UDC 621.771.23.016.

Analysis of Slab Temperature Change and Rolling Mill

dine Length in Quasi Continuous Hot Strip Mill Equipped
with Two Roughing Mills and Six Finishing Mills*
By Natsuo HATTA,**Jun-ichi KOKADO,**Hiroshi NISHIMURA***
and Keiji NISHIMURA***

Synopsis the slab temperature drop on the delay table can be

The length of the rolling mill line and the slab temperaturechange are consequently reduced. Such a type hot strip mill is
theoreticallycompared between the quasi continuous type equipped with 3 considered to be advantageous not only for the reduc-
roughermills, of which the first one is reversible, and 6 finisher mills and tion of the slab temperature drop but also the short-
the quasi continuous4 passes typeequipped with 2 roughermills, of which ness of the length of the rolling mill line.
thefirst is reversible, and 6 finisher mills for a mathematical modelthat a
In this report, the temperature change of the rolled
slab is rolledfrom theinitial thickness230 mm to thefinal thickness2.5 mm.
material and the length of the rolling mill line are
In the quasi continuous 4 passes type, the total length in the roughing
analytically discussed for a mathematical model that
processcan be shortenedto about 60% comparedwith the case of the quasi
continuoustype. For a given reheating temperature, the slab temperature the slab is reduced from 230 mm to 40 mm by four
at the entrance of the first finisher remains much higher in the quasi con- passes in the roughing process equipped with two
tinuous 4 passes type so that the reheating temperaturecan be reducedover roughers and then rolled by the tandem type six
100°C. Finally, one conclusionis that the quasi continuous4 passes type finishers to the final thickness 2.5 mm.
is muchprofitable not onlyfor the shortnessof the rolling mill line but also
for the energy saving in the rolling process. lI. Mill Arrangement in Quasi Continuous Type
Hot Strip Mill
I. Introduction Figures 1 (a) and (b) show the arrangement of the
Hot strip mills have become large to receive the two type mills : the quasi continuous type mill, which
heavier slab weight and to meet the increased rolling is usually called the three quarters continuous mill,
velocity, and the type of them was changed from the which is equipped with the three roughers (R1,2,3,R4,
semi continuous type to the full continuous type, so R5) and six finishers (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6) here in
that the total length of the rolling mill line became (a), and the quasi continuous 4 passes type mill which
remarkably long. Therefore, the hot strip mills built is equipped with two roughers (R1,2,3, R4) and six
recently are the quasi continuous type, which are finishers (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6) in (b).
usually called the three quarters continuous type, in The size of the mill varies in accordance with the
order to shorten the rolling mill line. Generally, maximum acceptable slab unit weight. In both type
the quasi continuous type mills have 3 to 4 roughing mills, the first rougher R1,2,3is the reverse mill, where
mills, of which one is reversible, and 6 to 8 finishing three passes are performed.
mills in a rolling mill line. In the quasi continuous type (a), the table with
The stand interval among these roughers is made the length TL (6) is, so called, the delay table, and
progressively long in accordance with the decrease in in the quasi continuous 4 passes type (b), the table
the thickness of the slab. Therefore, the slab tem- with TL (5) plays a role of the delay table.
perature drop is more remarkable in the later stages. TL (1) is the length between the exit of the reheat-
In a large hot strip mill, the length of the delay table ing furnace and the first rougher R1,2,3,and TL (4)
between the last rougher and the first finisher amounts is the length between R1,2,3and R4. Because the same
to about 200 m, though it varies according to the slab with the different length is twice travelled there,
maximum acceptable unit weight of the slab which TL (1) and TL (4) are to set as follows :
can be handled in the mill. The slab temperature TL(1) = ML(1)+ML(3)+2VOUT(3)+X(3) ...(1)
drop in such a long delay table is conspicuously large.
TL(4) = ML(4)+2VOUT(4)+X(4) ...............(2)
Usually, the slabs more than the initial thickness
200 mm are rolled into 20 mm to 30 mm through 5 where ML (1), ML (3), and ML (4) show the slab
to 6 passes in the roughing process, and then travelled length before the first, the second, and the fourth
to the finishing process. But, in the case of the hot pass, respectively; VOUT (3) and VOUT (4) indi-
strip mill equipped with two roughers, of which the cate the exit velocity after the second and the third
first one is reversible, four passes are performed in pass; 2 VOUT (3) is the distance, in which the slab
the roughing process. In this case, the slab thickness travels in 2 s with a velocity VOUT (3); X (3) is the
on the delay table must be large to a some extent, and required distance, in which the slab is decelerated

* Originally published in Journal of The Japan Societyfor Technologyof Plasticity

, 21 (1980), 230, in Japanese. English version received
June 11, 1980.
** Department of Mineral Science and Technology , Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606.
** * Graduate School of Department of Mineral Science and Technology
, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606.

( 270 ) Technical Report

 Transactions 'SIT, Vol. 21, 1981 (271)

at 0.4 m/s2 from the exit velocity after the second pass
to zero and X (4) is the distance, in which the slab is
decelerated at 0.4 m/s2 from the exit velocity at the
third pass to the entrance velocity at the fourth pass.
Therefore, the length TL (1) and TL (4) respectively
are not always the same between the quasi continuous
type and the quasi continuous 4 passes type, as the
reduction schedule is different in two types.
In the quasi continuous type, the table length TL
(5) is set as shown in Eq. (2). Namely, the sum of
the slab length ML (5) before the fifth pass, the re-
quired distance X (5) for the deceleration, and the
distance 2 V0 UT (5), in which the slab travels in
2 s with a velocity VOUT (5).
The length TL (6) of the delay table for the quasi
continuous type is the value calculated in a manner
as for the determination of TL (4) or TL (5) plus
10 m, which is the distance between the crop shear
and the first finisher.
In the quasi continuous 4 passes type, the length
TL (5) of the delay table is the distance calculated
with the similar method as for the determination of
TL (4) plus 10 m, which is the distance between the
crop shear and the first finisher.
Table 1 indicates the specifications in the roughing
process for the quasi continuous type and the quasi
continous 4 passes type hot strip mill, where the maxi-
mum acceptable slab unit weight is 30 t/m, 20 t/m,

Fig. 1. Mill arrangement in quasi continuous type

mill line (a) and in quasi continuous 4
passes type (b).

Table 1. Reduction schedule, table length and material length of each stand interval in roughing process of both type
mills.
 ( 272) Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 21, 1981
and 12 t/m. As shown in Table 1, the slab is reduced
from the initial thickness 230 mm to the bar thickness
25 mm through 5 passes in the roughing process
in the quasi continuous type and to 40 mm through
4 passes in the quasi continuous 4 passes type.
The length from the reheating furnace to the first
finisher F1 differs remarkably in two type mills.
Namely, the length in the quasi continuous 4 passes
type can be geometrically shortened to about 60%
of the case of the quasi continuous type mill.
It is concluded that the quasi continuous 4 passes
type mill is considered to be very profitable for
shortening the total length of the rolling mill line. As
it is assumed that the final thickness is set at 2.5 mm,
and that the exit velocity at the final finisher F6 is
12 m/s, the entrance velocity at the first finisher F1
should be 1.2 m/s in the case of the quasi continuous
type and 0.75 m/s in the case of the quasi con-
tinuous 4 passes type in consideration of the reduc-
tion schedule as shown in Table 1.
In both type mills, the slabs travelled through the
delay table to the finishing process are rolled by the
tandem type six finishers (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6) in-
stalled at an interval of 5.5 m, respectively. The
reduction schedules in the finishing process will be
mentioned in the next section.
III. Slab Temperature Change in Quasi Con-
tinuous Type and Quasi Continuous 4 Passes
Type
1. Slab TemperatureChange in the Roughing Process
In a hot strip mill, the security of the final rolling
temperature of the sheet steel, which is determined
according to the metallurgical requirements of the
steel, is one of the most important factors to guarantee
the stable mechanical quality of the products. Con-
sequently, it is necessary to know the state of the
slab temperature change in the quasi continuous 4
passes type mill. It was concluded in the previous
section that this mill has a great advantage for shorten-
ing the length of the rolling mill line. However,
there is no more ground to discuss about this mill
without examining whether the slab can be rolled in
the allowable temperature range.
The temperature of the slab travelled on each stand
interval drops by the radiation and convection to the
air and by the heat exchange with high pressure
water jets of the descalers at each roughing pass.
The calculation method of the slab temperature
change has been already reported1'2? : it can be cal-
culated as an unsteady problem by rewriting the one
dimensional differential equation for transient conduc-
tion in the finite difference form assuming the heat
transmission only in the slab thickness direction.
The calculation method of the slab temperature
change during contacting with rolls is as follows : in
the case of the thick slab as in the roughing process,
the calculation of the slab temperature change is
performed by taking only the heat generated by the
plastic deformation into consideration in disregard of
the heat loss by the contact with the rolls, and of the
Technical Report
friction heat generated by the surface slip between
the slab and the rolls, because the region of the influ-
ence of the contact heat loss, and of the friction heat
is considered to be limited only in the slab surface
nearby.
The pass schedule used for the calculation is as
shown in Table 1.
The other assumptions and conditions for the
calculation will be indicated as follows: the rolled
material is the killed steel containing 0.08% carbon,
and its specific weight r=7 800 kgf/m3. As the heat
conductivity A kcal/mh°C and the specific heat c kcal/
kg°C differ in the kind of the steel and the tempera-
ture, their values indicated in the special report
published by ISIJ were used in the calculation.3~
The heat transfer coefficient a for the water jet by
descaler is 1 000 kcal/m2h°C empirically, and the de-
scaling time at each pass is 4 s. The temperature of
the water and the air is 20°C. Only the natural
convection is taken into account, and the heat transfer
coefficient an=7.2 kcal/m2h°C was used.
The value of the emissivity e is given by the formula
that has been already reported4~:
= H(I)[0.58(H(1)/H(I)-1)+0.8]/H(1) ......(3)
where, H (1) : the initial thickness of the slab
H (I) : the thickness at a given point.
For the calculation of the heat generated by the
plastic deformation at each pass, it is necessary to give
the flow stress kf (kgf/m2) of the rolled material. The
flow stress kf to be a function of the strain eN and the
mean temperature Bm°Cis given as Eq. (4)5~:
exp B 2 850
kf =1.15.1.7 1.15.1.7.e2. (4)
,,+273
The slab of the initial thickness 230 mm is reduced
to the bar thickness 25 mm through 5 passes rough-
ing in the quasi continuous type, whereas through 4
passes roughing to 40 mm in the quasi continuous 4
passes type. Because the pass schedule is different in
both types, the slab temperature change in the
roughing process in both type mills cannot be strictly
compared each other. However, it will be valid to
grasp the amount of the temperature drop in the
roughing process, i.e., the relation between the
reheating temperature 6o and the temperature 8F
before the descaler installed at the first finisher F1 in
both types.
Figure 2 shows the relation between 0o and eF
for the various maximum acceptable slab unit weight
in the quasi continuous type mill. As shown in Fig.
2, OF increases almost lineally with O. For a given
reheating temperature O, the temperature eF just
before the descaler of the first finisher F1 is higher as
the maximum acceptable slab unit weight decreases,
and the increasing rate of eF for 0 is apt to decrease
as the maximum slab unit weight increases.
Figure 3 indicates the relation between Bo and eF
in the quasi continuous 4 passes type mill. From this
figure, OFincreases almost lineally with 6o in this case,
too. The increasing rate of OFfor Bois considered to

Fig. 2. Relation between reheating temperature t9o and
temperature OF before descaler of the first finisher
due to change in maximum acceptable slab unit
weight in quasi continuous type mill. (Reduction
schedule is shown in Table 1.)
be invariable, though the maximum acceptable slab
unit weight changes.
Z. Slab TemperatureChangein the Finishing Process
The final rolling temperature 0F6must be controlled
to be above the A3 critical point, which is determined
according to the metallurgical requirements of the
steel, in order to guarantee the good mechanical
quality of the products. Consequently, the heat con-
trol in the finishing process is the most important
factor for the mechanical quality of the rolled prod-
ucts.
Here, first, the amount of the temperature drop
due to change in the descaling time before F1 must be
examined, because the thickness HFomm at the en-
trance of the first finisher is so small that the tem-
perature difference between the temperature eF be-
fore descaling at F1 and the temperature 0F1 after
descaling changes by the descaling time.
Figure 4 shows the relationship of the amount of
the temperature drop due to change in the descaling
time at the entrance of the finishing train for the two
kinds of the reheating temperature Bo=1 280°C and
1 120°C. This calculation was performed on the as-
sumption that the heat transfer coefficient a of the
water jets by the descaler is 1 000 kcal/m2h°C. The
slab thickness HFo at the entrance of the finishing
train is changed between two type rolling mills as
mentioned in Table 1: HF0= 40 mm in the quasi
continuous 4 passes type, and HFo=25 mm in the
quasi continuous type. For a given descaling time,
the mean temperature in the case of the bar thick-
ness HFo=25 mm drops at the rate of one and a
half for the case of HFo=40 mm, and almost no signifi-
cant difference in the temperature drop may be ob-
Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 21, 1981 (273)
Fig. 3. Relation between reheating temperature Bo and
temperature OF before descaler of the first finisher
due to change in maximum acceptable slab unit
weight in quasi continuous 4 passes type mill.
(Reduction schedule is shown in Table 1.)
Fig. 4. Amount of temperature drop due to change in
descaling time at the first finisher for two kinds of
reheating temperature (Bo=1 280° and 1 120°C) in
both type mills.
served, even though the reheating temperature Bo
changes.
Figure 5 shows the state of the temperature drop
from eF before descaling to °F1 after descaling due to
change in descaling time at the first finisher in the
case that the maximum acceptable slab unit weight
is 30 t/m, eo=1200°C, and HFo=40 mm in the quasi
continuous 4 passes type. The upper line in this
figure indicates the state of the temperature change of
the slab top end till the slab top end travels to the
first finisher F1 from a position before 6 s. In this
case, the calculation of this temperature change of
the slab top end is performed taking only the convec-
tion and the radiation into consideration. While the
lower line shows the state of the temperature change of
the slab top end on the assumption that the descaling
is performed in the time range of 6 s. When no
descaling is performed at the entrance of the first
(274) Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 21, 1981
finisher F1, then OF= BF1=1062°C because the de-
scaling time is zero. Or, when 4 s descaling is done ,
then OF=1 067°C, and consequently 0F1 can be easily
found : °F1=1027°C, i.e., the amount of the tempera-
ture drop is 40°C. Therefore, the determination of
the descaling time is important in operation for the
energy saving.
The calculation of the slab temperature in the
finishing process can be made by means of the similar
method as for the case of the roughing process. How-
ever, in the case that a slab is in contact with rolls in
the finishing process, the heat generated by the
plastic deformation, the heat loss by the contact with
rolls, and the friction heat generated by the slip be-
tween the slab and rolls should be taken into account,
because the slab thickness in the finishing process is
thin compared with the case of the roughing process.
The temperature change of the slab during contacting
with rolls can be calculated not as an unsteady but as
a quasi steady problem : these three factors may be
treated respectively. The details about the calcula-
tion method may be found in Ref. 6).
The various heat constants and the flow stress neces-
sary for this calculation were used as mentioned in
the case of the roughing process.
The descaling time at the entrance of the first
finisher is set at 2.5 s in the quasi continuous type
mill, and at 4.0 s in the quasi continuous 4 passes
type mill to make the mean temperature drop of the
Fig. 5. Temperature drop from BF before
after descaling due to change in
the first finisher.
Table 2.
slab by the descaler in both type mills almost equal .
The roll diameter from F1 to F6 is 680 mm , re-
spectively. The temperature of the rolls before the
contact with the material is 50°C. The heat conduc-
tivity and the specific heat of the rolls are : ~r=
21.6 kcal/mh°C, cr=0.128 kcal/kg°C. The friction
coefficient between the rolls and the material is:
,u=0.3.
In the finishing process, the pass schedule different
by each type mill is applied : in the quasi continuous
4 passes type mill the slab is reduced from the bar
thickness HF6=40 mm to the final thickness 2.5 mm,
and in the quasi continuous type, from HFo=25 mm
to 2.5 mm.
Table 2 shows two kinds of pass schedules in the
finishing process applied to each type mill. The pass
schedule in (a) is the case that the reduction ratio is
invariable each for the first five finishing mills F1
to F5, and 20% for the last finishing mill F6. While
the other pass schedule shown in (b) is the case that
the reduction ratio decreases lineally with the later
pass and is finally 20% for the last finishing mill F6.
Hereafter, the pass schedule indicated in (a) and (b)
will be called (a) type and (b) type pass schedule,
respectively.
Figure 6 shows the relationship between the en-
trance temperature OF and the final rolling tempera-
ture 0F6 of the slab top end in the case that the slab
is rolled from the bar thickness HFo=40 mm to the
final thickness HF6=2.5 mm. Consequently, this case
is for the quasi continuous 4 passes type mill. This
figure shows that the final rolling temperature BF6
increases almost lineally with OF in both (a) and (b)
type pass schedules. The increasing rate of BF6 to
OF is considered to be almost equal for the both pass
schedules : (a) and (b) type. The rolling in (a)
type pass schedule is more profitable for the saving
energy than that in (b) type pass schedule. For
example, the entrance temperature of the finishing
process necessary to gain BF6= 830°C at the slab top
end must be as follows: eF=910°C in (a) type pass
schedule and OF=930°C in (b) type.
descalin g to BF1
Figure 7 indicates the relationship between BF6
descaling time at and OFwhen the slab is reduced from HFo=25 mm to
HF6= 2.5 mm in the quasi continuous type mill. This
Pass schedules in finishing process for both type mills.
 Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 21, 1981 (275)

Fig. 6. Relation between entrance temperature OF and

final rolling temperature 0F 6 in finishing process
of quasi continuous 4 passes type mill.

Fig. 8. Reheating temperature 6o required to gain final

rolling temperature &F6 830°C for various maxi-
mum acceptable slab unit weight G in both type
mills.

In future, hot strip mills in Japan will be introduced

Fig. 7. Relation between entrance temperature
final rolling temperature 0F6 in finishing
quasi continuous type mill.
figure shows that 0F6increases lineally with OFin both
(a) type and (b) type pass schedule. The degree of
influence of eF on °F6 due to the difference of the pass
schedule is considered to be a little smaller for the
case of the quasi continuous 4 passes type mill.
Figure 8 shows the reheating temperature Bo
required to gain the final rolling temperature °F6=
830°C of the slab top end for the various maximum
acceptable slab unit weight G : it is assumed in this
case that the A3 critical temperature of the rolled
material discussed here is 830°C. These curves are
derived from Figs. 3 and 6 in the quasi continuous
4 passes type mill and from Figs. 2 and 7 in the quasi
continuous type mill. This figure shows that the
reheating temperature can be lowered more over
100°C for the various slab unit weight in the quasi
continuous 4 passes type than in the quasi continuous
type. The reheating temperature in the case of
rolling slabs by the (a) type pass schedule in the finish-
ing process can be lowered by about 30°C in the quasi
continuous 4 passes type and by about 15°C in the
quasi continuous type than in the rolling by the (b)
type pass schedule. Therefore, the rolling by the
(a) type can be regarded to be more profitable than
by the (b) type pass schedule for the energy saving.
to the direction of the energy saving in rolling process
and the shortening of the total length of the rolling
mill line. In the semi continuous type mill, the
required total mill line length can be shortened very
much and the mill arrangement is very simple.
However, it is insufficient in the two points of the
rolling capacity and the energy saving in comparison
with the case of the full or the quasi continuous type
9F and mills. In fact, the semi continuous type mills have
process of not been constructed lately. It is suggested on the
basis of the mill layout that the reforming from the
semi continuous type mills built already into the quasi
continuous 4 passes type mills discussed in this report
is not considered to be so difficult.
IV. Conclusion
The length of the rolling mill line and the slab
temperature change are theoretically compared be-
tween the quasi continuous type mill equipped with
3 rougher mills, of which the first one is reversible,
and 6 finisher mills and the quasi continuous 4 passes
type equipped with 2 rougher mills, of which the
first one is reversible, and 6 finisher mills for a mathe-
matical model that a slab is rolled from the initial
thickness 230 mm to the final thickness 2.5 mm. As
a result, the length of the rolling mill line including
the delay table in the quasi continuous 4 passes type
can be shortened to about 60% of the case of the
quasi continuous type mill, and for a given slab unit
weight, the reheating temperature can be lowered
over 100°C in the quasi continuous 4 passes type mill
than in the quasi continuous type mill. Other main
results clarified by this study are as follows :
(1) Indeed, the increase of the reheating tempera-
ture 8~ results in that of the entrance temperature BF
at the first finisher F1, but in the quasi continuous
type mill, the effect lessens as the slab unit weight
 (276) Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 21, 1981

increases, while in the quasi continuous 4 passes type contact is given by

mill, eF increases with 80 at a nearly constant rate for
the various slab unit weight. o = eo+(eol-O) erf x-
2 hal t............(A-2)
(2) It results in the definite disadvantage for the
energy saving to make the descaling time needlessly where, x : Depth from surface of rolled material in
long, because the thickness of the slab is small at the thickness direction (m)
entrance of the first finisher. Therefore, the determi- t: Contact time (h).
nation of the descaling time must be considered to be Therefore, the amount of the heat 4QQ~kcal/m2
very important in operation. removed from unit surface area of the rolled material
(3) The final rolling temperature °F6 increases to a roll in the contact time is as follows :
almost lineally with the temperature eF at the entrance
of the finishing train in both type mills. c 2~
aQ~ - Alao dt = tA1(ool-eo) ...(A-3)
(4) The relation between OF and 0F, changes by o ax x-o
the pass schedule : the (a) type and the (b) type pass
schedule. Consequently, the amount of the temperature drop
(5) For a given entrance temperature of at the d o~°C is calculated by the following formula :
first finisher, the final rolling temperature BFsremains
higher in the case of rolling the slab from the bar 4o~ = 24Q~s
thickness HFa=40 mm to the final thickness 2.5 mm
than in rolling from 25 mm to 2.5 mm. where, S: Contact surface area (m2)
(6) It is suggested on the basis of the mill layout V: Volume of the roll bite (m3)
that the semi continuous type mills built already may r: Specific weight of rolled material (kgf/m3)
reformed into the quasi continuous 4 passes type c : Specific heat of rolled material
mills discussed in this paper. (kcal/kg°C).
2. Temperature Rise by Friction Heat between Rolls and
REFERENCES Rolled Material

1) J. Kokado: Proc. ICSTIS, II, Suppl. to Trans. ISIJ, 11
(1971), 750.
2) F. Hollander: "A Model to Calculate the Complete Tem-
perature Distribution in Steel during Hot Rolling ", Int'l.
Conf, on " Mathematical Models in Metallurgical Process
Development ", 151, London (1969), 46.
3) Experiment and Calculation of Conduction Heat in Con-
tinuous Slab Heating Furnace, ed. by ISIJ, (1971).
4) J. Kokado and N. Hatta: Trans. ISIJ, 19 (1979), 744.
5) J. Kokado, N. Hatta and S. Yoshino: Proc. Jap. Spring
Conf, for Tech, of Plasticity, (1978), 114.
6) N. Hatta and J. Kokado: J. Japan Soc,for Tech, of Plas-
ticity, 21 (1980), 59.
Appendix
CalculationMethod of TemperatureChangeof Rolled Mate-
rial in the Finishing Process
1. Temperature Drop by Heat Conduction through Con-
tact between Rolled Material and Rolls
Assuming that no temperature gradient is in the
thickness direction of a rolled material and in the
radius direction of rolls before contact, the tempera-
ture 00°C of surface during contact is given by
The friction work per unit volume Wf kg-m/m3 of
the rolled material is given as follows :
Wf = WfF dt .....................(A-5)
Wf = pp(O).yr ........................(A-6)
dt = h hcos~ d~ ..................(A-7)
nwcos ~L5n
where, i : Frictional coefficient
p(c15)
: Roll pressure at a given roll bite angle
Vr: Relative velocity (m/s)
h : Thickness of rolled material at a given
roll bite angle 0
w: Angular velocity
¢n : Neutral angle
hn : Thickness of rolled material at neutral
point.
F is the contact area per unit volume of the rolled
material in roll bite and a function of h and 0, i.e.,
F = 2/(h cos 0) ...................(A-8)

0 Alaili2eol+A2a21i28o2 Putting Eqs. (A-6), (A-7) and (A-8) into Eq. (A-5)
0= A
1all/2+A2a21/2 ............( -1) gives
where, e01: Temperature of rolled material before Wf = ° 2jp(q5).vr d . ............(A-9)
contact (°C) qahnwcos 0n
802: Temperature of roll before contact (°C)
The relative velocity or m/s is
Al: Heat conductivity of rolled material
(kcal Jmh°C)
A2: Heat conductivity of roll (kcal/mh°C) v =-................(Al0)
Rw 1 hn cos 0
Ii cos 0
al: Thermal diffusivity of rolled material
(m2/h) In hot rolling, the temperature of the rolls is by
a2: Thermal diffusivity of roll (m2/h). far lower than that of the rolled material. Therefore,
The temperature of the rolled material o°C during the value of heat conductivity of the rolls is considered

0
rnc
 Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 21, 1981 (277)

to be about twice as large as that of the rolled material. dr _ 2R sin ~b A14)

Consequently, the distribution ratio of the friction dO h2+2R(1 cos ~b) . ............(-
heat is considered to be 6O'70% for the rolls and Hence,
3O40% for the rolled material. Finally, the tem-
perature rise 40f°C of the rolled material by the Wp _ ° h 2R sin ~kf
friction heat is approximately given by 2+2R(1- cos O) d ....'.(A-15)
where, h2: the thickness of the rolled material after
4e f = WfA/(3rc) ..................(A-11)
rolling
where, A indicates the heat equivalent of mechanical R : the roll radius.
work. The temperature rise 4Bp°C of the rolled material by
3. Temperature Rise by Plastic Deformation the plastic deformation is
The amount of work Wp kg-m/m3 by the plastic
4ep = WpA/(1. c) ................(A-16)
deformation per unit volume of the rolled material is
given by From the above, the amount of the temperature
change 48°C of the rolled material during contact
with rolls is as follows :
E0

40 = 4ep+48 f-40C . ............(A-17)

where, kf : the flow stress (kgf/m2).
The logarithmic strain s is The temperature 82 of the rolled material at the exit
of the each finishing pass can be calculated by adding
h h2+2R(1- cos ~b)
r = In =1n- - -- - - . ...(A-13) 4e to the temperature 81 at the entrance, i.e.,
2 2
Therefore, 02 = 01+4B ................... (A-18)