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-1
-0.5
0.5
-2
-1
-0.5
0.5
x0
-2
-1
-0.5
0.5
x0
-2
0.3
0.4
| 0.5
x0
0.3
|
x1
0.4
| 0.5
x0
0.3
|
x1
0.4
| 0.5
x0
0.36
| 0.38
x1
0.4
|
x2
0.36
| 0.38
x1
0.4
f (x) = x 7 + 3x 3 + 7x 2
f 0 (x) = 7x 6 + 9x 2 + 14x
i
0
1
2
3
xi
0.5
f (xi )
f 0 (xi )
tangent line
x-intercept
f (x) = x 7 + 3x 3 + 7x 2
f 0 (x) = 7x 6 + 9x 2 + 14x
i
0
1
2
3
xi
0.5
f (xi )
1.133
f 0 (xi )
9.359
tangent line
y = 1.133 + 9.359(x
0.5)
x-intercept
0.379
f (x) = x 7 + 3x 3 + 7x 2
f 0 (x) = 7x 6 + 9x 2 + 14x
i
0
xi
0.5
1 0.379
2
3
f (xi )
1.133
f 0 (xi )
9.359
tangent line
y = 1.133 + 9.359(x
0.5)
x-intercept
0.379
f (x) = x 7 + 3x 3 + 7x 2
f 0 (x) = 7x 6 + 9x 2 + 14x
i
0
xi
0.5
1 0.379
2
3
f (xi )
1.133
f 0 (xi )
9.359
0.170
6.619
tangent line
y = 1.133 + 9.359(x
y = 0.170 + 6.619(x
0.5)
x-intercept
0.379
0.379)
0.353
f (x) = x 7 + 3x 3 + 7x 2
f 0 (x) = 7x 6 + 9x 2 + 14x
i
0
xi
0.5
1 0.379
2 0.353
3
f (xi )
1.133
f 0 (xi )
9.359
0.170
6.619
tangent line
y = 1.133 + 9.359(x
y = 0.170 + 6.619(x
0.5)
x-intercept
0.379
0.379)
0.353
f (x) = x 7 + 3x 3 + 7x 2
f 0 (x) = 7x 6 + 9x 2 + 14x
f (xi )
1.133
f 0 (xi )
9.359
1 0.379
0.170
6.619
2 0.353
0.007
6.084
i
0
xi
0.5
tangent line
0.5)
x-intercept
0.379
y = 0.170 + 6.619(x
0.379)
0.353
y = 0.007 + 6.084(x
0.353)
0.352
y = 1.133 + 9.359(x
f (x) = x 7 + 3x 3 + 7x 2
f 0 (x) = 7x 6 + 9x 2 + 14x
f (xi )
1.133
f 0 (xi )
9.359
1 0.379
0.170
6.619
2 0.353
0.007
6.084
i
0
xi
0.5
3 0.352
tangent line
0.5)
x-intercept
0.379
y = 0.170 + 6.619(x
0.379)
0.353
y = 0.007 + 6.084(x
0.353)
0.352
y = 1.133 + 9.359(x
f (x) = x 7 + 3x 3 + 7x 2
f 0 (x) = 7x 6 + 9x 2 + 14x
f (xi )
1.133
f 0 (xi )
9.359
1 0.379
0.170
6.619
2 0.353
0.007
6.084
i
0
xi
0.5
tangent line
0.5)
x-intercept
0.379
y = 0.170 + 6.619(x
0.379)
0.353
y = 0.007 + 6.084(x
0.353)
0.352
y = 1.133 + 9.359(x
0.352)
0.352
Newtons Method
Step 1: Pick a place to start. Call it x0 .
Newtons Method
Step 1: Pick a place to start. Call it x0 .
Step 2: The tangent line at x0 is y = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) (x
where this intersects the x-axis, solve
0 = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) (x
This value is your x1 .
x0 )
to get
x = x0
x0 ). To find
f (x0 )
.
f 0 (x0 )
Newtons Method
Step 1: Pick a place to start. Call it x0 .
Step 2: The tangent line at x0 is y = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) (x
where this intersects the x-axis, solve
0 = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) (x
x0 )
to get
x = x0
x0 ). To find
f (x0 )
.
f 0 (x0 )
f (xi )
f 0 (xi )
Newtons Method
Step 1: Pick a place to start. Call it x0 .
Step 2: The tangent line at x0 is y = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) (x
where this intersects the x-axis, solve
0 = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) (x
x0 )
to get
x = x0
x0 ). To find
f (x0 )
.
f 0 (x0 )
f (xi )
f 0 (xi )
Caution!
Bad places to pick: Critical points! (where f(x)=0)
|
xi
Caution!
Bad places to pick: Critical points! (where f(x)=0)
|
xi
1 near x0 = 1.
0.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
x0
-0.5
-1
f 0 (x) =
i
0
1
2
xi
1
f (xi )
f 0 (xi )
f 0 (x) = 7x 6 + 9x 2 + 14x
2
-1
-0.5
0.5
-2
f 0 (x) = 7x 6 + 9x 2 + 14x
2
-1
-0.5
0.5
.352
-2
r3 0.352
f 0 (x) = 7x 6 + 9x 2 + 14x
2
-1
-0.5
0.5
.352
-2
r1
r2
r3 0.352
f 0 (x) = 7x 6 + 9x 2 + 14x
2
-1
-0.5
0.5
.352
-2
r1
1.217
r2
0.418
r3 0.352
y = 1 + 12 (x
1)
y = 1 + 12 (x 1)
2 1 + 12 (2 1) = 1.5
y = 1 + 12 (x 1)
2 1 + 12 (2 1) = 1.5
p
( 2 = 1.414...)
Linear approximations
a).
Approximate
5:
Approximate
5:
1
5 L(5) = 1 + (5
2
(32 = 9)
1) = 3
Approximate
5:
1
5 L(5) = 1 + (5
2
1) = 3
(32 = 9)
a) = f (a)
and
d
L0 (a) =
f (a) + f 0 (a)(x
dx
a) = f 0 (a)
a) = f (a)
and
d
L0 (a) =
f (a) + f 0 (a)(x a) = f 0 (a)
dx
A better approximation might be a quadratic polynomial p2 (x)
which also satisfies p200 (a) = f 00 (a):
p2 (x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x
a) + 12 f 00 (a)(x
a)2
a) = f (a)
and
d
L0 (a) =
f (a) + f 0 (a)(x a) = f 0 (a)
dx
A better approximation might be a quadratic polynomial p2 (x)
which also satisfies p200 (a) = f 00 (a):
p2 (x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x
a) + 12 f 00 (a)(x
a)2
(3)
a) + 12 f 00 (a)(x
a)2 +
1 (3)
(a)(x
23 f
a)3
a) = f (a)
and
d
L0 (a) =
f (a) + f 0 (a)(x a) = f 0 (a)
dx
A better approximation might be a quadratic polynomial p2 (x)
which also satisfies p200 (a) = f 00 (a):
p2 (x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x
a) + 12 f 00 (a)(x
a)2
(3)
a) + 12 f 00 (a)(x
a)2 +
1 (3)
(a)(x
23 f
a)3
and so on...
These approximations are called Taylor polynomials (read 2.14)