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MEASUREMENT
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MEASUREMENT
o Finding how many measuring units there are in something
o Provides quantitative information
o Involves comparison to standards
o Is always subject to error
ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
o Environmental/Static Error: errors due to environmental influences such as
temperature, pressure, humidity, and others
o Instrument Errors: usually due to its age, formation of rust or damage as well as noncalibration
o Human Error: how we handle and read the intsruments influences our gathered data.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
o Digits or numbers that are either certain or good estimates of a measurement
o Represents the decimal place which determines the extend of rounding off to be done.
Usually based on the degree of accuracy in measurement.
RULES OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:
1. All non-zero digits are significant.
2. Zeros in between non-zero digits are significant.
3. Zeroes before the first non-zero digit are insignificant (leading zeros).
4. Zeros after the last nonzero digit may or may not be significant (trailing zeros).
a. If there is a decimal point in the number, all trailing zeros are significant.
b. If there is no decimal point in the number, all trailing zeros are NOT
significant.
ACCURACY: measurements that are close to the correct value
PRECISE: measurements which are closeb to each other.
RULES IN ROUNDING OFF
1. If the digit to the right of the number to be rounded off is 5 or greater, round up.
2. If the digit to the right of the number to be rounded off is less than 5, retain the
number.
Addition or subtraction: follow the least amount of decimals
Multiplication or division: follow the least amount of significant figures
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION: is a way of writing numbers that are too big or too small to be
conveniently written in decimal form.
o M x 10n
M = coefficient \\ x 10 = base \\ n = exponent
FORMULAS
FROM
O
F
O
C
O
C
TO
O
C
O
F
K
FORMULA
C = (F-32)/1.8
O
F = 1.8(C)+32
C = OC+273.15
ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT:
o ERROR: defined as the difference between the experimental value and the accepted
value
PERCENTAGE ERROR
Difference between the data and accepted value
Accepted value or true value
Can be group data error or individual data error.
X 100
ENGLISH SYSTEM
UNITS TO BE
CONVERTED
Pounds to Kg
Kilometers to Feet
Miles to Kilometer
Meters to Yards
Inches to Feet
Gallons to Liters
Inches to Cm
Miles to Feet
Quarts to Liters
Ounce to Liters
VALUES
1lb = 0.4536 kg
1ft = 0.0003048 km
1 mi = 1.609 km
1m = 1.094 yd
1 in = 0.08333 ft
1 gal = 3.785 L
1 in = 2.54 cm
1 mi = 5280 ft
1 qt = 0.946 L
1 oz = 0.02957 L
UNIT
ABBREVIATION
Meter
Kilogram
second
kelvin
Mole
ampere
Candela
m
kg
s
k
mol
A
cd
Mega
Kilo
Hecto
Deka
Deci
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano
pico
106
103
102
101
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
MATTER
PROPERTY
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
DENSITY
SHAPE AND VOLUME
high
definite shape & volume
low
indefinite shape & volume
DIFFUSION
MOTION
high
indefinite shape definite
volume
flows easily
particles vibrate and move
about, can slide past each
other
close together, with no
regular arrangement
difficult to compress
easily compressible
PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT
COMPRESSIBILITY
flows easily
fast motion and vibrates
freely
far from each other, no
regular arrangement
SOLIDS: molecules that make it up are arranged in regular, repeating patterns that are held firmly
in place but can vibrate within a limited area.
LIQUIDS: the molecules that make up a liquid flow easily around one another. They are kept
from flying apart by attractive forces between them. They assume the shape of their containers.
GASES: molecules fly in all directions at great speed. They are so far apart that the attractive
forces between them are insignificant.
PLASMA: at very high temperatures of stars, atoms lose their electrons. The mixture of electrons
and nuclei that results is plasma.
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
o Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein predicted it in the 1920s, and Cornell and Weiman
finally created the condensate.
o BEC is super cold and unexcited, in contrast to plasma being super hot and excited.
o Their atomic parts cant move at all, and lose almost all of their energy.
o Since there is no more energy to transfer, all of the atoms have exactly the same levels,
like twins.
o The group of rubidium atoms sits in the same place, creating a super atom.
Gas Plasma
Ionization
Plasma Gas
Recombinatio
n
Vaporization
Evaporation
Melting
Freezing
Sublimation
Gas Liquid
Liquid Gas
SolidLiquid
LiquidSolid
SolidGas
GasSolid
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL: those characteristics of a substance that can be
observed or measured without changing the identity or composition
of the substance
1. Extensive Properties: depends on the amount of substance
present
Deposition
2. Intensive Properties: an innate characteristic of any matter and is not affected by the
amount of substance
CHEMICAL: refers to the ability of a substance to react with other substances usch as air, water, or an
acid and change its identity or composition afterwards.
CHANGES IN MATTER
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PHYSICAL CHANGE: change in the form of appearance but no changes in its composition and
atomic nucleus.
CHEMICAL CHANGE: change in form and appearance, as well as its composition but there is
no change in its atomic nucleus.
NUCLEAR CHANGE: change in the nucleus of an atom thereby creating a new substance or
element together iwth the production of a high amount of energy.
o NUCLEAR FUSION: combining of two substances producing a large amount of energy
and produces a new substance. Happens in the sun and in other stars.
o NUCLEAR FISSION: the splitting of hte nucleus of an atom to produce a large amount
of energy. This is use in nuclear power plants to produce nuclear energy.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
MIXTURES: a combination of two or more substances that can be separated by physical methods
o HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES
BASES
o Produces OH- ions when dissolved in water
o pH of basic solution is greater than 7
o they have a bitter taste
o they have a slippery feeling