Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Post-doc researcher, Department of Civil and Building Engineering and Architecture, Polytecnic University of
Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60100 Ancona (AN), Italy; E-mail: etubaldi@gmail.com
2
Assistant professor, Department of Civil and Building Engineering and Architecture, Polytecnic University of
Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60100 Ancona (AN), Italy; E-mail: laura.ragni@univpm.it
3
Full professor, School of Architecture and Design, University of Camerino, Viale della Rimembranza, 63100
Ascoli Piceno (AP), Italy; E-mail: andrea.dallasta@unicam.it
In particular, the structural system considered in this paper consists of a single degree of
freedom (SDOF) model coupling a linear visco-elastic term, representing the structural frame, and a
linear or nonlinear purely viscous term, describing the added dissipative system. First, a
nondimensionalization of the governing equation of seismic motion is applied to find the minimum set
of characteristic parameters that control the problem. Successively, a parametric study is carried out by
varying these characteristic parameters within a range of interest for the design. For each combination
of the characteristic parameters' values, the statistic of the response parameters of interest for the
performance assessment (such as displacements, accelerations, and damper forces) is built based on
the response samples corresponding to a set of natural records describing the record-to-record
variability. A lognormal model, widely employed in PBEE, is assumed to describe the probability
distribution of the output variables, and its accuracy is tested through statistical techniques. The fitting
of the lognormal distribution to the generic response parameter D is carried out by estimating the
sample geometric mean, GM(D), and the sample lognormal standard deviation ln(D), or dispersion
(D), defined as follows:
GM ( D ) = N d1 ... d N
( D ) = ln ( D ) =
( ln d1 ln D )
+ ...... + ( ln d1 ln D )
N 1
(1)
2
(2)
where di denotes the i-th sample value, N is the total number of samples, and ln(D) is the lognormal
sample standard deviation. The sample geometric mean provides an estimate of the median of the
response and its logarithm coincides with ln(D). For small values, e.g., below 0.3, the dispersion (D)
is approximately equal to the coefficient of variation of the distribution.
The influence of the damper nonlinear behaviour and dissipation capacity on the probabilistic
response is evaluated based on the comparison of the geometric mean and dispersion of the response
parameters obtained for the different values of the characteristic parameters. The results of the
parametric study are then used to analyze a family of case studies consisting of a structural system
equipped with dampers having different properties (different values of the damper constant and the
damper exponent) ensuring the same deterministic performance objective (the mean displacement
response reduction). The influence of the damper nonlinear behaviour on the seismic performance is
investigated for different seismic intensity levels. Some results are reported in Figure 1, plotting the
variation with the seismic intensity a0 of the system displacement response and of the damper force
corresponding to the damper exponents =0.15 and =1. The figure reports both the "deterministic"
performance estimates, described by the mean response values, and the probabilistic performance
estimates, synthetically described by the median and the 84th and 16th percentiles.
Finally, the probability of exceedance of the design values (assumed as mean values at the
design seismic intensity) of the structural displacement and of the damper force is evaluated for both
the linear and non linear cases. The results show that the deterministic code approach for the seismic
assessment/design of structures yields risk estimates that are lower than the corresponding estimates
obtained through a probabilistic approach. Furthermore, the safety levels observed in solutions
obtained by a conventional deterministic design vary by varying the damper exponent and significant
differences can be observed between the displacements and forces.
0.1
u [m]
0.09
DLS
b)
ULS
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.05
DLS
ULS
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
median
mean
84
16
0.03
0.02
0.01
median
mean
84
16
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
0
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
a0 [g]
a0 [g]
c) 1000
900
DLS
d) 1000
ULS
900
800
800
700
700
fd [kN]
fd [kN]
0.1
0.09
u [m]
a)
600
500
400
median
mean
84
16
300
200
100
DLS
ULS
median
mean
84
16
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
0
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
a0 [g]
a0 [g]
Figure 1 Variation with a0 of the displacement demand for = 1 (a) and = 0.15 (b) and of the force demand
for = 1 (c) and = 0.15 (d).
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Peckan G, Mander JB, Chen SS (1999) Fundamental Considerations for the design of non-linear viscous
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