Deskripsi Lichen

1. Peltigera sp.

broad lobes,marginal apothecia, and a veined, cottony lower surface

is a diverse assemblage of small to large terricolous foliose lichens
Life habit: lichenized Thallus: large foliose, rarely small to almost squamulose,
approximately circular in outline, (1-)2-30 cm in diam., sometimes forming extensive
mats among mosses that may extend for several meters, usually lobate lobes:
+flattened and elongate (5-15 mm wide and up to 5 cm long), often dichotomously
branched, imbricate or separate; tips: rounded to subtruncate, often
ascending upper surface: gray, bluish gray, grayish brown to brown when dry,
bluish gray, blackish green or bright green when wet, smooth, dull or shiny,
+scabrid, tomentose or pruinose; with or without isidia or soredia upper cortex:
paraplectenchymatous medulla: white, +loosely interwoven hyphae photobiont:
primary one usually Nostoc but a few species with the chlorococcoid green alga
(Coccomyxa) and then with Nostoc as a secondary photobiont in cephalodia lower
cortex: absent lower surface: brownish white, densely arachnoid-tomentose or
with anastomosing pale or dark brown to black veins, rhizinate; rhizines: white,
brown or black, simple, bushy or fasciculate Ascomata: apothecial, frequent, ovoid,
semi-immersed, marginal, often at lobe tips or on ascending lobules, up to 10 mm in
diam., hemiangiocarpic; margin: smooth to crenulate disc: saddle-shaped, flat or
oval, red-brown to black, smooth, paler marginally true exciple:
paraplectenchymatous, 100-135 m wide, marginal cells with short
hairs hymenium: brown above, colorless below, K-, I+ blue; paraphyses: septate,
simple, 2-3 m wide, +swollen at the apices and pigmented asci: cylindrical,
fissitunicate, Peltigera-type, the apex of the endoascus with a K/I+ blue annulus, 8spored ascospores: fusiform to acicular, colorless, 3-many septate, 25-75 x 3-7
m Conidiomata: pycnidial, brown above, pale below, immersed, up to 2 mm in
diam. conidia: bacilliform or slightly bifusiform, colorless, simple, 4-10 x 2-4
m Secondary metabolites: hopane triterpenoids and tridepsides or none
detected Geography: world-wide in moist habitats, especially cool temperate ones
in North and South America, Europe, Asia, Australasia and Africa Substrate: most
often on soil and among mosses over rocks, rarely on tree trunks.

2. Usnea sp.
- Life habit: lichenized Thallus: fruticose, erect, decumbent (prostrate), supendent or
longly pendant, usually attached by a basal holdfast; branching isotomic- or anisotomicdichotomous basal part: jet black to reddish-brown pigmented or concolorous with
branches; continuous or with annular or longitudinal cracks branches: longitudinally
cylindric, fusiform, tapered or irregular; transversally terete, flattened, striated, ridged or
alate; constricted or not at attachment points; with or without annulations; divided into
conspicuous segments which may be cylindrical, sausage-like or trapezoidal; with or
without papillae, fibrils, tubercles, fibercles, pseudocyphellae; without true isidia soralia:
present or absent; punctiform and indistinct to enlarged and conspicuous; even, excavate or
stipitate; plane, convex or concave; rounded to longitudinally or transversally elliptical with
or without a sharply delimited margin; crowded or widely spaced; originating initially on the
cortex or on fibercles or on top of tubercles or in annular cracks between the
segments Isidia: absent Isidiomorphs: absent, single or tufted cortex: radially or
irregularly oriented leptodermatous or pachydermatous hyphae which are firmly or loosely
conglutinated; gray to grayish-green, yellow-green when fresh, sometimes changing to
brown in the herbarium; with or without red pigment; vitreous, shiny or mat medulla: lax,
dense or compact, sometimes pink, red or yellow pigmented central axis: cartilaginous

strand of solid, tough, compacted, prosoplectenchyma in which hyphae are conglutinated

and longitudinally arranged, running throughout the thallus; fistulose and/or solid; I+ blue
or I-; white, rarely brownish or yellowish photobiont: trebouxioid Ascomata: apothecial,
lecanorine; lateral, subterminal or terminal; sessile to pedicellate; cup-shaped, flat or
sinuose; margin: prominent, with thalloid rim and few to numerous well developed fibrils;
disc: pruinose or not, pale to dark yellowish to brownish asci: lecanora-type, elongateclavate, 8-spored ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 7-11 x 5-7 m, hyaline,
not amyloid Conidiomata: pycnidia, mainly terminal or subapical conidia: simple,
colorless, bacilliform or bifusiform, straight or curved Secondary metabolites: cortex with
usnic acid; medulla with range of depside, depsidones, bisxanthones, terpenoids, aliphatic
acids and unidentified substancesGeography: widely distributed, occurring in polar zones,
alpine, boreal, temperate and tropical regions Substrate: on trees, wood, or rocks.Notes:
The fruticose thallus and the presence of the elastic central chord (seen by stretching a
branch) readily separates Usnea from all other lichen genera. Each species of Usnea
accepted here consists of a distinctive combination of morphological, anatomical and
chemical characters [for discussion, see Clerc (1998)]. However, quite often one or more
rarely two diagnostic characters are lacking, or are not interpretable, especially when
specimens are young or growing in an extreme locality (for example with high insolation or
with strong winds, or with very high humidity, etc.) or if they are infected by a lichenicolous
fungus or when they are necrotic (in specimens collected on the ground). When such
difficulties are encountered, chemistry should be investigated with t.l.c. and possibly
specialists should be consulted.
3. Parmelia sp.
Life habit: lichenized Thallus: foliose, circular, lobate lobes: narrow, sublinear,
contiguous, rarely imbricate; apices: truncate, eciliate upper surface: gray, plane to
foveolate, shiny or dull, strongly white, simple or reticulate maculae, pruinose or not; with
or without isidia, soralia, or lobules; pseudocyphellae common, frequently elongated and
irregularly effigurate (developing from the maculae) upper cortex: non-pored epicortex,
prosoplechtenchymatous medulla: white, loosely packed; cell walls containing
isolichenan photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent lower
surface: black, attached by simple, furcated or squarrose, black rhizines; cyphellae,
pseudocyphellae and tomentum absent Ascomata: apothecial, laminal on thallus, orbicular,
cup-shaped, sessile to pedicellate; margin: prominent with thalloid rim; disc: usually pale to
dark brown, imperforate; exciple: gray or hyaline, epithecium: brown or brownish yellow;
hypothecium: hyaline asci: lecanoral, wall layers thickened; apex: amyloid, with wide,
divergent axial body; c. 8-spored ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 11-15 x
6-9 m but larger in many Asian species; wall thin, hyaline, not amyloid Conidiomata:
absent or present, pycnidia laminal or marginal, immersed or emergent sessile conidia:
cylindrical, rarely bifusiform, 5-8 x 1 m Secondary metabolites: upper cortex atranorin
and chloroatranorin (rarely usnic acid accessory); medulla some combination of orcinol
depsides or depsidones, -orcinol depsides or depsidones or aliphatic acids Geography:
predominately temperate/boreal to arctic/alpine Substrate: mostly bark, non-calciferous
rock, mosses or humus.
4. Telochistes flavicans
Thallus: fruticose to somewhat subfruticose, 1.5-7(-10) cm long, 2-4 cm in diam., tufted or
rarely pulvinate to erect and loosely attached, +dichotomously lobate lobes: corticated on
both sides (no distinct underside), with rigid, entangled main branches 0.2-1.5 mm wide
(fertile specimens usually broader than sorediate ones), narrowing down to 0.05-0.2 mm at
the tips, terete to somewhat flattened and broadened at the angles, with terete (especially
towards the tips) secondary branches surface: pale yellow to reddish orange or more rarely
pale gray, smooth, with soralia or soralia initials, sometimes partly tomentose, sometimes

striate to verrucose, corticated on both sides (not dorsiventral) and no cracks (though
soralia can be fissural); cilia: on all parts of the lobes but most common near the lobe ends
(also on side lobes), sometimes branched or curved, sometimes with red to blackish red
tips, 0.1-0.7 mm long hairs: straight, short and mostly unbranched, consisting of single
rows of cells, separate or loosely conglutinated soredia: basically farinose but sometimes
becoming granular or even beginning to grow and form lateral branches, in orbicular to
elongated soralia on all sides of the thallus, that initially are spots on the surface and
gradually erode away the thallus sometimes making lip shaped soralia, that are mostly
discrete but sometimes become confluent, usually not well developed in fertile
specimens lobe anatomy: composed of two irregular layers cortex:
prosoplectenchymatous, composed of +longitudinally running hyphae, 10-60 m thick or
running all the way through; cortical hyphae: 1.5-3 m thick with c. 0.5 m thick walls,
somewhat lax and separating (pretreated in K followed by water) medulla: interrupted by
cortical strands with algae in scattered groups, 50-125 m thick Apothecia: absent to
frequent, laminal or marginal, sessile to stipitate, 0.8-4 mm in diam.disc: orange to
brownish red, often much darker than the thallus and contrasting against the margin,
concave when young, but soon becoming plane to convex; thalline margin: gray to yellow,
usually with lighter spots or a lighter rim (lighter than the thallus), entire to crenulate when
young, usually crenulate to crenate when mature, often becoming excluded with age,
without cilia asci: oblong to clavate, 52-75 x 14-20 m, 8-spored ascospores: hyaline,
polaribilocular, oblong to narrowly ellipsoid, (10)12-18(-20) x 6-9 m, septal width (3-)410(-11) Pycnidia: usually immersed to slightly protruding, in verrucose specimens larger,
protruding to almost stipitate (reminding one of immature apothecia), 0.09-0.25 mm in
diam. conidia: bifusiform, 2.7-3.7 x 1-1.5 m Spot tests: K+ purple, C-, KC-,
P- Secondary metabolites: anthraquinones: parietin (major), teloschistin, fallacinal, and
parietinic acid (all minor), erythroglaucin (absent to minor) and emodin (trace); depsidones:
caloploicin (major), vicanicin, and isofulgidin (both minor), and some unknown compounds
(chemosyndrome A+2). Substrate and ecology: in very humid, warm habitats on conifers
and other trees, bryophytes and rocks in coastal scrub near sea level World distribution:
widespread in tropical to subtropical areasSonoran distribution: rare on mainland of
California, but very common on the Channel Islands and parts of Baja California. Notes:
Morphologically and chemically Teloschistes flavicans is very variable, and numerous
infraspecific taxa have been described. Specimens with black tipped cilia on the apothecia
(sometimes called T. flavicans ssp. acromelus (Pers.) Vain.), are known from South America,
Jamaica, and Africa. Fertile specimens are morphologically most similar to T. exilis (Mich.)
Vain., that does not occur in the Sonoran region. Some specimens, especially from Texas,
where both species occur, are very difficult to separate morphologically, but in T. flavicans
the apothecia are usually darker reddish orange. Specimens with lighter orange colored
apothecial discs are not uncommon, but they are never yellow. Teloschistes exilis has yellow
to orange apothecia discs and the lobes are often more strap shaped and also has no
soralia, soralia initials, or colored cilia tips. There are chemical differences as well, as T.
flavicans contains depsidones in addition to the anthraquinones, which T. exilis never has.
DNA data do not indicate that they are closely related either. Xanthoria pollinarioides L.
Lindblom and D.M. Wright is similar to T. flavicans, but differs in cortex structure and in
having ellipsoid conidia. Although T. flavicans sometimes grows with T. californicus and T.
chrysophthalmus, it does not seems to be attacked by Spaerellothecium subtile that is so
common on these species in the Sonora region. Teloschistes flavicans is, however, almost
always parasitized by other fungi, which do not always show on the outside.
5. Physcia sp.
Life habit: lichenized Thallus: foliose, often circular in outline, loosely adnate,
lobate lobes: discrete or overlapping, short to elongate mostly < 3 mm wide, tips with or
without cilia upper surface: whitish gray or bluish gray to gray, dull or somewhat shiny,

sometimes maculate or white pruinose; with or without soredia or isidia upper cortex:
paraplectenchymatous medulla: white photobiont: primary one a trebouxoid alga,
secondary photobiont absent lower cortex: proso- or paraplectenchymatous (lumina < 2.5
m wide or 4-7 m wide, respectively) lower surface: white, pale gray, pale tan or
occasionally pinkish, sparsely to densely rhizinate; rhizines simple or furcateAscomata:
apothecial, lecanorine, sessile or shortly stipitate: disc: brown to black, sometimes
pruinose; epithecium: pale brown; hymenium and hypothecium colorless; paraphyses:
simple or forked above, apices clavate, pale brown with a dark brown cap asci: cylindrical,
8-spored, Lecanora-type ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Physcia to Pachysporaria type,
usually 15-25 m long Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed, walls colorless except for a dark
region around the ostioleconidia: simple, subcylindrical, colorless Secondary
metabolites: cortex always with atranorin, medulla with or without atranorin, zeorin or
other triterpenes Geography: world-wide, found on all continents, particularly common in
temperate regions Substrate: common on bark, wood and rocks; less common on soil and
artificial substrates. Notes: Apart from the fact that most Physcias are substantially smaller
than Heterodermias, a major difference is that the upper cortex of Physcia is always
paraplectenchymatous whereas the upper cortex of Heterodermia is
prosoplectenchymatous. In contrast, Phaeophyscia is similar in size to Physcia, but it never
has atranorin in the upper cortex and hence reacts K-.
6. Cladonia sp.
Life habit: lichenized Thallus: composed of primary (basal, horizontal) and secondary (erect)
parts cortex: dense, composed of vertically-oriented hyphae medulla: usually 2-layered; the
outer layer: white, composed of loose hyphae, containing algal glomerules; the inner layer:
hyaline or white, cartilaginous, with conglutinate hyphae surrounding the central canal Primary
thallus: composed of basal squamules, closely adpressed to the substrate, or ascending to erect,
rounded to elongate, entire or variously indented, sorediate or esorediate, sometimes persistent,
occasionally dominant upper surface: corticated lower surface: composed of ecorticate layer of
hyphae, hyphae roughly parallel-oriented, radiating in a flabelliform pattern from the basal portio,
which is generally attached to the substrate Secondary thallus: consisting of hollow to rarely solid
podetia, growing from upper surface or margins of primary thallus, blunt, pointed, or cup-forming,
simple or branched; branch axils: closed or perforate; perforations: occasionally enlarging (forming
funnel-like structures often called "open cups") and deforming surface: variably corticate to
ecorticate, generally composed of some combination of continuous cortex, cortical granules,
verruculae, soredia, and squamulesphotobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont
absentAscomata: lecideine apothecia, borne at apices of podetia, on cup rims, at branch apices, or
rarely sessile on basal squamules; discs: red, pale or dark brown, darkening with age and sometimes
blackening asci: cylindrical to elongate-clavate; apex: Porpidia type, with strongly amyloid (I+ blue)
apical dome, including very narrow weakly amyloid central zone surrounded by a tube-like, strongly
amyloid zone; wall: nonamyloid except for outer layer; 8-spored ascospores: biseriate, ellipsoid to
oblong-ellipsoid, simple to rarely one-septate, hyaline, oblong or ovoid, 6-16 (-24) x 2-6 micro
meter Conidiomata: pycnidial, borne at apices of podetia, on cup rims, at branch apices, or on
basal squamules, infrequently arising laterally on podetia, red, brown or carbonaceous to blue-black,
cylindrical to urn-like (ampullaceous), short-stalked or sessile, often constricted at base; containing
hyaline or red gelatin conidia: sickle-shaped, rarely straight, hyaline, 3-10 (-14) x 0.5-1 micro
meter Secondary metabolites: depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans and derivatives (incl. usnic
acids), terpenoids, aliphatic acids, and quinone pigments Geography: arctic regions to Antarctica,
tundra to tropical forests but widely absent from arid regionsSubstrate: on soil, especially acidic
humus and sand, rotting wood, tree bases and trunks, mossy or bare rocks. Notes: It is
characterized by punctiform pseudocyphellae on upper surface, perforate apothecia with large,
ellipsoid spores, and bifusiform conidia.

7. Lecanora sp.
Life habit: lichenized, occasionally lichenicolous Thallus: crustose, adnate, granular, areolate,
placodioid or peltate, rarely immersed in the substrate; prothallus: blackish brown, white to whitish
gray or not visible surface: white or various shades of gray, yellow or brown, soredia absent or
present, isidia and cephalodia absent cortex: present (often false and composed partly of dead algal
cells), or absentphotobiont: primary one a trebouxioid green alga, secondary one absent medulla:
usually white Apothecia: immersed, or sessile, constricted at the base or not disc: variously
colored, epruinose or pruinose margin: usually containing algal cells, generally conspicuous and
concolorous with the thallus, in some species inconspicuous, reduced or becoming excluded;
amphithecial cortex: present or absentparathecium: hypothecium and subhymenium: hyaline or
pigmented; hymenium: hyaline, strongly amyloid; upper part (epihymenium): usually pigmented,
with or without crystals; paraphyses: simple, septate, usually branched apically, thickened or not
thickened apically asci: clavate, Lecanora-type, 8-spored (or in some non-Sonoran species
multispored) ascospores: simple, narrowly to broadly ellipsoid, smooth-walled,
hyaline Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed with hyaline to pale brown walls conidia: simple,
hyaline, bacilliform, filiform or falcateSecondary metabolites: atranorin or usnic acids or
xanthones, and a wide range of depsides, depsidones, terpenoids and aliphatic acidsGeography:
cosmopolitan. Notes: The name Lecanora comes from the Greek lekanon (a small bowl) and ora
(form, beauty), in reference to the appearance of the apothecia. Lecanora is characterized by asci of
the Lecanora-type, simple hyaline ascospores, and crustose thalli. The apothecial margin usually
contains algal cells. It is a heterogeneous assemblage of different groups, several of which deserve
generic rank. Lecanora s. str. is characterized by the presence of atranorin and oxalate crystals in the
amphithecium. In taxa of Lecanora s. str., presence and size of crystals in the epihymenium and
amphithecium and pigments in the epihymenium are important diagnostic features. The amphithecia
present in Sonoran species include those with small crystals in the algal-containing and cortical part
of the amphithecium or small crystals only in the algal-containing part of the amphithecium (Color
plate 30), and large crystals (Color plate 31). The epihymenia in Sonoran species include: (1) those
with coarse crystals (soluble in concentrated HNO3 [N]), pigmented or not (if pigmented,
pigmentation soluble in K); (2) those lacking crystals, olive green pigmented, (pigmentation altering
to green in K); (3) those lacking crystals, red-brown pigmented, (pigmentation insoluble in K); and
(4) those with small crystals in the epihmenium (insoluble in N), brownish pigmented, (pigmentation
soluble in K). Crystals are best seen in polarized light. Crystals appearing bright in polarized light are
denoted as pol+, while those remaining dark are described as pol-. Also included in Lecanora is the
subgenus Placodium, a heterogeneous group characterized by rosulate to lobate, squamulose,
peltate, or dwarf fruticose thalli, that lack atranorin but have usnic acids and/or xanthones in the
upper cortex, and usually lack oxalate crystals in the amphithecium. Important diagnostic features
include the growth form and thallus anatomy of this group. In many, but not all Lecanora species the
thallus and its associated algae grow around the fungal apothecial structures forming what is
designated the amphithecium (e.g., Brodo 1984). In the Zahlbruckner school, which has so
extensively influenced lichenology, this amphithecium is often called the thalline exciple. In contrast,
'proper exciple' or 'true exciple' are used to refer to apothecia lacking a thalline part. Mycologists,
dealing with non-lichenized fungi, generally use exciple to refer to the outermost hyphae of any
apothecium. This designation causes confusion because is not correct for a lecanorine apothecium,
where the outermost part is formed by the thallus. An alternative for "lecanorine" apothecia is to
designate the fungal part of an apothecium as the parathecium. This avoids the confusion about the
correct use of exciple. The terms amphithecium and parathecium have consistently been adopted
here, although an alternative would be to simply use "exciple" for the parathecium.
8. Heterodermia sp.
Thallus: foliose to subfruticose, small to medium sized, moderately to very loosely attached,
sometimes combining to form extensive, radiating mats, lobate lobes: linear to sublinear, elongate

to shorter, discrete or contiguous; tips rounded or flabellate, sometimes ascending, with or without
marginal cilia; cilia: black or pale upper surface: white, ivory white or gray to dark greenish brown,
with or without pruina, with or without soredia or isidia upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous,
composed of periclinal hyphae medulla: white or sometimes yellow pigmented photobiont: primary
one a trebouxioid alga, secondary photobiont absent lower cortex: lacking or
prosoplectenchymatous, but sometimes only weakly organized and poorly differentiated from the
medulla lower surface: surface pale or darkening; sparsely to rather densely rhizinate; rhizines:
pale or darkening, simple or branched, sometimes protruding beyond the margin as seen from
aboveApothecia: present or absent, with a thalline exciple; subhymenium: hyaline asci: cylindrical,
subclavate to clavate, Lecanora-type, 8-spored ascospores: , smooth, brown, thick walled, 1septate, 15-54 x 7-25 m Pycnidia: blackened and immersed conidia: bacilliform to shortcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 m Secondary metabolites: terpenoids; -orcinol depsides and -orcinol
depsidones and various pigmentsGeography: primarily pantropical with a few species extending into
temperate areas, North America, Europe, Australasia, Asia and AfricaSubstrate: bark or wood, rock
or rarely soil. Notes: Kurokawa (1962) published a definitive world monograph of the genus
Anaptychia in which 72 predominately tropical species were treated. Subsequently, that genus was
recognized as heterogeneous by Poelt (1965), who separated the genus Heterodermia with smooth,
thick-walled spores and the constant occurrence of atranorin in the upper cortex from Anaptychia, all
species of which have Physconia-type spores and lack atranorin in the upper cortex. All but nine of
Kurokawas originally recognized species have been transferred to Heterodermia. This delimitation
is now widely accepted, and also by Kurokawa (1998).