharacteristics.
[00122]AnyoftheRFabsorptionenhancersdescribedhereinmaybeusedaloneorinvirtuallyanycombinationofand/orpermutationofanyof
theparticleorparticlesdescribedherein.Forexample,itmaybebeneficialtouseapluralityofdifferentRFabsorbingparticlesdescribedherein
forpurposesoftuningthereactionkineticsofthevariousmethodshereindescribed.Accordingly,virtuallyanycombinationorpermutationofRF
absorptionenhancersmaybeusedinvirtuallyanycombinationofand/orpermutationofanyRFabsorbingparticleorparticlesdescribedhereinto
createRFabsorptionenhancersforuseinaccordancewiththeteachingsherein.[00123]OftheRFabsorptionenhancersmentionedherein,some
maybesuitablefora13.56MHzRPsignal,e.g.,silvernanoparticles,goldnanoparticles,coppernanoparticles,magnesiumnanoparticles,aqueous
solutionsofanyofthemetalsulfatesmentionedherein,andRFabsorbingcarbonmoleculesandcompounds.RFabsorptionenhancersusingthese
RFabsorbingparticlesarealsoexpectedtobeeffectiveatslightlyhigherfrequencies,suchasthosehavingafrequencyontheorderofthesecond
orthirdharmonicsof13.56MHz.
RFSignal
[00124]TheRFsignalsmayhaveafrequencycorrespondingtoaselectedparameterofanRFenhancer,e.g.,13.56MHz,27.12MHz,915MHz,
1.2GHz.SeveralRFfrequencieshavebeenallocatedforindustrial,scientific,andmedical(ISM)equipment,e.g.:6.78MHz+15.0IcHz13.56
MHz+7.0kHz27.12MHz+163.0kHz40.68MHz+20.0kHz915MHz+13.0MHz2450MHz+50.0MHz.SeePart18ofTitle47ofthe
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CodeofFederalRegulations.Theseandotherfrequenciesofthesameordersofmagnitudemaybeusedinvirtuallyanyofthesystemsand
methodsdiscussedherein,dependingonwhichRFabsorbingparticlesareused.Forexample,RFsignalshavingafundamentalfrequencyofabout
700MHzorlessmightbesuitableformanyofthesystemsandmethodsdescribedherein.RFsignalshavingafundamentalfrequencyinthehigh
frequency(HF)range(330MHz)oftheRFrangemightbesuitableformanyofthesystemsandmethodsdescribedherein.Similarly,RFsignals
havingafundamentalfrequencyintheveryhighfrequency(VHF)range(30300MHz)oftheRFrangemightalsobesuitableformanyofthe
systemsandmethodsdescribedherein.Ofcourse,RFsignalsatanyfundamentalfrequencymayalsohaveharmoniccomponentsthatare
multiplesofthefundamentalfrequencyoffrequencies.Also,RFsignalsatanyfundamentalfrequenciesorperiodicmultiplesofsuchfundamental
frequenciesthatareharmonicsofafundamentalfrequencymaybeselectedsuchthatthefrequencyisthesameasorhasoverlapwith(either
partiallyorcompletely)specificRFfrequenciescapableofstimulatingorexcitinganyofthevariouselectronenergylevelsofanyofthevarious
metalspeciesthatcomprisethesaltsthataredissolvedinthesaltwatersolutions.Forexample,basedonempiricaltestingwebelievethatanRF
signalwithafrequencyof13.56MHzstimulatesand/orexcitesNaionsbetterthananyotherionshereinsotested.[00125]Additionally,inanyof
theembodimentsdiscussedherein,theRFsignalusedmaybeapulsed,modulatedFMRFsignal,orapulsefixedfrequencysignal.Apulsed
signalmaypermitarelativelyhigherpeakpowerlevel(e.g.,asingle"burst"pulseat1000Wattsormore,ora1000Wattsignalhavingaduty
cycleofabout10%toabout25%)andmaycreatehigherlocaltemperaturesatRFabsorptionenhancerparticles.Suchpulsedsignalsmayhave
anyofvariouscharacteristics.Forexample,theRFpulsemaybeasquarewave,ormaybeasinewave,ormayhaveasharprisetimewithan
extendedringingeffectatbaseline,ormayhaveaslowrisetimeandafastdecay,etc.PulsedRFsignals(andothershapedRFsignals)may
produceverylocalizedtemperaturesthatarehigherforalengthoftimeontheorderofaboutamillisecondorlonger.Forexample,ashort5
kilowattRFpulseoflessthanasecond,e.g.,ontheorderofmicroseconds(e.g.,34microseconds)maybesufficienttoraisethetemperatureof
themixturesufficientlytoachievethedesiredeffect,e.g.,combustionofthesaltwater,desalination,heating,creationofhydrogengas,etc.
[00126]Asdiscussedherein,theRFenergydirectedtowardthesaltwater(oranysolutioncontainingsaltwater,orsaltwatermixture)maybeRF
energyhavingaveryhighfieldstrengthandmayalsobecoupledthroughtheportionofthereactionchamberwithcouplingheadshavingavery
highQ(e.g.,aQontheorderof250ormore).ApulsedRFsignalwitharelativelyhigherpowermaybeeffectivetoquicklyheatthesaltwater,
etc.,suchasapulseofHForVHFRFenergy(e.g.,27.12MHz).
RateofCombustion
[00127]Saltwatercombustsrelativelyquicklyinatesttubeusinga600Watt13.56MHzRFsignal.Forexample,seawaternaturalorartificial
combustsinatesttubeontheorderofabout1mlperminuteinitiallyandlatercombustsontheorderofabout1mlperevery30secondsasa
substantialamountofwaterhasbeencombustedfromthetesttube.Insomecases,lesssaltpermitsbettercombustionthanmoresalt.Forexample,
amixtureof99.5%ethanoland0.5%saltsolutioncombustsmuchbetter(faster)thana50/50mixtureofethanolandsaltsolution(seeexamples
below).Asanotherexample,seawaterfromtheGulfofMexicocombustedatabout23mlper90secondperiodatabout1000watts,usingeither
a10mlor100mltesttube,withtheuppersurfaceoftheseawaterintheRFfield.ComparativeExamples
Series1:Experimentswithoceanwater
[00128]ItwaspreviouslydemonstratedthatsaltwatermadefromseasaltmixwillcombustusingtheRPsystemdescribedinthe'530
Application.IthasbeenconfirmedthatoceanwaterwillcombustusingtheENIRFgeneratorusingthecouplingcircuitofFigures4649ofU.S.
ProvisionalPatentApplicationSerialNo.60/915,345,filedonMay1,2007,andentitledFIELDGENERATORFORTARGETEDCELL
ABLATION(AttorneyDocket30274/04036)("the'345Application"),theentiredisclosureofwhichisherebyincorporatedbyreferenceinits
entirety,witha6"silvercoatedcircularcopperTxhead(singleplate)anda9.5"silvercoatedsquarecopperRxhead(singleplate).
[00129]ItisbelievedthattheRFfieldthatcombustssaltwaterissubstantiallythesameasthefielddiscussedinthe'345Application(seeFigures
53endofthatapplication).(ItisalsobelievedthatOceanwaterwillcombustwiththeotherheadconfigurationsdiscussedinthe'530Application,
aswell.)
[00130]Withrespecttothecombustionofoceanwater,waterfromtheGulfofMexicohavingthefollowingcharacteristicswascapableofbeing
rapidlycombustedwiththeabovedescribedRFsystem(a10mlsamplewasanalyzedpriortoanycombustion):
Sulfate5/10/200726330mq/!1O3000[00131]Inthisexample,combustedoceanwaterdifferedfromuncombustedoceanwaterinthe
concentrationofmostofthesecomponentsincreases,whiletheconcentrationofcalciumdecreases.Two10mlsamplesoftheabovewaterfrom
theGulfofMexicowerecombusteddownto5mleachandcombined,andtheresulting10mlofcombustedoceanwaterwasanalyzedtoreveal
thefollowing:
[00132]Awhiteresidueformsontheinsideofthetesttubeaftercombustionofsaltwater.Thecalciummaybepartofthatresidue.
[00133]UsingtheabovedescribedRFsystem,saltwaterwillcombust,aswillsolutionsofHClandNaCl.DistilledwaterwillboilintheRF
field,butwillnotcombust.Addingadditionalseasaltmix(e.g.,OCEANICbrandNaturalSeaSaltMix)tooceanwatercausestherateof
combustiontoincrease.Addingseasaltmixsufficienttoapproximatelytriplethesodiumofoceanwatercausesadramaticincreaseintherateof
combustionoftheresultingsaltwatermixture.Thus,themethodshereinmaybemodifiedbyincludingtheadditionalstepofaddingadditional
ionstotheseawaterpriortocombustion.
[00134]Saltwater(oceanwaterand/orsaltwatermadefromOCEANICbrandNaturalSeaSaltMix)willbegintocombustintheabove
describedRFsystematRFwattagesofabout250Wattsandsaltwaterwillcontinuetocombustatlowerwattages,e.g.,about200Watts,after
igniting.Saltwatermaybegintocombustspontaneouslyathighertemperatures,ormayrequiresomesortofigniter(e.g.,adropofsaltwater
droppedthroughtheRFfield,whichcombustsandignitestheothersaltwaterinthefield).Additionally,somesortofwick(e.g.,apieceofpaper
towel)extendingabovethesurfaceofthesaltwaterinthefieldwillgreatlyincreasethetendencyofsaltwaterintheRFfieldtospontaneously
ignite.Fillingthetesttubetothebrimwithsaltwaterandthenaddingacouplemoredropsofsaltwaterfacilitatesignition.
[00135]Usingasetupwithabout5.5"spacingbetweenTxplateandRxplate,andthetesttubebeingabout2"fromtheTxplateataboutthetop
oftheTxplate,andapplyingRFtothesaltwater,theproductsproducedfromexposureofsaltwatertoRFenergybum.Thetemperatureofthe
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burningproductsofsaltwaterexposedtoRFenergyhasbeenmeasuredashighasabout1700<0>CusingaFLIRSystemsThermaCAMP65
thermometerwithThermaCAMQuickViewV2.0Software,whichmeasurestemperaturesupto1700<0>C(itisbelievedthatthesaltwateris
combustingatahighertemperature).Surprisingly,thetemperatureofthesaltwaterinthetesttuberemainsrelativelylow(e.g.,lessthan
45[deg.]C)whilethesaltwateriscombusting.
[00136]Withoutintendingtobeboundbythisdescription,itisbelievedthatthespecialRFfieldgeneratedbytheabovedescribedRFsystem
causeshydrogeninsaltwatertoseparatefromoxygen,andthenthehydrogenisburnedinthepresenceofthereleasedoxygenandtheoxygenin
thesurroundingair.
[00137]HeatfromRFinducedcombustionofsaltwatermaybeusedinanyofthetraditionalmethodsofgatheringandusingheat,e.g.,aheat
exchanger,aStirlingEngine,aturbinesystem,etc.
[00138]Additionally,multipleTxandRxheadsmaybeusedatoneormorefrequencies.
Series2:Experimentswithsaltwaterandsolutionswithadditivesandsecondaryfuels
[00139]ForalltheSeries2examplesdescribedbelow,acircuitimplementationofFigure16wasusedtotransmittheRFsignalthroughthe
exemplarysolutionstoyieldthevariousresults.Unlessotherwiseindicated,forallexamplesa13.56MHzRFsignalfromanENIOEM12BRF
generatorhavingavariablepoweroutputofuptoabout1000Wattswasappliedforthirtysecondstothereactionchamber,whichinthese
instancesconsistedofaglasstesttube(inwhichthevariousexemplarysolutionswereplaced)connectedtoasupportarmthatwaspositioned
suchthatthetesttubewassuspendedbetweenthetransmissionhead(oneplate)andthereceptionhead(threeplates).Unlessotherwiseindicated,
thesaltwatersolutionsusedincarryingoutthevariousexamplesincludedGulfofMexicosaltwater,Brinesaltwaterextractedfromanoilwell
(locatedinErie,PA),anda3.5wt%stocksolutionofOCEANICbrandNaturalSeaSaltMixhavingaspecificgravityofabout1.026g/cm<3>.
Forallexamplescontainingethanol,denatured,AppleProducts(c)brandethanolwasused.
SaltWater
[00140]Afirst100ml,samplecontainingsaltwaterwasplacedinatesttubeandthetesttubewasthenattachedtoasupportarmandpositioned
betweenthetransmissionheadandreceiverheadoftheRFapparatus(describedabove).Thetemperatureofthesaltwaterwasmeasuredusinga
fiberopticthermometer.A13.56MHzRFsignalatabout300Wattswasthenappliedforabout30seconds,afterwhichthetemperaturewasagain
measuredusingafiberopticthermometer.Startingtemperature=24.0<'>CEndingtemperature=25.9<[deg.]>C.
[00141]Asecond100mLsampleofsaltwaterwasplacedinatesttubeandthetesttubewasthenattachedtoasupportarmandpositioned
betweenthetransmissionheadandreceiverheadoftheRFapparatus(describedabove).Thetemperatureofthesaltwaterwasmeasuredusinga
fiberopticthermometer.A13.56MHzRFsignalatabout600Wattswasthenappliedand,assoonastheRFsignalwasapplied,combustionof
thesaltwaterwasinitiatedbymomentarilyplacinganordinarysteelscrewdriverincontactwiththelipofthetesttube.Thescrewdriverwas
removedandtheRFsignalwasleftonforabout30secondsascombustionofthesaltwatercontinued.Afterabout30seconds,theRFsignalwas
turnedoffandthecombustionofthesaltwaterceased.Thetemperatureofthesaltwatersamplewasthenmeasuredusingafiberoptic
thermometeratboththetoppartofthetesttubeandthebottompartofthetesttube.Startingtemperature=20.5'CEndingtemperature(Top)=
66.0<">CEndingtemperature(Bottom)=28.0<[deg.]>C.
[00142]Athird100mLsampleofsaltwaterwasplacedinatesttubeandthetesttubewasthenattachedtoasupportarmandpositionedbetween
thetransmissionheadandreceiverheadoftheRFapparatus(describedabove).However,thesaltwaterusedherecontained1mLofstocksalt
waterdilutedto100mLwithdistilledwatertogivea0.0035%saltwatersolution.A13.56MHzRFsignalatabout600Wattswasthenapplied
forabout30seconds,afterwhichthetemperaturewasagainmeasuredusingafiberopticthermometer.Unlikethesecondsampleofsaltwater,
combustionofthisthirdsampleofsaltwatercouldnotbeinitiatedbyplacinganordinarysteelscrewdriverincontactwiththelipofthetesttube.
Startingtemperature=26.6<'>CEndingtemperature=75.5'C.
SaltWater+Carbonateand/orCO2(asthe"Additive")
[00143]Carbondioxidemaybeusefulasanadditive,asmayotheradditivesthatproducecarbondioxide.Photographs911oftheincorporated
materialshowthecombustionofgroundwaterhereasampleofbrinewatercollectedfromanoilwell(locatedinErie,PA),whilephotograph12
oftheincorporatedmaterialshowsthecombustionofasampleofbrinewaterobtainedfromtheGulfofMexico.Wehaveobservedthatthebrine
waterobtainedfromtheGulfofMexicocombustsinalesssporadicmannerthanbrinewatercollectedfromtheoilwelllocatedinErie,PA.
Withoutintendingtobeboundbytheory,webelievehighlevelsofcarbonatesaltspresentinthebrinewatercollectedfromtheoilwelllocatedin
Erie,PA,thatisnotpresentinthebrinewatercollectedfromtheGulfofMexico,effectsthecombustibilityofthebrinewatercollectedfromthe
oilwelllocatedinErie,PA.Wefurtherbelievethat,asthebrinewatercollectedfromtheoilwelllocatedinErie,PAcombustscarbonatesalts
thatarepresentreleasecarbondioxideintothesamplewhichactstosuppressorlimitfurthercombustionofthebrinewaterastheRFsignalis
applied.Therefore,additionalembodimentsarecontemplatewhereinadditivescapableofinhibitingcombustionorthatarecombustion
suppressantsmaybeaddedtoanyofthevarioussaltwatersolutionshereindisclosedinordertocontrolorhindertherateofsaltwatercombustion
orlimittheamountofoverallcombustion.
SaltWater+Surfactant(asthe"Additive")
[00144]A100niLsampleofsaltwaterthatalsocontained1metricdrop(about0.05mL)ofanordinaryhandsoap(LiquidNatureAntibacterial
HandSoap)wasplacedinatesttubeandthetesttubewasthenattachedtoasupportarmandpositionedbetweenthetransmissionheadand
receiverheadoftheRFapparatus(describedabove).A13.56MHzRFsignalatabout600Wattswasthenappliedtothesampleandassoonas
theRFsignalwasapplied,combustionofthesaltwatersamplewasinitiatedimmediately.Noexternalperturbationofthetesttube(bya
screwdriver,adropofsaltwater,useofawickorotherwise)wasrequired.TheRFsignalwasrepeatedlyswitchedonandoffeachtimetheRF
signalwasswitchedonthesaltwatersampleimmediatelybegancombusting,whileeachtimetheRFsignalwasswitchedoffthesaltwater
sampleimmediatelyceasedcombusting.
SaltWater+Ethanol(asthe"SecondaryFuel")
[00145]Afirst100niLsamplecontainingamixtureof50mLofethanoland50mLofsaltwaterwasplacedinatesttubeandthetesttubewas
thenattachedtoasupportarmandpositionedbetweenthetransmissionheadandreceiverheadoftheRFapparatus(describedabove).A13.56
MHzRFsignalatseveralhundredWattswasthenappliedtothesampleand,assoonastheRFsignalwasapplied,combustionofthesamplewas
initiatedbymomentarilyplacinganordinarysteelscrewdriverincontactwiththelipofthetesttube.OncetheRFsignalwasturnedoffthe
combustionofthesampleceased.Surprisingly,intheabsenceofanyappliedRFsignalcombustionofthesamplecouldnotbeinitiatedevenwhen
anopenflamewasusedtoattemptinitiationofcombustion.
[00146]Asecond100mLsamplecontainingamixtureof99.5mLofethanoland0.5mLofsaltwaterwasplacedinatesttubeandthetesttube
wasthenattachedtoasupportarmandpositionedbetweenthetransmissionheadandreceiverheadoftheRFapparatus(describedabove).The
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temperatureofthesaltwaterwasmeasuredusingafiberopticthermometer.A13.56MHzRFsignalatseveralhundredWattswasthenapplied
forabout15seconds,afterwhichthetemperaturewasagainmeasuredusingafiberopticthermometer.Startingtemperature=26.6'CEnding
temperature=62.0'C.Thisexampleshowsthataneffectiveamountofsalt(e.g.,solidsaltorasaltsolution)canbeaddedtoenhanceheatingof
liquids.
[00147]Athird100mLsamplecontainingamixtureof99.5mLofethanoland0.5mLofsaltwaterwasplacedinatesttubeandthetesttube
wasthenattachedtoasupportarmandpositionedbetweenthetransmissionheadandreceiverheadoftheRFapparatus(describedabove).The
temperatureofthesaltwaterwasmeasuredusingafiberopticthermometer.A13.56MHzRFsignalatseveralhundredWattswasthenapplied
and,assoonastheRFsignalwasapplied,combustionofthesamplewasinitiatedbymomentarilyplacinganordinarysteelscrewdriverincontact
withthelipofthetesttube.CombustionofthesamplewashighlyenergeticandresultedinaverylargeflameascomparedtoRFcombustionofa
stocksolutionofsaltwaterthatdidnotcontainanyethanol.ThescrewdriverwasremovedandtheRFsignalwasleftonfor15secondsas
energeticcombustionofthesamplecontinued.Combustionwassoenergeticthatsomeofthesamplesolutionbubbledoutofthetesttubeand
ontothelaboratoryfloorwhenitcontinuedtocombust.Afterabout15seconds,theRFsignalwasturnedoff.However,combustionofthesample
didnotceaseandthesamplehadtobeextinguishedusingafireextinguisher.
CONTROL1:DistilledWater
[00148]A100mLsamplecontainingdistilledwaterwasplacedinatesttubeandthetesttubewasthenattachedtoasupportarmandpositioned
betweenthetransmissionheadandreceiverheadoftheRFapparatus(describedabove).Thetemperatureofthedistilledwaterwasmeasured
usingafiberopticthermometer.A13.56MHzRFsignalatabout300Wattswasthenappliedforabout30seconds,afterwhichthetemperature
wasagainmeasuredusingafiberopticthermometer.Startingtemperature=24.0<[deg.]>CEndingtemperature=24.8<[deg.]>C.
CONTROL2:TapWater
[00149]A100mLsamplecontainingordinarytapwaterwasplacedinatesttubeandthetesttubewasthenattachedtoasupportarmand
positionedbetweenthetransmissionheadandreceiverheadoftheRFapparatus(describedabove).Thetemperatureoftheordinarytapwaterwas
measuredusingafiberopticthermometer.A13.56MHzRFsignalatabout300Wattswasthenappliedforabout30seconds,afterwhichthe
temperaturewasagainmeasuredusingafiberopticthermometer.Startingtemperature=23.7<'>CEndingtemperature=47.8'C.
CONTROL3:100%Ethanol
[00150]A100mLsamplecontainingethanolwasplacedinatesttubeandthetesttubewasthenattachedtoasupportarmandpositioned
betweenthetransmissionheadandreceiverheadoftheRFapparatus(describedabove).Thetemperatureoftheethanolwasmeasuredusinga
fiberopticthermometer.A13.56MHzRFsignalatseveralhundredWattswasthenappliedforabout15seconds,afterwhichthetemperaturewas
againmeasuredusingafiberopticthermometer.Startingtemperature=25.0<'>CEndingtemperature=30.0'C.
[00151]Whilethepresentinventionhasbeenillustratedbythedescriptionofembodimentsthereof,andwhiletheembodimentshavebeen
describedinsomedetail,itisnottheintentionoftheapplicanttorestrictorinanywaylimitthescopeoftheappendedclaimstosuchdetail.
Additionaladvantagesandmodificationswillreadilyappeartothoseskilledintheart.Forexample,inallofthevarioussystemsandmethods
presentedherein,theRFelectromagneticsignalmaybeapplieduntilnoliquidremains,oruntilsubstantiallynoliquidremains,orforashorter
periodoftime.Additionally,thestepsofmethodshereinmaygenerallybeperformedinanyorder,unlessthecontextdictatesthatspecificsteps
beperformedinaspecificorder.Therefore,theinventioninitsbroaderaspectsisnotlimitedtothespecificdetails,representativeapparatusand
methods,andillustrativeexamplesshownanddescribed.Accordingly,departuresmaybemadefromsuchdetailswithoutdepartingfromthespirit
orscopeoftheapplicant'sgeneralinventiveconcept.
TABLEIEXEMPLARYCOMPONENTSPECIFICATIONS
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