Ingles 5

Lesson 1: Recruitment
Key Vocabulary
When a company needs to recruit or employ new people, it usually advertises the job or
position in the recruitment section of a newspaper or magazine. People who are interested
can then apply for the job by sending a letter of application and a curriculum vitae
containing details of their education and experience to the company. The company will
then draw up a shortlist of candidates, who are then invited to attend an interview.
Lesson 1: Reading Comprehension

Reading Read the following job advertisements, and then answer the questions.
A) Job Advertisements
St. Mary's Junior School
Heath Drive, Ware,Herts
SG12 ORL
TEACHING ASSISTANT
Required from: November 2002 - Term time only, four mornings weekly
We are looking for a caring and enthusiastic teaching assistant to work in a Y3 classroom
to work alongside children who require extra support. Experience of working with children
is essential. You will be part of a friendly and committed staff team and we shall offer
opportunities to help you develop professionally.
Please telephone Jane Hannibal, School Secretary for further details. Visits are welcomed.
Letters of application and CV with the details of 2 referees should be sent to Liz Neville,
Head teacher by October 14.
B) Job Advertisements
CONTRACTS MANAGER
Diamond PLC has been providing a quality service for over 25 years, specialising in
refurbishment and major alterations for Local Authorities & Housing Associations in the
London area.
Our continued success is due to the commitment of our dedicated team of professionals. We
are looking for an experienced Contracts Manager, able to demonstrate the drive necessary
to lead a team of Surveyors, Site Managers and Trades, reporting to the Contracts Director.
You will be responsible for controlling projects of all sizes up to 3m using the company's
management control process and our fully computerised ICT system.
This is a great opportunity for an individual with a proven track record of delivering
projects on time & within budget whilst able to maintain our mission statement of 'Building
Quality on Time'.
If you feel this is the challenge for you, please apply in writing with a full CV to:
Sarah Curry
HR Department
Diamond Plc52
Stamford Road
London
N15 4PZ
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Comprehension Questions
1. Read through the advertisements again and make a list of all the words and expressions
used to describe:
a) The job requirements
b) The benefits offered by the job.
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
(Haga click en el cuadro para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
2. Look at the job advertisement labelled (B) and answer the questions.
Lesson 1: Reading
Job Ads: Reading between the lines
Checking out job advertisements is popular with executives worldwide. But though the
activity is universal, is the same true of the advertisements? Are executive positions in
different countries advertised in the same way? A comparison of the jobs pages of The
Times of London, Le Monde of Paris and Germany's Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
suggests not.
First, what UK job seekers consider an essential piece of information -what the post paysis absent from French and German adverts. It is often left to applicants to raise this
themselves. In contrast, most British advertisements mention not only salary, but also other
material incentives including a car and fringe benefits. French or German advertisements
rarely refer to these.
The attention given to rewards in the UK indicates the importance of the job and its
responsibility. In Germany and France, that information is given by the level of experience
and qualifications demanded. Salary can be assumed to correspond with this.
If French and German adverts are vague about material rewards, they are precise about
qualifications. They usually demand "a degree in ...", not simply "a degree". In Germany,
for example, a technical director for a machine tool company will be expected to have a
Dipl.-Ing degree in Mechanical Engineering.
French advertisements go further. They may specify not just the type of grande cole
degree, but sometimes a particular set of institutions (Formation suprieure X, Centrale,
Mines, HEC, ESSEC), these being the most famous grandes coles.
All this contrasts with the vague call for "graduates" (or "graduate preferred"), which is
found in the UK. British companies often give the impression that they have a particular
type of applicant in mind, but are not sure about the supply and will consider others. Their
wording suggests hope and uncertainty, as in this advertisement from The Times: "Whilst
educational standards are obviously important, a large measure of personal enthusiasm is
likely to secure the success of your application."
In the UK, qualifications beyond degree level make employers nervous, but in France or
Germany it is difficult to be "overqualified". Many people on German executive boards
have doctorates and the French regard five or six years of intensive post-bacealaurat
study at a grand cole as ideal training. British managers are not selected primarily for
their intelligence, as managers are in France or for their expert knowledge, as in Germany.
Instead the British give importance to social, political and leadership skills.
This difference also shows in the personal qualities mentioned. British advertisements
stress energy, ability to communicate and motivate. German advertisements like
achievement, but it tends to be less personality-driven. German companies want candidates

with sound knowledge, experience and competence in their field. They rarely recruit
novices, as do British employers. French advertisements refer more to intellectual qualities
like analytical aptitude and independence.
Even the tone of the job advertisements is different in the three countries. By French and
German standards, British advertisements are very audacious: They attract young
executives with challenges such as: "Are you reaching your potential?" whereas French
and German advertisements are boringly direct, aiming to give information about the job
rather than to sell it.
All this points to three different conceptions of management. The French regard it as
intellectually complex, the Germans as technically complex, and the British as
interpersonally complex. But they agree on one thing: it's complex.
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Questions
Lesson 1: The Curriculum Vitae

The Curriculum Vitae
Study the following CV and decide where each of the following headings should be placed.
References
Interests & Achievements
Personal Details
Employment
Education & Qualifications
Additional Skills
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1.- ________________________________
DATE OF BIRTH: 15th June 1977
MARITAL STATUS: Single
NATIONALITY: British
DRIVING LICENCE: Full UK Driving Licence (Sep 1994)
2.- ________________________________
1995 - 1999 UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND, Bristol
BA (Hons) Modern Languages & European Studies (2i)
1989 - 1995 GOFFS LANGUAGE COLLEGE, Cheshunt
A-Levels: German (C) French (E)
AS-Levels: Religious Instruction (E) General Studies (D)
3.- ________________________________
- Computer, Internet and E-Mail literate.
- Proficient in the use of Windows 95, 98; experience of Windows NT.
- Detailed knowledge of Microsoft Word, Excel, Access and PowerPoint.
- Fully conversant with Microsoft Outlook and Netscape Messenger.
- Accurate keyboard skills and the ability to type 50 w.p.m.
4.- ________________________________
Jun 2000 - present SDRC UK Limited, Hitchin, Hertfordshire
Position: Training Co-ordinator
At SDRC, my role is to support the Automotive Team in the processing and marketing of
training for all UK-based Ford and Jaguar approved Suppliers. I am responsible for coordinating all training orders, acting as the sole point of contact for Automotive Suppliers.
Sep 1999 - Jan 2000 Trade Mark Consultants Co, Harrow, Middlesex
Position: Trade Mark Agent
As a Trade Mark Agent, my time was spent performing an array of tasks, including:
conducting search reports; reporting to the client; filing U.K. and Community Trade Mark
Applications; answering clients' Trade Mark enquiries and updating the company's Trade
Mark Database.
5.- ________________________________
- I take great pleasure from the cinema, especially contemporary foreign cinema.
- I am a sports enthusiast and especially enjoy playing badminton, tennis, golf and football.
6.- ________________________________
Employment
Mr Mark Parry
SDRC UK Limited
Milford House
Priory End
Academic
Mrs Ann Kennard
Faculty of Languages and
European Studies
University of the West of England
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Lesson 1: Grammar
Expressing Contrast
Despite, in spite of, although and even though are all used to express contrast between
two ideas.
Look at the following sentences:
Despite her lack of hard work, she was promoted.
This sentence means that she didn't work very hard, but she was still promoted.
Despite promises by the government to cut working hours, the average Brit works 38 hours
a week.
This sentence means that the British government has promised to reduce working hours,
but the Brits still continue to work very hard.
Practice
Finish each of the following sentences so that it has the same meaning as the sentence
printed before it.
1. Although he is the boss, he does not find solutions to problems very easily.
In spite of _______________________________________________
2. In spite of his hard work, he could not finish the job.

Although ________________________________________________
3. Despite the increase in their salaries, many French employees spend Saturday at work.
Even though _____________________________________________
4. Although they are dedicated to their companies, many German employees want more
leisure time.
In spite of _______________________________________________
5. Despite the fact that some German and British management styles are similar, there are
many differences between them.
Even though _____________________________________________
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Lesson 1: Vocabulary
Recruitment
Benefit
Bonus
Business
Candidates
Career
Challenge
Communication skills
Curriculum Vital (CV)
Graduate
Post graduate
Under graduate
Good standard of....
Headquarters
Health insurance
Honours degree
Human Resources
Interview
Letter of application
Manager
Pension
Policy
Position
Recruitment
Recruitment Agency
Recruitment Section
Beneficio
Bonus
Negocio
Candidato
Carrera profesional
Reto / desafo
Habilidades comunicativas
Currculum Vitae
Licenciado
Post-grado
Estudiante de carrera
Buen nivel de...
Oficinas centrales
Seguro mdico
Diploma con mencin de honores
Recursos Humanos
Entrevista
Carta de Presentacin
Jefe/a
Pensin
Pliza
Puesto
Seleccin
Agencia de empleo
Seccin de empleo
Responsibility
Salary
Shortlist
Staff
To apply for
To be in charge of
Responsabilidad
Salario
Lista de candidatos finales
Empleados
Solicitar
Estar a cargo de
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Test your Vocabulary

Find a word from the vocabulary section (above) which corresponds to the following
definitions:
Lesson 2: The Interview

Key Vocabulary
Once you have seen a job advertisement that interests you, you should send a covering
letter together with your Curriculum Vitae to the person of contact. The covering letter is
equally as important as your Curriculum Vitae as it provides the first direct contact
between a candidate and an employer. If this letter is not well written or poorly presented,
you will give a bad impression.
Lesson 2: The Letter of Application
The Letter of Application

The letter of application usually has the following layout. Four Paragraphs which explain
the following:
1. Why you are writing

2. Why you are interested in the position
3. What you personally can contribute to the job - highlight your relevant skills and
experience.
4. Willingness to attend an interview
-------- ooo O ooo -------Exercise
Complete the following letter of application using the following verbs:
Contact / discuss / employed / welcome / involved / apply / enjoy / notice / advertised /
matches
Dear Ms Swan,
I am writing to 1.___________ for the position of Public Affairs Associate, which was
2.__________ last week in The Guardian.
Although I am presently 3.________ by a non-profit making organisation, it has always

been my intention to work in a commercial environment. I would particularly 4.________
the chance to work for your company and as you will 5.___________ on my enclosed
Curriculum Vitae, the job you are offering 6.____________ both my personal and
professional interests.
My work experience has familiarised me with many of the challenges 7._________ in
Public Relations today. I am sure that this, together with my understanding of the needs
and expectations of sport and nature enthusiasts, would be extremely relevant to the
position. Moreover, as my mother is Spanish, I am fluent in this language and would
definitely 8._______________ working in a Spanish-speaking environment.
I would be pleased to 9.___________ my curriculum vitae with you in more detail at an
interview. In the meantime, please do not hesitate to 10.___________ me if you require
further information.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely
Sarah Brown
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Lesson 2: The Interview
Job interviews can be some of the most stressful situations we have to face. From the
moment you enter the potential employer's building to the time you are back outside, you
are on show - and preparing to give a good performance is what can guarantee success or
at least give your best.
Possible interview questions
Warm-up questions:
What made you apply for this position?
How did you hear about this job opening?
Briefly, would you summarize your work history & education for me?
Work history:
What special aspects of your work experience have prepared you for this job?
Describe for me one or two of the biggest disappointments in your work history?
Why are you leaving your present job? (Or, why did you leave your last job?)
What is important to you in a company?
What things do you look for in an organization?
Job performance:
Everyone has strengths & weaknesses as workers. What are your strong points for this job?
What areas do you consider need improving?
Do you prefer working alone or in a team?
What kind of people do you find it most difficult to work with? Why?
What are some things you would like to avoid in a job? Why?
In your previous job what kind of pressures did you encounter?

What would you say is the most important thing you are looking for in a job?
What are some things you particularly liked about your last job?
Education:
What special aspects of your education or training have prepared you for this job?
What courses in school have been of most help in doing your job?
Career goals:
What is your long-term employment or career objective?
What kind of job do you see yourself holding five years from now?
What do you feel you need to develop in terms of skill & knowledge in order to be ready for
that opportunity?
Why might you be successful in such a job?
What might make you leave this job?
Self-assessment:
What kind of things do you feel most confident in doing?
Can you describe for me a difficult obstacle you have had to overcome?, How did you
handle it?, How do you feel this experience affected your personality or ability?
How would you describe yourself as a person?
What do you think are the most important characteristics & abilities a person must possess
to become a successful (............... )? How do you rate yourself in these areas?
What do you consider to be your greatest achievements to date? Why?
Decisiveness:
Do you consider yourself to be thoughtful, analytical or do you usually make up your mind
fast? Give an example. (Watch time taken to respond)
What was your most difficult decision in the last six months? What made it difficult?
How do you go about making an important decision affecting your career?

What was the last major problem that you were confronted with? What action did you take
on it?
Motivation:
What is your professional goal?
Can you give me examples of experience on the job that you felt were satisfying?
Leadership:
What specifically do you do to set an example for your employees?
What sort of leader do your people feel you are? Are you satisfied?
How do you get people who do not want to work together to establish a common approach
to a problem?
How would you describe your basic leadership style? Give specific examples of how you
practice this?
Do you feel you work more effectively on a one to one basis or in a group situation?
Oral presentation skills:
Have you ever done any public or group speaking? Recently? Why? How did it go?
Have you made any individual presentations recently? How did you prepare?
Written communication skills:
Would you rather write a report or give a verbal report? Why?
What kind of writing have you done? For a group? For an individual?
Flexibility:
What was the most important idea or suggestion you received recently from your
employees? What happened as a result?
What do you think about the continuous changes in company operating policies &
procedures?
How effective has your company been in adapting its policies to fit a changing
environment?
What was the most significant change made in your company in the last six months, which
directly affected you, & how successfully do you think you implemented this change?
Stress tolerance:
Do you feel pressure in your job? Tell me about it.
What has been the highest-pressure situation you have been under in recent years? How
did you cope with it?
Stability & Maturity:
Describe your most significant success & failure in the last two years.
What do you like to do best?
What do you like to do-least?
What in your last review did your supervisor suggest needed improvement?
What have you done about it?
The ways in which you answer interview questions are very important.
9 times out of 10 the same types of interview questions come up time and time again.
"Be Prepared!" Before you go to the interview prepare your answers carefully.
Lesson 2: Writing
Answering Interiew Questions
Write the answers to the following interview questions, including the vocabulary given in
brown in your answer.
1. Why are you leaving your present job? (Or, why did you leave your last job?)
Firstly...... / in the long term...... / besides......
2. What is important to you in a company? What things do you look for in an organization?
From my point of view...... / it is extremely important that.......
3. Everyone has strengths & weaknesses as workers. What are your strong points for this
job?
As far as I know...... / having said that......... / what's more.........
4. What is your long-term employment or career objective? What is your professional

goal?
My one ambition is to...... / to aim high.....
5. What has been the highest-pressure situation you have been under in recent years? How
did you cope with it?
At first ........ / to face up to the situation........
Lesson 2: Listening
What is wrong?
Listen to an interviewer interviewing a candidate for a Secretarial Position within a
company. The secretary will answer questions 1, 2 and 3.
1. Why are you leaving your present job?
2. What is important to you in a company?
3. What are your strong points for this job?
What does she say wrong?

-------- ooo O ooo -------Listenings
1. I left my last job firstly because I felt that I had achieved a lot working with that
company and that it was time to move onto a bigger company, besides the money was really
bad and I think that this company offers a better salary.
2. I am an extremely hard working person. I like working alone or in a team and I like
working to deadlines. You know what I mean?!
3. In a company it is important to have a cafeteria where you can go if you want a break
and also clean toilets.
Lesson 2: Grammar
Relative Clauses
Look at the following sentences. The relative clause is in bold:
Mc Donald's is a place which sells hamburgers. Sally Jones is the manager of the
McDonalds on Oxford Street, which was one of the first fast food restaurants opened.
The relative clause in the first sentence is a defining clause. It tells us what type of
restaurant Mc Donald's is and is therefore essential to the meaning of the sentence.
The relative clause in the second sentence is a non-defining clause. It gives us extra
information about Mc Donald's.
-------- ooo O ooo -------Practice
(Haga click sobre las oraciones para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
1.- Look at the following sentences and decide whether they are defining or non-defining
relative clauses.
2.- Join each pair of sentences using a relative pronoun
The Interview
Application form
Approach
Body language
Branch
Dole
Fee
Flexi-time work
HR (Human Resources)
Head office
Job hunting
Leadership
Minimum wage
Paid holidays
Paperwork
Purpose
Research
Safety regulations
Salary
Self-starter
Shift work
Formulario de solicitud
Enfoque
Lenguaje corporal
Sucursal
Subsidio de desempleo
Honorarios
Trabajo a tiempo flexible
RRHH (Recursos Humanos)
Oficina central, oficina principal
Bsqueda de empleo
Liderazgo
Salario mnimo
Vacaciones pagadas
Papeleo
Propsito
Investigacin
Normas de seguridad
Sueldo
Persona dinmica
Trabajo por turnos
Short notice
Skill
Unemployment
To assemble
To attend an interview
To be aware
To be unemployed
To break the ice
To behave
To contract
To develop
To earn
To encounter
To implement
To judge
To overcome
To sack
To set an example
To shake hands
To solve
Aviso a corto plazo

Habilidad
Desempleo
Reunir, ensamblar
Asistir a una entrevista
Estar al tanto, ser consciente de
algo
Estar desempleado
Romper el hielo
Comportarse
Contratar
Desarrollar
Cobrar, ganar
Encontrar
Aplicar, poner en funcionamiento
Juzgar
Vencer
Despedir
Poner un ejemplo
Dar la mano
Resolver
Lesson 3: Management Styles
Key Vocabulary
The amount of responsibility of any individual in a company depends on the position that
he or she occupies in its hierarchy. Managers, for example, are responsible for leading the
people directly under them, who are called subordinates. To do this successfully, they must
use their authority, which is the right to take the decisions and give the orders that will
allow their subordinates to reach certain objectives. Managers often delegate authority.
This means that employees at lower levels of the company hierarchy can participate in
decision-making.
Lesson 3: Reading Comprehension
Management Styles
The characteristics of management often vary according to national culture, which can
determine how managers are trained, how they lead people and how they approach their
jobs.
Below you will find five brief portraits of managers in five different countries: the United
States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Sweden.
Managers from the United States...
Generally attend business schools.
Communicate easily and informally at work.
Admire the qualities of a leader.
Expect everyone to work hard.
Individual performance is measured and initiative is rewarded.
Have competitive and sometimes aggressive attitudes towards work.
Often accept innovation and change.
Managers from the United Kingdom...
Receive a general education.
Delegate authority.
Take a practical approach to management.

Have relatively formal relationship at work.
Encourage their employees to work individually.
Believe it is important to continue education and training at work.
Managers from Germany...
Consider professional and technical skills to be very important.
Have a strong sense of authority.
Respect the different positions in the hierarchy of their companies.
Clearly define how jobs should be done.
Are very loyal to their companies and expect their subordinates to obey them.
Are often older than in other countries.
Managers from France...
Go through an elitist educational system.
Have a strong sense of hierarchy and power.
Often have impersonal relationships at work.
Analyze problems in great detail before taking decisions.
Consider speaking skills to be particularly important.
Move easily between state and private sectors.
Managers from Sweden...
Consider social qualities to be as important as education.
Encourage their employees to take an interest in their work.
Pay close attention to the quality of working life.
Do not use as much authority as in other countries.
Appreciate low-level decision-making.

Are often women.
-------- ooo O ooo -------Questions
(Haga click sobre las preguntas para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
1.- Decide which country the following statements refer to:
2.- Find synonyms in the text for the following words:
Lesson 3: Grammar
Obligations
Obligation is expressed using must, should and have to.
Must and Have to
Must and have to is used to express a strong obligation
1. You must do this exercise again. (obligation)
2. You musnt smoke in the hotel. (prohibition)
3. Every night you have to do your homework. (obligation)
Should
Should is used to express a mild obligation of a suggestion
1. You should apologize to him. (mild obligation)
2. You should go to bed before 11pm if you feel tired. (suggestion)
Past obligation
Must does not have a past tense form. We use had to to express a past obligation
1. We had to wake up early in order to take the exam.
Asking about obligation
Must is rarely found in the question form We normally use have to to ask about obligation
1. Do we have to go to the extra class?
2. Do I have to get up early on Sunday?
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of obligation, according to the rules.
Management
Achievements
Administrative
Apprenticeship
Approach
Authority
Benefit
Competition
Contract
Contribution
Customer
Demands
De-motivation
Development
Discipline
Logros
Administrativo
Becara, prcticas
Enfoque (perspectiva)
Autoridad
Beneficio / aportaciones positivas
Competicin
Contrato
Contribucin
Cliente
Demanda
Desmotivacin
Desarrollo
Disciplina
Discrete
Goals
Incentives
Knowledge
Outcome
Overtime
Planning
Principles
Quality control
Rates
Regulations
Skill
Specialised
Strategic
Subsidiaries
Supervisor
Supervision
Task
Training
Turnover
Underpaid
Undervalued
Wages
Worker
To achieve
To alter
To be promoted
To co-ordinate
To deal with
To develop
To inspire
To lead
To make a decision
To plan
To supervise
To supply
To survive
Discreto
Objetivos / metas
Incentivos
Conocimiento
Resultado
Hacer horas extras
Planificacin / planning
Principios
Control de calidad
Mrgenes, bandas (ej. salariales)
Regulaciones
Habilidad / conocimiento
Especializado
Estratgico
Subsidiarios/as
Supervisor
Supervisin
Tarea
Entrenamiento / training
Facturacin
Mal pagado
Devaluado
Salario
Trabajador
Lograr / conseguir
Alterar
Ser ascendido de categora
Coordinar
Tratar con
Desarrollar
Inspirar
Liderar
Tomar una decisin
Planificar
Supervisar
Suministrar / proporcionar
Sobrevivir
-------- ooo O ooo --------

Match a word from the vocabulary section above to the definition.
1. A system of training regulated by law or custom which combines on-the-job training and
work experience while in paid employment with formal off-the-job training.
2. To Monitor: keep tabs on; keep an eye on; keep under surveillance
3. A competent person in charge of a workplace or who has authority over a worker
4. The amount of money paid for some specified quantity of labour.

Apprenticeship
To supervise
Supervisor
Wages
Lesson 4: Advertising & Marketing
Key Vocabulary
Advertising is very important and is used to expand sales by making the product or service
known to a wider audience. The advert that a company uses is its personal message. It has
to be received loud and clear. If not customers do not understand why they should buy from
the company or what it is they are getting. Knowledge of the target market is needed to
help refine the message and to select the most useful way to communicating the message to
the particular group. Advertising can be done through various different ways:
Writing the message - direct mail, web sites, brochures, local newspapers, etc.
Speaking the message - telephone selling, television, local radio, etc.
Lesson 4: Adverts
In what other ways can we advertise?

Many adverts contain a slogan (a short phrase to attract the customer's attention).
Effective slogans are usually short, easy to remember and easy to repeat. Here are some
authentic slogans from adverts used in the United Kingdom.
- I'm lovin it
- We rent a lot more than a car
- The web's favourite airline
- Once you pop you can't stop
- Connecting people
- Where good food costs less
1. What type of product do you think each slogan is advertising?
2. Do you think they are effective?
Endorsement is an advertising technique that leading companies use in which a celebrity
is used to advertise a certain product.
1.- Give examples of famous people endorsing a product in your country.
Lesson 4: Reading
Hollywood Stars Come to Spain
2006: Claudia Schiffer (Mango)

2005: Gisele Bundchen (El Corte Ingls)
2004: Nicole Kidman, George Clooney (El Corte Ingls)
2003: Sylvester Stallone (El Corte Ingls)
These are just a few of the Hollywood Celebrities that have recently taken to advertising
Spanish brands and shops.
In 2005, the world-famous Super Model Gisele Bundchen could be seen on thousands of
billboards in the Iberian Peninsula advertising clothes, bikinis and accessories for Spain's
leading department store, 'El Corte Ingls' (The English Cut).
El Corte Ingls is Spain's best-known and best-loved store. El Corte Ingls is to Spain as
Selfridges is to London and Macy's to New York. Whatever you need, an MP3 player, a CD,
a Burberry bag or a Papaya, El Corte Ingls has it.
But why do these rich and famous superstars come to Spain?
According to Juan Morales*, Director of El Corte Ingls, "many Hollywood stars have
holiday homes either in mainland Spain (Alicante, Marbella, etc) or in the Balearic or
Canary Islands, therefore El Corte Ingls is their favourite department store. We pay them
a lot of money and promise to run their ads only within the confines of the Iberian
Peninsula".
The Superstars Agents protect their clients' reputation by demanding that "Spain only"
clauses be written into advertising contracts. The clauses impose heavy penalties if the ad
somehow gets shown in the U.S.
In the past, American stars confined their endorsement exploits to Japan. However,
according to Brian Dubin, senior vice-president at the William Morris Agency, stars can
get between $1 million and $5 million for a single overseas campaign.
US stars wish to be seen by their home fans endorsing only products that boost their image.
For example, in the US, Arnold Schwarzenegger is seen advertising the off-road vehicle,
the Hummer and Sarah Jessica Parker fashionable Gap Clothes.
For many years now celebrities have been known to stoop pretty low to make some extra
cash, but now they don't mind if we see it. In the near future we can expect more Hollywood
embarrassing endorsements, coming soon whatever the country.
*Fictitious name
Katherine Mansfield - Queens English College

Synonyms (click sobre las preguntas para ver las respuestas)

Find synonyms for these words in the text:
1. a couple of
2. make (noun)
3. sign
4. merchandise
5. fine (noun)
6. confined
7. rather
Lesson 4: Listening
Coca Cola to drop advertising in schools
You are going to listen to a news report from The Guardian that describes how and why
Coca- Cola is going to stop advertising its product in British Schools.
Listen carefully answer the questions below.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Coca-Cola to drop advertising in schools

By John Steele (The Guardian 26/01/2004)
Coca-cola is to remove advertising of its products from the front of around 4,000 vending
machines in secondary schools across Britain.
The step, a major shift in policy for one of the world's most energetically promoted
companies, follows a decision last month to remove pictures of products from machines in
Scottish schools.
Coca-Cola Enterprises, the distribution arm of the company, said the decision recognised
the "conflict" between vending machines in schools and the status of classrooms as
"commercial-free" areas.
The company also announced changes to the content of machines in schools, with a greater
emphasis on drinks such as Oasis, Five Alive and Dasani bottled water.
The move comes after concerns have been raised about the effects on children's health,
particularly obesity, of fast food and regular consumption of drinks such as Coca-Cola.
Coca-Cola has 4,000 vending machines (*) in around 1,500 secondary schools in England,
Scotland and Wales. There are none in primary schools.
The company operates each machine and pays the school a percentage of the takings.
In a programme of changes to machines between now and September, pictures of cans of
Coca-Cola or Fanta will be replaced by panels showing children playing in a cartoon
scene.
Ian Deste, head of corporate affairs at Coca-Cola Enterprises (GB), said: "We share the
view that classrooms should be a commercial-free area and clearly there is some conflict
then with highly visible, highly branded machines.
"We hope this move will be seen as us being responsive to the sensitivities in this area." He
rejected talk of vending machines being banned from schools altogether.
"There are three reasons why we are in schools," he said.
"Firstly our products provide refreshment, secondly we provide a valuable revenue stream
to the school, and finally it enables teachers to keep children on the premises who might
want to leave to buy the products elsewhere."
Doug McAvoy, general secretary of the National Union of Teachers, said: "This is a
sensible move but we would like to see the end of advertising unhealthy food and drink to
children altogether."
The BBC agreed earlier this month to drop mention of Coca-Cola from its weekly music
charts after a sponsorship deal was criticised.
The corporation was attacked for plugging the fizzy drinks firm on the Radio 1 chart
rundown and BBC1's Top of the Pops.
Coca-Cola had signed a multi-million pound deal with the Official UK Charts Company to
sponsor the singles and albums lists.
(*) Maquinas expendedoras
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Questions
Listen and answer the following questions.
Lesson 4: Grammar
The Passive
Look at the following sentences:
1. John Turner opened the company in 1995
2. The company was opened in 1995 by John Turner
What are the differences between the two sentences in terms of:
Information
Emphasis
Form of the verb
1.- Complete the following sentences using the present form of the passive.
2.- Complete the following sentences using the past form of the passive.
3.- Change the following sentences from the active to the passive.
Advertising
Advertising
Advertisement / Advert / Ad
(abbreviation)
Aim
Anonymity
Audience
Brand
Budget
Buyer
Publicidad
Anuncio
Meta, objetivo
Anonimato
Audiencia
Marca
Presupuesto
Comprador
Celebrity
Consumer
Customer research
Dealer
Directory
Fees
Firm
Goods
Image
Knowledge
Marketing
Market research
Media
Publications
PR - Public Relations
Sales
Status symbol
Sum (money)
Survey
Target audience
Trick
According to
On behalf of
To appear
To carry out
To determine
To emphasise
To expect
To demand
To deserve
To get across (idea)
To handle
To imply
To manufacture
To persuade
To promote
To rely on
To refine
To supplement
Famoso / a
Consumidor
Investigacin de cliente
Fabricante
Directorio
Tasas de inscripcin
Empresa
Mercancas
Imagen
Conocimiento
Marketing
Estudio de mercado
Prensa, medios de comunicacin
Publicaciones
Relaciones Publicas, RRPP
Ventas
Smbolo de Status
Suma (de dinero)
Encuesta
Clientela objetivo
Truco
Segn
En nombre de...
Aparecer
Llevar a cabo
Determinar
Enfatizar
Esperar
Exigir
Merecer
Exponer una idea
Manejar
Implicar
Fabricar
Persuadir
Promocionar (producto)
Contar con
Refinar
Suplementar
Lesson 4: Word puzzle
World puzzle
Read the clues and write the words downwards in the puzzle.
What are the two hidden words which goes across the middle of the puzzle to make number
13? These words (7 and 5 letters) describe a set of different goods produced by a company.
Print this page and complete the puzzle offline.
1. The ..... to the new product has been very good.

2. The market which the company hopes to attract is called the ..... market.
3. A company's market can have a high or low ..... rate.
4. A class of goods which is the product of a particular company or producer ("What is
your favourite ..... of cigarette?")
5. ..... buying is the purchasing of goods that one does not really want.
6. Market ..... is a detailed study to find out what kinds of goods consumers want.
7. ..... is the extent to which a company gains a share of the market.
8. Most companies have a marketing ..... which is a plan to decide how the marketing will
be carried out.
9. A ..... market is one in which goods are easily sold.
10. This is an arrangement by which a monopoly producer gives a trader the right to sell
goods in a particular area.
11. This is a sign, representing a company name which is often used as a tarde mark.
12. This is part of the market.
(Haga click sobre el puzzle para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
RESPUESTAS
Lesson 5: Franchising
Key Vocabulary
The term franchise refers to a type of business in which a group or individual receives a
license from a corporation to conduct a commercial enterprise. Corporate franchises
enable a franchisee to market a well-known product or service in return for an initial fee
and a percentage of gross receipts. The franchiser usually provides assistance with
merchandising and advertising. Major franchise networks, which have grown rapidly in
the United Kingdom since the 1960s, include fast-food restaurants, petrol stations, car
dealerships, and real-estate agencies, and the system has expanded into many other fields.
Lesson 5: Reading
McDonald's
Franchising
When it comes to franchising our approach is unique and starts with a rigorous selection
process for potential new franchisees.
We franchise only to individuals and not to partnerships, corporations, absentee investors

or families. And we ask for a level of commitment from our franchisees that equals our
own.
Commitment
As our success is intrinsically linked to the success of our franchisees we make a
commitment that lasts not only through initial training but right through the 20 year life of
each franchise agreement.
What this means is that each franchisee is provided with a Franchise consultant who will
always be on hand with advice and practical help. Because we believe that even though a
McDonald's franchise allows you to work for yourself that's no reason why you should ever
be on your own.
And Yours
In addition to a level of financial commitment you will be required to commit your time to a
training programme which takes about twelve months full time or longer if you opt to do it
part time.
Training is split between restaurant experience and residential courses at our Training
Centre covering areas such as team building, customer relations, people skills, business
management, health & safety, hygiene and general first aid.
Now, if twelve months seems a long time, particularly as you will need to fund yourself for
this time, then chances are this is not the franchise for you as our experience has proven
that it takes at least this long to become competent at running a McDonald's restaurant.
The Costs
Depending on the capital you have available you can choose between two financial routes namely the Conventional Franchise or the Business Facilities Lease (BFL).
Basically if you choose the Conventional Franchise route you can either buy an existing
restaurant or open a new one with a greater financial commitment - 40% as against 25% of
total purchase price - and higher start up costs attached to the latter.
The BFL on the other hand is available to people who have the right potential but not
enough capital and involves using the cash flow of the restaurant to buy the franchise out
within the first three years of trading. Other than that there is a monthly rent and service
fee as well as a contribution to the annual marketing spend all of which are based on a
percentage of sales.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Questions
Lesson 5: Reading
Franchising Case Studies
You are now going to read two case studies concerning people who decided to buy a
franchise. The studies show how the franchise is going and how the franchisees feel. Read
and answer the questions below.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
1. Female Franchising Pioneer

Since opening a FASTSIGNS sign and graphics centre in Chelmsford, Essex, in 1996 with
Ian Clemson, Jenny Boreham has been successful as well as a female pioneer in
franchising in the United Kingdom.
At the 2004 FASTSIGNS International, Inc. convention held recently near Dallas, Texas,
the centre received the second highest award for sales in 2003 of any single FASTSIGNS
store in the United Kingdom. A few years ago, the centre, which provides a full range of
sign and graphic solutions, received a similar international award for sales achievement.
Now, as the sole owner of the centre, Jenny is the only single female owner of a
FASTSIGNS store in the United Kingdom. She believes that both the FASTSIGNS
network and franchising in general are friendly to women.
"The sign and graphics industry is one in which women can compete very effectively, and
FASTSIGNS' support for all its franchisees is very comprehensive," said Jenny.
"Signs and graphics are a form of marketing for business, and this is not a gender-specific
industry," she said.
"The Chelmsford FASTSIGNS centre has been one of our most successful stores in the
United Kingdom, and we look forward to its continued success," said Larry Lane,
FASTSIGNS' senior vice president of franchise relations and development. "Jenny excels
in sales, customer service and quality workmanship, which should help ensure future
successes." Until very recently, Jenny also worked with FASTSIGNS International to
develop franchisees in the United Kingdom. Jenny has vacated that role to take on full-time
management of her FASTSIGNS centre.
FASTSIGNS International is an international franchisor of sign and graphics centres, and

recently opened its 450th centre worldwide. Centres are located in the United Kingdom, the
United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil and in Australia, where they operate under the
name, SIGNWAVE.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
2. Prontaprint Brighton Rocks
Within Brighton's cosmopolitan buzz and energy, young entrepreneurs John and Angela
Wilkinson run their Prontaprint Franchise with the same dynamism that encapsulates the
south-coast city.
In just two years at their print-on-demand centre they have moved up over 60 places in the
Prontaprint rankings, more than doubling its turnover from 120k a year to well past
240k. This business triumph has brought with it all the trappings of success.
"Running a Prontaprint Franchise has radically changed the lifestyle that Angela and I
have in a positive way," explains John. "When we first came here I had previously worked
as a sales consultant and had grown tired of the rat race, helping other people grow their
companies. We decided that we wanted our own business direction suited to our personal
needs and Franchising seemed the natural way forward.
"Now we have the freedom to run our own business but with the back up and support of a
well known brand. Prontaprint is one of the best-known names you can trade under with 93
per cent prompted brand recognition according to recent research. That really limits the
risks of launching your own start up."
"We did our research and we found Prontaprint to be a dynamic franchise organisation
which suits people with the ambition and drive to succeed," adds Angela. "Being relatively
young, our energy has more than seen us through and Prontaprint has provided us with a
proven formula for success. As long as you apply yourself as a Franchisee, the rewards are
definitely there for the taking."
The Prontaprint network offers a vast range of major organisations and blue chip clients
which its Franchisees can develop print projects for. Names such as British Airways, Hush
Puppies, Oxfam, Exel Logistics and De Vere Hotels all utilise Prontaprint's business-tobusiness print solutions for their printed communication.
And its not just Prontaprint's clients that make the brand an attractive proposition for
potential Franchisees. The company also has one of the highest ratios of support staff to
Franchisees in the UK Franchising industry - not surprising when you consider
Prontaprint's commitment to quality and the fact that the organisation is a founder member
of the British Franchise Association.
Continues John: "Prontaprint's intensive training courses, sales kits, marketing collateral,
handbooks, customer care guides, direct mail and PR support all play a crucial role in
promoting the brand. As Franchisees we also receive comprehensive support in sales &
marketing, property matters, financial administration, IT, technical development, personnel
and business planning. In every case we benefit from one of the best support programmes
in the business."
Concludes Angela: "Our business is really moving in the right direction thanks to the
support we receive and, although the 'know-how' is there from Prontaprint and it's their
name that goes above the door, it's really is up to the Franchisee to make success out of it.
That said, there's no doubt that we would recommend a Prontaprint Franchise to anyone
interested in running their own business and making lots of money."
The Prontaprint network is truly forging ahead, recruiting ambitious young entrepreneurs
with a strong sales and business background who can carry the business even further
forward. (Case studies taken from The British Franchise Association official Website www.british-franchise.org)
According to the text are the following statements True or False? If the statements are
False, please correct them.
Respuestas
Lesson 5: Grammar
Gerund or Infinitive
Gerunds are verbs used as nouns, and are formed by adding -ing to the infinitive.
E.g. dance - dancing, enjoy - enjoying, etc.
They are used:
1. After prepositions:
Before making decisions I always consult my friends.
I am quick at reaching conclusions.
After watching the film I went to bed.
2. After certain verbs (e.g. verbs of emotion Like, love, enjoy, hate, etc and verbs such as
finish and stop):
I love walking in the park.
We enjoy dancing on Saturdays.
I finished working at three o'clock.
3. As the subject of a sentence:
Translating French is a challenge.
Eating pizza is one of my favourite hobbies.
Checking detail is not one of my strong points.
Infinitives are used:
1. After certain verbs:
To try to do something
To persuade somebody to do something, etc
To choose to do something
To decide to do something
To forget to do something
To promise to do something
To need to do something
To help somebody to do something
To hope to do something
To want to do something
To would like to do something
2. After certain adjectives:
Hard to do something
Easy to do something
Complete the following sentences using a gerund or an infinitive.
RESPUESTAS
Franchising
Franchise
Franchisee
Franchising
Franchisor
Accredited
Non-accredited
Advice
Affiliated
Agreed by
Among others
Business format
Franquicia
Franquiciado
Franquiciamiento
Franquiciador
Acreditado
No acreditado
Consejo
Afiliado
Acordado por
Entre otros
Formato de negocio
Ethics
European Franchise Federation
(EFF)
Invaluable
Investment
Legislation
License
Merchandising
Network
Promotion
Proposition
Realism
Requirements
Step-by-step
Support
Trade name
Training Programme
Trade mark
Value
Website
Wisdom
To acquire
To appoint
To deliver
To disclose
To endeavour
To launch
To run a business
tica
Federacin Europea de
Franquicias
De valor incalculable
Inversin
Legislacin
Licencia
Comercializacin
La red, una red
Promocin
Proposicin
Realismo
Requisitos
Paso a paso
Apoyo
Nombre comercial
Programa de formacin
Marca comercial
Valor
Sitio web
Sabidura
Adquirir
Apuntar, distinguir
Entregar
Revelar
Intentar
Lanzar
Llevar un negocio
-------- ooo O ooo --------

Find a word from the section above which corresponds to the following definitions.
RESPUESTAS
Lesson 6: Accounting & Banking
Key Vocabulary
Accounting deals with recording, summarizing and reporting a company's transactions.

There are various types of accounting:
Financial accounting
Cost accounting
Managerial accounting
A statement is a copy of the bank's account with you. It contains a record of the money
paid into your account, money withdrawn, etc.
The balance is the total amount of money in your account.
A balance sheet is a vital part of accounting. It shows your company's financial position at
a particular point in time. It could indicate one business to be in a strong financial position
and another to be in serious financial difficulties. By comparing balance sheets at different
periods it is possible to find out the profit made.
Profit generation is the objective of a business and this requires the preparation of profit
statements.
Resources, debts and owner's interests are known correspondingly as assets, liabilities and
capital:
Assets - anything of value owned by a company.
Liabilities - financial obligations to outside parties such as a loan repayable to the bank.
Capital - the sum of money invested in a business by the owners / partners / shareholders,
etc. Capital represents the rights of owners to the assets after the prior claims of outside
parties (liabilities) have been satisfied in the event of the business closing.
E.g.
You set up a business with 1000. This money (Cash) is known as an Asset (1000). The
proprietor has introduced 1000 Capital.
The two are equal: Assets = Capital
One month later the owner buys a photocopier for 300. The business now has two assets:
Cash 700 + Photocopier 300 =Total: 1000 (Assets)
Capital introduced 1000 =Total: 1000 (Capital)
Six months later the owner decides to borrow 500 from the bank. The asset is increased.
However, the company now owes the bank money.
Cash 1200 + Photocopier 300 =Total: 1500 (Assets)
This money owed to the bank is called a Liability:
Capital 1000 + Loan 500 = Total 1500 (Capital + Liabilities)
Therefore the Accounting Equation is:
Assets = Liabilities + Capital
Cost - money that is spent on maintaining a business. This includes wages, equipment, etc.
Expense - is a cost that benefits the company in an accounting period.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Questions
(Haga click sobre las preguntas ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
RESPUESTAS
Lesson 6: Banking
Banking
The pictures below show some of the everyday items and documents used in banking.
Match each of these with the appropriate word from the following list.
RESPUESTAS
Lesson 6: Don't bank on it!
Don't bank on it!
The banking sector has been radically affected by technological change, especially
automation, to the extent that the industry is nearly unrecognisable compared to twenty
years ago. People are beginning to ask themselves, "What is a bank?"
The branch
Customers are now far more likely to transact business using a cashpoint machine than
facing a teller across the counter. Speed, efficiency and convenience seem to be the key
factors in retail banking these days. As competition between banks increases, the ability to
provide new and more flexible products and services distinguishes winners from losers in
the market. Banking by telephone is set to become the norm for most personal clients
within the next decade; the customer need never enter his or her local branch.
However, there is a price to be paid for these changes. Thousands of jobs have been lost in
the banking sector, and more are likely to go. The image of banking has become tarnished;
along with many complaints about impersonal service and computer error, many people
dislike the more obvious sales role of banking staff. So, have banks allowed themselves to
be seduced too quickly by the promise of technology? Or, do we customers expect too much
of our bank these days? Do we need to change our thinking and accustom ourselves to a
different view of what banks can and cannot do?
Globalization
Another issue in banking is the question of globalization. It is not so many years ago that
the term "global player" was on the lips of bankers in many countries across Europe, a
proud boast in the faces of less adventurous provincial rivals. European banks made
expensive purchases in the United States and elsewhere, some more successful than others.
Cultural differences and ill-considered strategies have since shown that there is more to the
process than simply putting a logo on a letterhead. While it is certainly true that banks
need to follow their customers and to be present in emerging markets, some have felt that
they would prefer to be national banks with an international presence, rather than truly
multinational institutions.
So where does banking go from here? The industry is changing so rapidly that it would
need a brave man to answer that question with any degree of confidence. Two things are,
however, certain. Firstly, the information revolution that is taking place in all sectors of the
industry will continue to have far-reaching effects within financial institutions. Secondly, as
a result of those changes, a bank of the twenty-first century will bear little resemblance to
its historical forebears founded six hundred years ago.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Questions
True or False
Please correct the false statements
Vocabulary
Find synonyms for the following words in the text.
RESPUESTAS
True or False
Please correct the false statements
Vocabulary
Find synonyms for the following words in the text.
Lesson 6: Grammar
Expressions with Get

In English, the verb "To get" has many different meanings.
In the following sentences replace the word get with one of the verbs below.
arrive / have / become / earn / buy / catch / fetch / receive
Get + adverb / preposition

This is used to express movement.
Put the correct adverb or preposition in the gap so that it means the same as the verb.
RESPUESTAS
Get + adverb / preposition

This is used to express movement.
Put the correct adverb or preposition in the gap so that it means the same as the verb.
Accounting
Account
Accountant
Affair
Analysis
Appreciation
Auditor
Balance
Branch (bank)
Budget
Capital
Cash
Depreciation
Dividend
Equity
Expenses
Financier
Forecast
Funds
Investment
Liability
Liquidation
Cuenta
Contable
Asunto
Anlisis
Apreciacin
Auditor
Balance
Sucursal
Presupuesto
Capital
Dinero en metlico
Depreciacin
Dividendo
Ttulo valor
Gastos
Financiero
Previsin
Fondos
Inversin
Liquidez / solvencia
Liquidacin
Loan
Margin
Inflation
Mortgage
Overdraft
Party
Percentage
Profit
Profitability
Planning
Procedure
Proprietor
Ratio
Record
Report
Responsibility
Shares
Statement
Tax
Transaction
Account holder
Financial difficulties
Financial transactions
Gross Profit
In balance
Interest rate
Legal purposes
Liquidity ratios
Shareholder
The stock market
To borrow
To debit
To declare
To decrease
To defer
To determine
To drop
To forecast
To grant
To increase
To invest
To justify
Prstamo
Margen
Inflacin
Hipoteca
Rebasar el lmite de crdito
Parte (en contrato)
Porcentaje
Beneficio
Rentabilidad
Planning / Planificacin
Procedimiento
Propietario
Ratio
Record
Informe
Responsabilidad
Acciones / participaciones (bolsa)
Justificante / recibo
Impuesto / tasa
Transaccin
Propietario
Dificultades financieras
Transacciones financieras
Beneficio bruto
En equilibrio
Tasa de inters
Propsitos legales
Ratios de liquidez
Accionista
La bolsa
Pedir prestado
Cargar en cuenta
Declarar
Disminuir
Diferir
Determinar
Dejar caer
Pronosticar
Otorgar
Aumentar
Invertir
Justificar
To lend
To manage
To purchase
To record
To reduce
To reflect
To report
To retain
To repay
To set up
To summarize
To withdraw
Prestar
Manejar
Comprar
Registrar
Reducir
Reflejar
Informar
Retener
Devolver
Establecer
Resumir
Retirar
Lesson 6: Word puzle
Word puzzle
Find the words hidden in the letters. They can be read horizontally and vertically. Nearly
all the words relate to money.
Lesson 7: Insurance
Key Vocabulary
Insurance protects us against the financial consequences of damage or loss of our own or
other people's property. It also provides financial compensation for accidental injury or
death. For all types of insurance, the insurance company calculates the level of risk and
fixes a premium. The insured person or company agrees to pay the premium. In return, the
insurance company guarantees to pay financial compensation if what is insured against
happens. The details of each insurance are contained in the insurance policy. This shows
the risks that have been insured against and the levels of compensation that will be paid.
When someone wishes to make a claim for compensation he or she completes an
application form and submits it to the insurance company. The claim is then considered
and then either accepted or rejected.
Lesson 7: Reading
Do you really need to be quoted happy?

Every day "peace-of-mind" insurance offers land on doormats across the country. The
utility companies are now at the forefront, blitzing householders with various plans. But are
they worth it? Some offer valuable protection, others are near junk. We found that a typical
family could spend more than 7,000 a year on cover if they bought all the offers. Our
guide pinpoints the insurances worth having, and the ones you should simply chuck in the
bin
The Guardian, Saturday February 19, 2005
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Home contents insurance
Cost? 135 (Norwich Union - "new for old" cover, includes no claims discount and 60
excess). Average contents policy is 151, although shopping around can reduce this to 87,
according to the AA. Standard policies cover loss or damage by fire, theft or flooding.
Worth having? You'd be daft to go without, but one in four households doesn't have it. In
particular, many people who rent don't insure their possessions.
Travel Insurance
Cost? 175 First Direct (worldwide annual family policy).
Worth Having? Not at that price. Much better to go for one of the internet providers Insurefor.com will offer the same family cover for 75, or a pared down version for 60
year.
Pet Insurance
Cost? For a cat, 45 (Saga basic plan) to 142.50 (Petplan - SuperCat). For a dog, Saga's
minimum is 93, while Petplan's Supreme is 343. Prices depend on age, the excess and
levels of cover.
Worth Having? If you seriously dote on your cat then it is worth it. For example, to fix a
broken leg on a cat costs 1,000. But those on tight budgets will find the average 50
excess policy proves expensive and Moggy is better off staying fit and healthy.
Bicycle insurance
Cost? 50 (for a 500 bike).

Worth Having? Half a million bikes are stolen each year, but unless you own a 2,000
bike, avoid a stand alone policy and stick it on your home contents which will add 10-15
to the premium.
Car insurance
Cost? 350 (comprehensive cover).
Worth having? The one insurance we are legally obliged to buy, but most of us pay too
much because we are too lazy to shop around at renewal time. Insurers quote a low first
premium and hope for an automatic renewal. Most people will save 50-80 by switching.
Sports injury insurance
Cost? 59.40 (Pinnacle child policy) to 312 (B&CE Insurance) according to level of
cover. Offers lump sum for broken bones and weekly payout to cover lost earnings while off
work.
Worth having? Only if you're self-employed (and it runs out after 3-6mths). Largely a
waste of cash for the employed. And why should children need it? An income protection
plan may be better value for the self employed.
Critical illness insurance

Cost? Around 2,800 for a policy paying a one-off lump sum of 150,000 if you contract
any one of the insurer's specified illnesses.
Worth having? Can be hideously expensive, and prices vary markedly. Regularly over sold
as an add-on when people are taking out a mortgage. Use a broker such as lifesearch.co.uk
to find a better quote; for 150,000 cover on a 47-year-old, it said NU charged 2,436,
while BUPA were 2,820 a year.
Wedding insurance
Cost? 100 to 300 (British Insurance Brokers Association). Covers the bridegroom
breaking a leg or the marquee burning down.
Worth having? If it's going to be a very fancy do, perhaps it's worth it. But the average
couple can probably do without this additional cost.
Life insurance
Cost? For a 250,000 policy covering both partners should either die in the next 15 years,
the Prudential charges 1,070. Legal & General is cheaper at 869 while Scottish
Provident is around average at 1,225.
Worth having? This policy will pay out while the children are still at home. But before
signing up, the parents should check on life cover provision at their workplace and through
pension plans.
Mobile phone cover
Cost? The Link charges 96 for a typical policy for each contract phone. Pay-as-you-go
phones for the children cost 19 to 49 according to the phone's value.
Worth having? Only if you are very careless, keep strictly to the policy conditions and are
prepared to be patient in claiming. It is generally cheaper to buy a new phone. And most
companies will give a reconditioned phone to contract customers whose phone is lost or
stolen.
Garden insurance
Cost? 24.84 (Saga - only available as an add-on to its home insurance). Insures items
such as plants, lawns, rockeries, ponds, pergolas and gazebos for up to 1,000 against a
range of incidents including theft and malicious damage.
Worth having? Cover for outbuildings (sheds, greenhouses etc) is standard with most
buildings insurance policies, and most home contents policies also offer some cover for
possessions in outbuildings and those in the open, says insurer ensure. So most people
probably won't need garden cover.
Dental insurance
Cost? Our family would typically pay 399 at Denplan assuming they were all in top dental
health. This is not technically insurance but a form of maintenance contract which spreads
costs monthly. The fees pay for almost all care.
Worth having? Children can normally find free NHS treatment. Adults can avoid sudden
big bills should they need major dental care.
Alien abduction insurance
Cost? Yes, it does exist. A family is covered for life for a one-off 100 premium. The payout,
assuming you survive the abduction and can claim, is 1m. It's only available from insurers
GRIP.
Worth having? Depends on your view of aliens and whether you believe they will scoop
humans up into spaceships and then return them to Earth. So far, no claims have been
successful.
(Article reduced and pictures added)
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Questions
A)
B) Find synonyms in the text for the following words. (Words appear from the beginning of
the article up to Critical Injury Insurance).
RESPUESTAS
Questions
A)
B) Find synonyms in the text for the following words. (Words appear from the beginning of
the article up to Critical Injury Insurance).
Lesson 7: Grammar
The Conditional Form

a) 0 Conditional: Present + Present
If I go to work I use the telephone
b) 1st Conditional: Present Simple + Future (will)
If I go to New York I will see the Statue of Liberty.
c) 2nd Conditional: Past Simple + would + infinitive
If I won the lottery I would buy a big house
d) 3rd Conditional: Past Perfect + would have + past participle
If I had been to Paris I would have seen the Eiffel Tower.
N.B. As soon as and when can be used to mean IF.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Practice
A) Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
B) Write a sentence with if for each situation.
RESPUESTAS
Practice
A) Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
B) Write a sentence with if for each situation.
Insurance
Damage
Financial compensation
Insurance
Insurance policy
Insurance broker
Level of risk
Dao
Compensacin financiera
Seguro
Pliza de seguros
Corredor de seguros
Nivel de riesgo
Liability
Loss
Policy holder
Premium
Property
Third party
Underwriter
Valuable protection
To accept
To quote
To reject
To settle
To submit
To throw away
Obligacin
Prdida
Suscriptor de la pliza
Prima
Propiedad
A terceros (seguro)
Asegurados
Proteccin valiosa
Aceptar
Citar
Rechazar
Llegar a un acuerdo
Ssometerse
Tirar

A. Fill in the gaps with the correct word:
B. Who do the following definitions refer to?
RESPUESTAS
Questions
A. Fill in the gaps with the correct word:
B. Who do the following definitions refer to?
Lesson 8: Retailing
Key Vocabulary
Retailing is the general term covering all forms of selling goods to the public. It is a
profitable sector in the UK, especially for larger food retailers.
Retailer - In commerce, a retailer buys goods or products in large quantities from
manufacturers or importers, either directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells
individual items or small quantities to the general public or end user customers, usually in
a shop, also called store. Retailers are at the end of the supply chain
Retail businesses in the UK are usually classified according to the number of shops or
outlets they have.
The smallest operations, such as local grocery or convenience stores are called single
outlet retailers. These are independent businesses run from one shop.
Small multiple retailers operate a maximum of nine shops, all selling the same range of
products.
Large multiple retailers (also known as chain stores) are the big names in the business,
such as Marks and Spencer, Debenhams and the House of Fraser. These companies have
large numbers of stores selling a wide variety of items. Some operate from out of town
locations with parking facilities, known as either superstores (over 20,000 square feet) or
hypermarkets (over 50,000 square feet).
Department stores, such as Harrods in London, are large shops, which sell a wide variety
of products. They are organised in departments, each with its own manager, and are
usually found in city centres.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Discussion
1. What are the largest chain stores in your country?
2. Why are they popular?
3. Who are the main retailers in your country?
4. Do they sell a specific product or do they sell a wide variety of items?
Lesson 8: Reading
Thanks for the gift, now how do I get what I really want?
Christmas and the sales have seen much frantic shopping - with the inevitable need to
return some goods later. Juliet Shedden on your rights to take items back.
Saturday January 10, 2004
The Guardian
-------- ooo O ooo --------
So you hated that garish tie and ghastly pullover given to you at Christmas? Before you go
marching into the store to demand the money back and huff and puff about consumer
rights, take a step back. You have no automatic right to your money back.
As Moira Haynes, from the National Association of Citizens Advice Bureau (NACAB), says:
"It's a common misconception that people have a right to return goods. That right, as a
legal right, doesn't exist."
A shop has no legal obligation to offer you a refund or exchange unless the item is faulty.
The big retailers like Marks & Spencer are being remarkably understanding when they
offer you a refund or credit note on a non-faulty item.
So, what are your precise rights of return? We put your questions to the retailers and
consumer organisations:
1. I haven't got the receipt for this. Can I still get my money back?
Marks & Spencer: "If you do not have a receipt, we would be glad to offer you a Marks &
Spencer credit note."
HMV: "HMV will exchange items purchased in error or that are unwanted gifts provided
they are returned within 21 days in perfect condition and are accompanied by a valid
receipt. All goods must include original packaging. HMV is unable to accept items that
have been previously exchanged, or multiple returns. HMV staff will, however, seek to use
their discretion where appropriate."
NACAB: "You only have a legal right to a refund if the goods are faulty, misleadingly
described or unfit for the purpose they're sold. However, some retailers offer additional
rights and will give refunds, exchange goods or offer credit notes provided certain
conditions are met: for instance, proof of purchase, like a receipt, or goods are returned in
a certain time frame - often 28 days."
2. If I have the receipt. Can I demand cash back instead of a credit note?
OFT: "If the law has been breached (that is, the goods are not of a satisfactory quality, are
damaged or defected, not fit for their purpose or are not as described) then a consumer is
entitled to a full refund, they do not have to accept a credit note."
Marks & Spencer: "If you have a receipt, we would offer you a cash or card refund."
HMV: "Provided the items have been returned within 21 days in their original packaging
and in perfect condition they can be exchanged for other goods up to the same value, but
not for a cash refund."
NACAB: "If the item was faulty, misleadingly described or unfit for the purpose within six
years you have a legal right to chose from a repair, a replacement, a partial or full refund
or compensation. If you report the fault within six months the retailer has to prove the
goods were not faulty when purchased."
3. I bought this present full price for Christmas, but my son already has it. Now it is in
the sale: can I get a full refund or do I just get the sale price now?
OFT: "Depends on exchange policy of the company - if there's nothing wrong with the
product then there is no automatic right to refund/redress."
Marks & Spencer: "You will receive a refund of the price paid for the present."
HMV: "Provided the items have been returned within 21 days in their original packaging
and in perfect condition they can be exchanged for other goods up to the same value as
that originally paid, but not for a cash refund."
4. I bought this present two months ago for Christmas. It turns out my wife did not like
it. Can I get my money back?
Marks & Spencer: "If you have a receipt, you can have a cash refund. Otherwise, we can
give you a credit note."
HMV: "No. Unless there are exceptional circumstances, items must be returned within 21
days in accordance with HMV's returns policy."
NACAB: "No, not as a right."
5. This was bought for my daughter but it broke two days after Christmas. Can I get my
money back?
OFT: "The law says that goods you buy: must be of a satisfactory quality and be safe; must
not be damaged or defective unless the person selling them to you points out a fault. The
seller is liable for faulty goods or goods which do not meet the shoppers' rights. In this
case the consumer would have the right to a full refund for the faulty goods, they would not
have to accept a free repair, a replacement or credit note."
Marks & Spencer: "If the product is faulty, we will provide you with a full refund."
HMV: "If it is evident the item was faulty when purchased then customers are covered by
their statutory rights. If the item was purchased in perfect condition, and has since been
damaged or broken by the customer, HMV would not offer a refund or exchange."
6. I have just bought in the sales, but want to take an item back. Do I have fewer rights?
OFT: "You have the same rights when you buy something in a sale. But sales goods can be
sold with a defect. If the defect has been pointed out, you can't ask for a refund. If the
shoppers' rights have not been breached then there is no statutory right to a refund or
redress."
Marks & Spencer: "Absolutely not. You can get a full refund for the price you paid for the
product."
HMV: "HMV's refund policy applies equally to all products sold in its stores."
7. I got some vouchers at Christmas for a shop I'd never go in - can I swap them back for
the cash?
OFT: "Depends on the terms and conditions of the voucher, but no automatic right to
cash."
Marks & Spencer: "Unfortunately not. We have a wide range of great products, across
clothing, home and food which you can spend your vouchers on when you choose."
HMV: "No."
True or False
Are the following questions true or false? (correct the false statements)
RESPUESTAS
Questions
True or False
Are the following questions true or false? (correct the false statements)
Lesson 8: Grammar
Idioms
The use of idioms is so widespread that an understanding of these expressions is essential
to successful communication.
According to (in the order of - on the authority of)
The people interviewed will be ranked according to their professional experience.

According to Claire, we do not have an English class today.
Day in day out - Day after day (constantly - continually)
During the month of April it usually rains day in day out.
Day after day I waited for a phone call from him, but he never rang.
To hand in (to submit or deliver something)
The report has to be handed in on Wednesday 5th June at the latest.
Every week the students had to hand in at least one piece of homework.
To look into (to investigate - to examine carefully)
The police are looking into the murder of a girl in the area of south London.
I will look into your grammatical mistakes.
To look on (to watch as a spectator - to observe)
We were looking on at the game as the referee sounded his whistle.
I looked on as the police took away the thief.
To look up (to find - to research)
He looked up the meaning of the word in the dictionary.
I lost his phone number so I looked it up in the phone book.
To look up to (to admire - to respect greatly)
Philip was the youngest boy in his family. He looked up to his older brothers.
Everybody looks up to the director of my company because he is a very clever person.
To look down on (to feel superior to, to think of someone as less important)
People who have a lot of money should not look down on those who do not have a lot.
Rhea constantly looked down on her class mates because she was so intelligent.

Find synonyms in the list for the following words.
RESPUESTAS
Questions
Find synonyms in the list for the following words.
Retailing
Deal
Discount
Hypermarket
Model
Order
Profit
Range
Receipt
Retailer
Retailing
Secure
Stock
Superstore
Supplier
Surplus
Turnover
Warehouse
Lesson 9: Stocks and Shares
Key Vocabulary
Acuerdo
Descuento
Hipermercado
Modelo
Orden
Beneficio
Gama, margen
Recibo
Comerciante minorista
Venta al por menor
Seguro
Stock, mercanca en almacn
Gran superficie
Proveedor
Supervit
Facturar
Almacn
When a company needs to raise money in order to grow, it can choose between two
different options. It can issue shares which can be bought by the general public. These
shares are known as equities or ordinary shares, and are the most common form of share.
When you buy shares in a company, you become a shareholder and own a part of that
company. As part-owner of a company, you can therefore make or lose money depending on
the company's profits. If the company does make profits, it pays a sum of money per share,
known as a dividend, to its shareholders usually twice a year. Companies can also borrow
money from the bank or from the general public by issuing bonds which are loans with a
fixed amount of interest to be paid each year.
Lesson 9: Reading
New York Stock Exchange to float

David Teather, Thursday April 21, 2005
The Guardian
The New York Stock Exchange announced plans last night to become a publicly quoted
company in one of the biggest upheavals in its 212-year history.
The exchange is merging with the electronic trading firm Archipelago Holdings. It will
create a new firm called NYSE Group that will become a conventional for-profit
organisation and spin off its regulatory arm into a not-for-profit entity.
The exchange's 1,366 "seat holders", its current owners, will get $400m (210m) in cash
and 70% of the shares in the new company.
The move will increase the volume of electronic trading on the exchange although the chief
executive, John Thain, said the deal was "absolutely not" the end of the traditional floor
trading on Wall Street.
The NYSE has been under increasing pressure from electronic exchanges including the
technology-heavy Nasdaq market. Confidence in the floor traders, known as specialists,
has also been undermined by revelations that some were profiting illegally at their clients'
expense.
Mr Thain described the move as "an essential step to maintaining our global
competitiveness and leadership".
The deal is subject to approval of the members and the securities and exchange
commission, the US watchdog.
Archipelago, based in Chicago, trades both shares and options based on stock holdings. It
handles about 25% of the trades in stocks listed on the Nasdaq but has made little impact
on the NYSE, where more than 80% of listed stocks trade on the exchange floor.
The firm's chief executive, Jerry Putnam, will become co-chief operating officer and one of
three co-presidents at the combined group. Mr Thain will remain as chief executive.
Complete the following summary of the article using an appropriate word/s.
RESPUESTAS
Questions
Complete the following summary of the article using an appropriate word/s.
Lesson 9: Grammar
Exercise 1
Complete the following table by introducing the correct noun.
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Use an appropriate adjective, verb or adverb to complete the descriptions of the following
graphs.
Other expressions used to describe trends

- To fluctuate
- To reach a peak
- To remain stable
- To level off
- To stand at.
Exercise 4 - Inflation Graph
Which years do the following sentences refer to?
Writing
Study the following graph, and then write a short paragraph describing retail sales
between Feb 1999 and Jan 2000. Can you think why in June and December sales are at a
high?
RESPUESTAS
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Lesson 9: Reading
Reading
Read the article and decide where these parts of the text belong:
A. These fans have followed their club's success from the bottom half of the second division
to their present position at the top level of English football.
B. "It has been a lot of fun", he said, "but now I have a wife and a family and it's time to
put the club on a proper footing and hand the ownership over to the people who it really
should belong to - the fans".
C. On the whole, these shares are for enthusiasts of the club rather than those who want to
make serious money.
D. The club's fortunes reached their lowest point in the late 1970's when they were
struggling to avoid being dropped from the league altogether.
E. This launch, with the shares expected to start trading at about 2 per share, will
represent a 56% in the club, with a further 22% issue planned for later in the year.
-------- ooo O ooo -------(Haga click sobre el texto para ver la solucin; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
Cuffley Football Club in shares launch.
RESPUESTAS
Lesson 9: Grammar
Comparatives and Superlatives

A) Complete the conversations with the correct form of the adjectives.
B) Complete the questions with the superlative form of the adjective.
RESPUESTAS
Questions
A) Complete the conversations with the correct form of the adjectives.
B) Complete the questions with the superlative form of the adjective.
The Stock Market

Stock
Share
Bond
Co-operation
Debt
Deflation
Discretion
Dividend
Equity
Inflation
Loan
Proxy
Ownership
Proprietor
Purchaser
Stockholder
To assign
Valores, acciones
Accin
Bono
Cooperacin
Deuda
Deflacin
Discrecin
Dividendos
Ttulos valores
Inflacin
Prstamo
Poder
Propiedad
Propietario
Comprador
Accionista
Asignar
To dissolve
To invest
To purchase
To redeem
To register
To rise in value
To transfer
Bargain
Broker
Buying
Capitalisation
Investor
Selling
Specialist
The floor
Trade
Transaction
To execute
To operate
Disolver
Invertir
Adquirir, comprar
Desempear
Registrar
Aumentar de valor
Transferir
Ganga
Agente de bolsa
Comprando
Capitalizacin
Inversor
Vendiendo
Especialista
Suelo, lmite inferior
Comercio
Transaccin
Ejecutar
Operar
-------- ooo O ooo --------

Find a word from the section above and match it to its corresponding definition.
RESPUESTAS

Find a word from the section above and match it to its corresponding definition.
Lesson 10: Setting up a new Business
Key Vocabulary
When an individual wants to set up their own business they have to decide what legal form
their business will take. They can choose between sole trader, partnership or limited
company.
If a person wants to work on their own, they choose either sole trader or limited company.
If they want to work with others, they can choose between a partnership and a limited
company. It is believed that a limited company gives more credibility than a partnership or
sole trader.
Sole Trader
This is the easiest way of starting a business. You are self-employed and entirely
responsible for all aspects of running your own business. On the other hand, owners are
personally responsible for all business debts. Sole traders tend to be for small businesses.
Partnership
A partnership is an association of two or more people. It is relatively easy to establish. You

have to divide both the profits and debts. You also have to divide duties and responsibilities
according to personal expertise and abilities. Disagreements among partners can often
harm partnership businesses.
Limited company
A Company can be formed with a minimum of two people becoming its shareholders.
Investors can easily buy and sell stocks on the Stock Market. A limited company enables
anyone with some money to buy the stock and become a part owner of the company. As a
result, this type of company can easily raise capital for business expansion. Investors
control the company through the election of a managing body, known as a board of
directors.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Questions
What type of business would you advise the following people to set up and why?
RESPUESTAS
Questions
What type of business would you advise the following people to set up and why?
Lesson 10: Reading
You and your ideas
As a way of earning a living, running your own business has two distinctive features. The
first is that you do not submit yourself to a selection process; there is not, as there is with a
job as an employee, a sifting carried out of possible applicants for a vacancy. There is no
personnel manager wielding a battery of psychological tests or cunning interview
questions to test your suitability for the job or the level of skills you have acquired.
You are the sole arbiter of your fitness to start and run your own business. This puts a very
heavy responsibility on your self-knowledge, because without a doubt not everyone is
suited to being an entrepreneur or being self employed. The only external check, which may
be carried out on your fitness to found a business, occurs if you need to raise money; in
this case, a bank manager or other lender or investor judges you. But by the time you reach
this stage, you may already have committed time and money to your project.
The answer to the dilemma of this self-selection process is self-analysis: know thyself.
Additional insight can be provided by the opinion of colleagues, friends or family. But this
can be fraught with emotional problems. Those you ask for an opinion may feel under
pressure to give a favourable view for fear of offending. If an unbiased view cannot be
expected, do not seek an opinion at all.
The second unusual characteristic of starting your own business to create your own income
is that you decide what type of business it is and what market you will be selling to. While
you can select a salaried job in a firm of a particular size or selling to a particular market,
you are restricted by the vacancies that are available.
When it comes to establishing a business, in theory, the world is your oyster. A well-run
business should succeed in any market. In practice, however, you can make success more
likely by choosing your product and market carefully. (Extract taken from: Small Business
Guide, Sara Williams, Penguin Books, Scotland 2001)
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Questions
RESPUESTAS
Lesson 10: Quiz
How do you rate as an entrepreneur?

For each of the following questions, choose the answer, which comes closest to what you
feel about yourself.
1. Are you a self-starter?
a. I only make an effort when I want to.
b. If someone explains what to do, then I can continue from there.
c. I make my own decisions. I don't need anyone to tell me what to do.
2. How do you get on with other people?
a. I get on with almost everybody.
b. I have my own friends and I don't really need anyone else.
c. I don't really feel at home with other people.
3. Can you work long hours?
a. Always.
b. Occasionally.
c. Never.
4. Can you take responsibility?
a. I like to take charge and to obtain results.
b. I'll take charge if I have to but I prefer someone else to be responsible.
c. Someone always wants to be the leader and I'm happy to let them do the job.
5. Are you a good organiser?
a. I tend to get confused when unexpected problems arise.
b. I like to plan exactly what I'm going to do.
c. I just let things happen.
6. How good a worker are you?
a. I'm willing to work hard for something I really want.
b. I find my home environment more stimulating than work.
c. Regular work suits me but I don't like it to interfere with my private life.
7. Can you make decisions?
a. I am quite happy to execute other people's decisions.
b. I often make very quick decisions, which usually work but sometimes don't.
c. Before making a decision I need time to think it over.
8. Do you enjoy taking risks?
a. I always evaluate the exact dangers of any situation.
b. I like the excitement of taking big risks.
c. For me safety is the most important thing.
9. Can you stay the course?

a. The biggest challenge for me is getting a project started.
b. If I decide to do something, nothing will stop me.
c. If something doesn't go right first time I tend to lose interest.
10. Are you motivated by money?
a. For me, job satisfaction cannot be measured in money terms.
b. Although money is important to me, I value other things just as much.
c. Making money is my main motivation.
11. How do you react to criticism?
a. I dislike any form of criticism.
b. If people criticise me I always listen and may or may not reject what they have to say.
c. When people criticise me there is usually some truth in what they say.
12. Can people believe what you say?
a. I try to be honest, but it is sometimes too difficult or too complicated to explain things to
other people.
b. I don't say things I don't mean.
c. When I think I'm right, I don't care what anyone else thinks.
13. Do you delegate?
a. I prefer to delegate what I consider to be the least important tasks.
b. When I have a job to do I like to do everything myself.
c. Delegating is an important part of my job.
14. Can you cope with stress?
a. Stress is something I can live with.
b. Stress can be stimulating element in a business.
c. I try to avoid situations, which lead to stress.

15. How do you view your chances of success?
a. I believe that my success will depend to a large degree on factors outside my control.
b. I know that everything depends on me and my abilities.
c. It is difficult to foresee what will happen in the future.
16. If the business was not making a profit after five years, what would you do?
a. Give up easily.
b. Give up reluctantly.
c. Carry on.
-------- ooo O ooo -------Key
44 or above: You definitely have the necessary qualities to become the director of a
successful business. You have a strong sense of leadership, you can both organise and
motivate and you know exactly where you and your team are going.
Between 44 and 22: You may need to think more carefully before setting up your own
business. Although you do have some of the essential skills of running a business, you will
probable not be able to deal with the pressures and strain that are a part of the job. You
should perhaps consider taking some professional training or finding an associate who can
compensate for some of your weaknesses.
Below 22: Managing your own business is not for you. You are better suited to an
environment where you are not responsible for making decisions and taking risks. To
operate successfully you need to follow well-defined instructions and you prefer work that
is both regular and predictable.
Lesson 10: Writing
Business Plan
You have decided to set up your own business (use your own ideas). You have approached a
bank for advice. They have asked you to prepare a business plan giving information about
your proposed business.
Fill in the Business Plan form with all of the relevant details.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Business Plan
Business Idea
Name of business.
Type of business.
The product or service (Give a simple description of what it does).
Why is the product unique or distinct?
Personal details
Relevant work experience.

Personnel
Who will work in the company?
How many people?
Marketing
What is the market?
Likely customers - who are they?
Brief summary of competition.
Operation details
Where will you be based?
Location.
Equipment needed?
Financial analysis
How much money is needed to start?
Monthly profit and loss forecast for two years.
Principal risks which could affect figures?
Business objectives
What are your long term and short-term objectives?
Starting up a business
Entrepreneur
Individual proprietorship
Limited company
Partnership
Sole owner
Accessible
Advice (a piece of advice)
Assistance
Barrier
Capital
Consultation
Enterprise
Environment
Expectations
Factor
Guidance
Improvement
Innovation
Merger
Policy
Professionals
Provision
Recommendation
Employment opportunities
Start-ups
The competitiveness
Up-to-date
Working population
To adapt
To combine
To deserve
To encourage
To ensure
To flourish
To gather (together)
To invest
To launch a business
To promote
To run a risk
Empresario
Propietario nico del negocio (no
sociedad)
Sociedad limitada S.L.
Sociedad annima S.A.
nico propietario
Accesible
Consejo, dar un consejo
Asistencia, ayuda
Barrera
Capital
Consulta
Empresa
Medio ambiente, entorno
Expectativas
Factor
Gua,
Mejora
Innovacin
Fusin
Poltica
Profesionales
Provisiones
Recomendaciones
Oportunidades, ofertas de empleo
Poner en marcha, arrancar
La competitividad
Hasta la fecha
Poblacin trabajadora
Adaptar
Combinar
Merecer
Animar a hacer algo
Asegurar
Florecer
Reunir, agrupar
Invertir
Emprender un negocio
Ascender profesionalmente
Correr riesgos
To stimulate
To succeed
To support
Estimular
Tener xito
Apoyar
Lesson 11: Business and the environment
Key Vocabulary
Look at the following nouns and noun phrases and match them with their correct meaning:
- Global warning
- Environment
- Waste
- Pollution
- Energy efficient
- Greenhouse effect
- Deforestation
- Solar energy
- Recycling scheme
Definitions
(Haga click sobre las definiciones para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
RESPUESTAS
Lesson 11: Listening
Recycling
What happens to OUR rubbish?
Once the dustmen have taken our rubbish away, most of it gets dumped in huge landfill
sites. Most sites eventually get covered with soil, but they cannot be used to grow crops,
and they are not strong enough for buildings. Then, all the rubbish inside them begins to
decompose and many poisonous gases and liquids seep out into the soil.
Some seep into the water supply. Fires on landfill sites are also common because chemical
reactions take place below the surface. Other rubbish is burned in incinerators - but
sometimes that releases toxic fumes and leaves poisonous ash behind.
Why recycle?
Recycling material to make new products costs less and requires less energy than using
new materials. Recycling also reduces pollution, either by reducing the demand for highpollution alternatives or by minimizing the amount of pollution produced during the
manufacturing process. Recycling also decreases the amount of land needed for trash
dumps by reducing the volume of discarded waste.
What can we recycle?
Just about any material can be recycled. On an industrial scale, the most commonly
recycled materials are those that are used in large quantities-metals such as steel and
aluminium, plastics, paper, glass, and certain chemicals. For example:
Paper - Paper is made from trees. Making new paper harms the environment as the process
usually involves chlorine bleach, which pollutes rivers. It is a lot better to use unbleached,
recycled paper. Not only can newspapers be recycled, but also magazines, cardboard,
paper bags and envelopes.
Glass - All main towns now have bottle banks. If glass is not reused, it lasts forever, broken
and buried in the soil.
Clothes - Take all old clothes to a charity shop like Help the Aged or Oxfam. Some will be
sold; others will go to the main Waste saver Unit and will be sorted according to material
and returned to textile mills for recycling. And much much more!
Action
Here are a few ways in which YOU can make a difference:
Sort out your rubbish. Good recycling only begins when things are separated from each
other.
Find out where your nearest bottle, paper and clothes banks are. Use them.
Avoid plastic wherever you can. It is very difficult to recycle.
Use recycled paper.
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Questions
Answer the following questions.
True or False
Correct the False statements.
RESPUESTAS
Questions
Answer the following questions.
True or False
Lesson 11: Reading
Green energy will never meet needs, says Exxon

Terry Macalister Thursday July 7, 2005
The Guardian
ExxonMobil has dismissed solar and wind energy as "inconsequential" and urges
politicians to concentrate on sources that would continue to provide 99% of future energy
needs.
Lee Raymond, the chairman and chief executive, also argues that areas such as the Arctic
National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska should be opened to exploratory drilling.
His comments - in Exxon's house magazine, the Lamp - could be indicative of White House
thinking. He says improvements in US air and water quality are being buried beneath
"ideological agendas or inflamed rhetoric that often pervades discussions about energy
and the environment".
Mr Raymond has infuriated green groups and will worry G8 leaders encouraging George
Bush to do more to fight global warming. Exxon is seen as a significant influence on
presidential energy policies.
He said: "There are many alternative forms of energy that people talk about that may be
interesting. But they are not consequential on the scale that will be needed and they may
never have a significant impact on the energy balance.
"To the extent that people focus too much on that - for example on solar or wind, even
though they are not economic - what they are doing is diverting attention from the real
issues," he said.
He argues that even if alternative energy had double-digit growth rates they would only
supply 1% of the world's energy needs in 25 years' time. "I am more interested in staying
focused on the 99%," he said.
Mr Raymond said he was not saying that US energy supply was at risk if exploration did
not take place in Alaska. "I don't think we have a basis to say that. However, willful and
deliberate ignorance about the country's energy base is also not a wise approach.
"The US Geological Survey suggested there may be the equivalent of several billion barrels
of oil below this area, part of which is an important breeding ground for caribou.
Critics said such a relatively small amount of hydrocarbons was reason enough for oil
firms to be kept out.
Mr Raymond said: "That is a flawed argument because there are not many exploration
projects anywhere in the world that we would pursue if they were predicated on such a
standard."
Nick Rau, a campaigner at Friends of the Earth, said: "His refusal to accept the need for
renewables is consistent with an inability to accept climate change is happening."
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Questions
A) Answer the following questions.
B) Find words in the text which have the opposite meaning to those listed below.
C) Using the text as a guide. Fill in the following gaps with the correct preposition.
RESPUESTAS
A) Answer the following questions.
B) Find words in the text which have the opposite meaning to those listed below.
C) Using the text as a guide. Fill in the following gaps with the correct preposition.
Lesson 11: Grammar
Indefinite & Definite Article

Indefinite article. "A-an" is used:
1. When you mention a singular countable noun for the first time.
I bought a pineapple and an apple.
Have you seen a brown cat with long tail?
2. With professions:
Im a teacher.
Are you a doctor?
3. With certain expressions: once a month, twice a day, etc.
I go to the gym once a week.

I drink water five times a day.
Definite article. "The" is used:
1. When there is only one of something:
Where is the tallest building in the world?
2. When we are thinking of one particular thing.
I saw the boy with the red jumper. (a particular boy)
3. When it is clear in the situation which thing or person we mean.
I took my car to the airport. (the airport in the town).
4. Before same.
I have the same tennis racket as you.
5.With certain adjectives to refer to general class of people.
The poor, the unemployed, the Spanish, etc.
The Irish love drinking beer.
6. With certain public places.
Last night we went to the cinema.
They went to the restauant then they went to the bar.
Zero Article. We do not use an article:
1. With the names of people.
Yesterdy I saw John.
2. With the names of continents, countries, states, islands, cities or mountains.
I live in Cuffley a small village in England.
3. In general statements.
Cats are very friendly animals.

4. In certain common prepositional phrases.
At home, at university, in hospital, in bed, etc.
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Practice
Put in "the" / "a" / "an" where necessary. Leave a space if the sentence is already
complete.
(Haga click sobre el texto para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
RESPUESTAS
Business & the environment
Acid rain
Carbon monoxide
Climate
Deforestation
Endangered Species
Exhaust fumes
Fertilizers
Forest fires
Global warming
Greenhouse effect
(Non) - Renewable resources
Nuclear energy
Nuclear reactor
Oil-slick
Ozone layer
Pesticide
Pollution
Rain forest
Solar energy
Unleaded petrol
Waste
Nuclear waste
Radio-active waste
Wildlife
Natural Disasters
Drought
Earthquake
Flood
Typhoon
Volcanic eruption
To cut down
To decay
To degrade
To destroy
To dispose of
To dump
To protect
To pollute
To recycle
To reuse
Lluvia cida
Monxido de carbono
Clima
Desforestacin
Especies en peligro de extincin
Humos de escapes
Abonos, fertilizantes
Incendios forestales
Calentamiento global
Efecto invernadero
Recursos (no) renovables
Energa nuclear
Reactor nuclear
Marea negra
Capa de ozono
Pesticida
Contaminacin
Selva tropical
Energa solar
Gasolina sin plomo
Desecho
Desechos nucleares
Desechos radioactivos
Fauna
Desastres naturales
Sequa
Terremoto
Inundacin
Tifn
Erupcin volcnica
Recortar
Decaer
Degradar
Destrozar
Deshacerse de
Deshacerse de algo, abandonar
Proteger
Contaminar
Reciclar
Reutilizar
To save
To sort
To throw away
Ahorrar, guardar, salvar

Clasificar
Tirar
-------- ooo O ooo --------

Fill in the gaps with a word or phrase
RESPUESTAS
Lesson 12: International Trade
Key Vocabulary
Every year countries throughout the world exchange goods and services. Some countries
import goods (bring in goods from other countries) and some countries export goods (send
goods to other countries). Whether a country exports or imports all depends on what the
country produces and what the country needs.
What products does your country import?

What products does your country export?
The United Kingdom imports a lot of fruit and vegetables from Spain and it exports
products like cars, iron and steel to hundreds of countries in the world.
So, why do countries trade?
Countries trade business because every nation wants the best for its inhabitants. If we take
the United Kingdom as an example, we see that they import tomatoes, cucumbers,
strawberries and many other groceries from Spain. They do this because as a nation they
do not have the correct environment to produce these products all year round, whereas
Spain does. The UK also imports these products because they buy them cheaper than if they
were to cultivate them themselves.
Governments can control international trade in different ways. The most common means
are tariffs and quotas. A tariff is a tax imposed on imported goods, whereas a quota is the
maximum quantity of a product that may be admitted in a country during a certain period
of time.
In 1957 The European Community was founded with the aim of creating a single
European Market. This EC has effected trade between European countries. Tariffs and
quotas are slowly being eliminated.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Questions
Lesson 12: Reading
G8's free trade project is here to stay - along with world poverty
Caroline Lucas and Vandana Shiva
Monday July 4, 2005, The Guardian
As world leaders prepare to meet in Gleneagles, against the backdrop of activist protests
and the Make Poverty History carnival in full swing, their pursuit of ever-freer
international trade is in the dock as never before.
Anti-poverty and development campaigners are united in their support for the Make
Poverty History campaign, which demands an increase in aid, debt cancellation and,
crucially, reform of the rules governing international trade.
At the same time, the EU - the world's second largest trading bloc - is in political crisis,
thanks to voters' rejection of the EU constitution in France and the Netherlands, driven
partly by concerns over the EU's enthusiasm for economic globalisation.
In rejecting the constitution, France and the Netherlands in effect joined the list of
countries, both rich and poor, that are calling ever-more loudly for protection against the
impact of cheap imports. This is fuelled, at least in part, by the penetration of the world's
textile markets by China, after protective quotas were abandoned earlier this year.
According to the European Apparel and Textile Organisation (Euratex), the EU's textile
sector risks losing 1,000 jobs a day, and up to 1,000,000 jobs before the end of next year,
prompting it to call for the introduction of quantitative restrictions.
In response the EU trade commissioner, Peter Mandelson, agreed a stop gap deal with
China in May to slow down its rate of take over of the EU market to about 10% a year for
three years.
Severe as these impacts are for Europe, for many developing countries they will be
devastating. Since the 1980s, largely as a result of the quota system in place until this year,
many have built a huge dependency on the textile sector. In 2000, it accounted for 95% of
all Bangladesh's industrial goods exports, in Laos 93%, Cambodia 83%, Pakistan 73%, Sri
Lanka 71%, and Nepal 61%. The sector employs more than 1.8 million workers in
Bangladesh, 1.4 million in Pakistan and 250,000 in Sri Lanka. Little wonder, then, that at
the end of last year several dozen developing countries made an 11th-hour appeal to the
WTO to save their textile industries from Chinese imports - it fell on deaf ears.
The accession of China to the WTO in 2001 is likely to be seen as a turning point in the
battle against free trade as livelihoods are lost all over the globe. Eventually rich and poor
nations will be forced to ask themselves: is there any sector in which China does not have a
comparative advantage based on cheap labour and ever increasing technical expertise?
The other Asian power, India, is - like Europe - facing a political backlash against
economic globalisation. Last year India's farmers, who make up 70% of the population,
voted to throw out the BJP government and its championing of "shining India". This
emphasised an urban, hi-tech, open market future. But India was not shining for the
majority of her farmers and for the last few years Indian activists and those campaigning
for real trade justice have been calling for increased self reliance and trade rules that
benefit the poor.
These negative experiences of free trade have informed Make Poverty History's demand for
a trading system that allows poor countries to protect themselves from damaging imports.
However at Gleneagles it is apparent that there is a glaring contradiction between this
demand and the G8's interpretation of "trade justice". The latter is a free market travesty of
such a programme. The UK chair is a cheerleader for it and, needless to say, a critical
questioning of the G8's fundamental commitment to economic globalisation has never been
on the table.
As a result, the summit will remain primarily a vehicle for pushing ahead with the free
trade project shared by these, the world's most powerful men. The G8 countries will
doubtless drop a few more crumbs of aid to their poorer neighbours, and may even keep
their pledges to cancel some of the debt with which so many developing nations are
shackled. However the effects of this apparent largesse will be swallowed up many times
over by the negative impact on poor countries of being forced to open their markets to
international competition.
Whatever gloss the post-summit statement puts on it, the result of all this free trade
emphasis is, in fact, to make poverty inevitable.
Yet as trade specialists from the north and south we know that regardless of the results of
the G8, the threat to livelihoods worldwide from freer trade will continue apace, as will the
political reaction against it. This will centre on an increasing clamour for protective
barriers, both north and south. This demand could be a crucial step towards really making
poverty history while allaying the fears of the no voters in Europe worried about the threat
to jobs of cheap imports and relocation.
The present open market emphasis of the G8, WTO and the EU urgently needs to be
replaced by trade rules that encourage the protection and diversification of domestic
economies.
They should also allow exporting governments to set the terms of the trade so that they
benefit the majority of their people, rather than the interests of big business at present
encoded in the WTO's "free and unfair" trade rules.
This approach would allow the G8 to offer its peoples a more secure economic future but
one that interacts with the rest of the world in a way beneficial to the poor everywhere, thus
meeting the desires of all of us worldwide who are seeking to Make Poverty History.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Questions
Read the text through carefully and answer the following questions in your own words.
True or False
Questions
Questions
RESPUESTAS
Questions
Read the text through carefully and answer the following questions in your own words.
True or False
Questions
Questions
How different countries approach business

On today's programme I will be interviewing Alex Brown from the software company,
Symantec. Symantec is a multi-national company that exports its products to thousands of
companies throughout America, Europe and the rest of the world. As part of his job, Mr
Brown is responsible for installing and configuring Symantec's software at companies all
over EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa).
Interviewer: Good afternoon Mr Brown, welcome to Business Radio.
Alex: Hi, thank you, it's a pleasure to be here.
Interviewer: So, how long have you worked for Symantec?
Alex: Well, that is an interesting question..and I suppose the answer is roughly two
weeks.
Interviewer: That's not long?
Alex: Well, you see, Symantec recently bought the company where I have worked for over
two years and that happened two weeks ago.
Interviewer: I see, has the merger gone well?
Alex: So far so good. Let's keep our fingers crossed!
Interviewer: As part of your job you have to visit different companies all over Europe, how
do you handle working in so many different countries?
Alex: I am always on the move.one week Ireland, the next Sweden.some times two
different countries in one week. It is tiring, but I enjoy it. What I have to bear in mind when
I'm visiting different European countries is my behaviour.well; it's not so much
behaviour but business etiquette.
Interviewer: Why's that?
Alex: because different countries like to do business in different ways. For example,
meetings.generally in the UK if a meeting is scheduled for 09:30 it will start dead on
time, however, in Spain the meeting won't start until 10:00 or 10:15. In Germany a meeting
is more likely to kick off before its scheduled time. These things take a bit of getting used to.
Interviewer: What about when it comes down to business lunches or dinners?
Alex: That's another interesting one because what is polite in your country might be rude
in another. The British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss business matters
with a drink during the meal, but the Germans like to talk business before dinner. However,
the Spanish like to eat first and talk afterwards. They have to be well fed and watered
before they discuss any business matters.
Interviewer: Ok, looks like our time is up. Thank you for your time.
Alex: You're welcome!
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Questions
Read the questions through carefully before listening. You may listen to the recording a
maximum of two times.
True or False
Please correct the false statements.
RESPUESTAS
Questions
Read the questions through carefully before listening. You may listen to the recording a
maximum of two times.
True or False
Please correct the false statements.
Lesson 12: Grammar
Correcting Mistakes
It is very important that when you finish writing a piece of work in English you check it
over at least twice. The process should be as follows:
Write - Check - Leave it 15 minutes - Come back - Check
This way you can eliminate small and silly mistakes! Exercise 1
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Exercise
A) In each of the following sentences there is one mistake. Find it and correct it.
B) In each of the following sentences there is one mistake. Find it and correct it.
RESPUESTAS
A) In each of the following sentences there is one mistake. Find it and correct it.
B) In each of the following sentences there is one mistake. Find it and correct it.
Trade
Contract
Demand
Duty
Embassy
European Union
Export
Exporter
Free trade
Government
Guidelines
Contrato
Demanda
Impuestos
Embajada
Unin Europea
Exportar
Exportador
Libre comercio (sin aranceles)
Gobierno
Pautas
Import
Importer
Invoice
Labour
Minimum wage
Quota
Standards
Statistic
Tariff
Tax
The World Trade Organization
(WTO)
Trade
Trade inspection
Trade restrictions
To eliminate
To exchange
To make a deal
To monitor
Importar
Importador
Factura
Labor, trabajo
Salario mnimo
Cuota
Estndares
Estadstica
Tarifa
Impuesto
Organizacin Mundial del
Comercio (OMC)
Comercio
Inspeccin comercial
Restricciones comerciales
Eliminar
Intercambiar, cambiar (moneda)
Hacer un trato
Controlar
Lesson 13: Stress
Key Vocabulary
Stress is an unpleasant state of emotional and physiological arousal that people
experience in situations that they perceive as dangerous or threatening to their well-being.
The word stress means different things to different people. Some people define stress as
events or situations that cause them to feel tension, pressure, or negative emotions such as
anxiety and anger. Others view stress as the response to these situations. This response
includes physiological changes -such as increased heart rate and muscle tension- as well
as emotional and behavioural changes. However, most psychologists regard stress as a
process involving a person's interpretation and response to a threatening event.
Stress is a common experience. We may feel stress when we are very busy, have important
deadlines to meet, or have too little time to finish all of our tasks. Often people experience
stress because of problems at work or in social relationships, such as a poor evaluation by
a supervisor or an argument with a friend. Some people may be particularly vulnerable to
stress in situations involving the threat of failure or personal humiliation. Others have
extreme fears of objects or things associated with physical threats -such as snakes, illness,
storms, or flying in an airplane- and become stressed when they encounter or think about
these perceived threats. Major life events, such as the death of a loved one, can cause
severe stress.
A person who is stressed typically has anxious thoughts and difficulty concentrating or
remembering. Stress can also change outward behaviour. Teeth clenching, hand wringing,
pacing, nail biting, and heavy breathing are common signs of stress. People also feel
physically different when they are stressed. Butterflies in the stomach, cold hands and feet,
dry mouth, and increased heart rate are all physiological effects of stress that we associate
with the emotion of anxiety.
If not managed appropriately, stress can lead to serious problems. Exposure to chronic
stress can contribute to both physical illnesses, such as heart disease, and mental illnesses,
such as anxiety disorders.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Questions
After reading the text, answer the following questions.
Lesson 13: Quiz
Stress Quizz
How stressed are you? Rate yourself as to how you typically react in each of the situations
listed below. There are no right or wrong answers.
4 = Always
3 = Frequently
2 = Sometimes
1 = Never
Enter a number in the box for each question. When you complete the questionnaire, add up
you total number of points and type it in the box. An answer key is provided below.
-------- ooo O ooo -------1. Do you try to do as much as possible in the least amount of time?
2. Do you become impatient with delays or interruptions?
3. Do you always have to win at games to enjoy yourself?
4. Do you find yourself speeding up the car to beat the red light?
5. Are you unlikely to ask for or indicate you need help with a problem?
6. Do you constantly seek the respect and admiration of others?
7. Are you overly critical of the way others do their work?
8. Do you have the habit of looking at your watch or clock often?
9.Do you constantly strive to better your position and achievements?
10. Do you spread yourself "too thin" in terms of your time?
11. Do you have the habit of doing more than one thing at a time?
12. Do you frequently get angry or irritable?
13. Do you have little time for hobbies or time by yourself?
14. Do you have a tendency to talk quickly or hasten conversations?
15. Do you consider yourself hard-driving?
16. Do your friends or relatives consider you hard-driving?
17. Do you have a tendency to get involved in multiple projects?
18. Do you have a lot of deadlines in your work?
19. Do you feel vaguely guilty if you relax and do nothing during leisure?
20. Do you take on too many responsibilities?
-------- ooo O ooo -------Answer Key

If your score is between 20 and 30, chances are you are non-productive or your life lacks
stimulation.
A score between 31 and 50 designates a good balance in your ability to handle and control
stress.
If you tallied up a score ranging between 51 and 60, your stress level is marginal and you
are bordering on being excessively tense.
If your total number of points exceeds 60, you may be a candidate for heart disease.
Lesson 13: Reading
Stress at work costs economy 100bn a year, says Mind

John Carvel, social affairs editor
Monday May 16, 2005, The Guardian
Excessive stress at work is causing an epidemic of depression and anxiety, costing the
British economy about 100bn a year in lost output, the mental health charity Mind said
last night.
It published results of an investigation into why mental health problems have taken over
from back pain as the main reason why people are unable to work and can claim incapacity
benefit.
Anxiety and stress are responsible for the loss of about 45m working days a year, but they
also contribute to underperformance among those who do not take sickness leave and
struggle to stay on the workplace treadmill. According to the charity, nearly 10% of the
UK's gross national product is lost each year due to job-generated stress.
Its report distinguished between positive pressure at work, which can be a valuable
motivational spur, and stress, which can lead to a downward spiral of physical and mental
ill health.
Factors inducing stress included:
a) Poor working conditions, including shift work, long hours, travel, noise, smells, lighting,
work overload and work underload.
b) An unclear role in the organisation, including ill-defined expectations, conflicting
priorities, role conflict and responsibility for others.
c) Personality factors, including a tendency towards anxiety, or a disposition that is
unsuited to the type of work - for example extrovert people may find a socially isolated job
more stressful than introverts.
d) Poor relationships at work, including low levels of trust, lack of supportiveness and
inadequate opportunities to explain problems to someone who will listen.
Such stress could lead to a suppression of the immune system. If it was chronic or severe, it
could lead on to a range of medical, psychological or behavioural disorders.
Early warning signs included insomnia, fatigue, muscle tension, heart palpitations,
stomach upsets, breathlessness without exertion and headaches.
Psychological warning signs included inability to concentrate, sense of humour failure,
high levels of anxiety, constant irritability or withdrawal from social contact.
The charity quoted research on work-related stress by the Health and Safety Executive
suggesting that 20% of employees suffered from stress levels described as "very" or
"extremely" stressful.
The most common stress-related complaints presented to GPs were depression and anxiety.
Their reports indicated that these conditions might affect 20% of the UK working
population.
In a recent CBI survey of more than 800 companies, 81% said mental health of employees
should be a company priority, but fewer than one in 10 had an official policy on mental
health. The peculiarity of this mismatch was highlighted by another CBI estimate that 30
times as many working days were lost due to mental ill health as from industrial disputes.
The TUC reported that 58% of workers complained of being stressed because of their job.
Richard Brook, chief executive of Mind, called for more openness about stress and mental
health problems in the workplace. "Today's competitive and pressured work environments
can make it difficult for people to disclose mental health or work stress problems without
the fear of affecting their career prospects," he said. The government should take a lead in
tackling the stigma that is commonly attached to mental ill health.
The charity called for changes in working practice to give employees genuine control over
their work and an appropriate degree of self-management of workload. It said roles should
be clearly demarcated, with defined responsibilities and expectations.
Employees should be actively discouraged from working excessively long hours and there
should be support for people with mental health problems.
The charity published the report at the start of Mind week, with a range of activities to
draw attention to mental health issues, including stress-busting exercise sessions at a
national chain of gyms.
-------- ooo O ooo -------(Haga click sobre las preguntas para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
Questions
Answer the following questions according to the text.
True or False
In your own words
Find synonyms in the text for the following words
RESPUESTAS
Answer the following questions according to the text.
True or False
In your own words
Find synonyms in the text for the following words
Lesson 13: Grammar
Sentence Transformation Exercises

Sentence transformation exercises help you expand your usage skills through testing
various ways of stating the same idea.
For example, the sentence 'I've lived here since 2002' can also be expressed: 'I moved here
in 2002'.
-------- ooo O ooo -------Sentence Transformation Exercise
Complete the following sentences so that they mean the same as the original sentence.
How to erase stress

Before you can cope with stress, you need to recognize the effects, which can manifest
themselves emotionally, psychologically, and physically.
Stress is caused by how we respond to events, not by the events themselves. Therefore, to
effectively manage stress, you must control stressful situations and find positive outlets for
when stress builds up.
To help manage stress, you can:
a) Get away. If you begin to feel the effects of stress, take a break. Getting away, if even for
a couple of minutes, will help you relax, catch your breath, and return with a clearer head.
b) Limit the events in your diary. Reduce the number of events you attend. It's impossible
to be everywhere, so decide which events you must attend, to which ones you can send a
representative, and which ones you can skip.
c) Get organized. Your office can be the most stressful area. Reduce that by labelling,
filing, scheduling, and planning ahead.
d) Take one step at a time. Looking at your entire workload can cause you to get worked
up. Avoid that by concentrating on one task at a time, if possible.
e) Find support. Everyone needs someone with whom he or she can talk. Spouses,
colleagues, or friends can be supportive during stressful times. Use the resources of your
local, regional, state, and national associations when looking for support.
f) Do it now. Procrastinating only prolongs the inevitable and could lead to a more
stressful situation later.
g) Relax. Meditate, practice yoga, or get a massage.
h) Eat right. Good nutrition helps reduce tension. So grab an apple instead of a doughnut
or chocolate bar.
i) Get enough sleep. Sleeping allows your body time to recuperate. Make sure you are
giving your body the time it needs. Don't be shy about taking naps.
j) Exercise. Working out is a great way to relieve stress and stay in shape.
k) Reward yourself. Take some time to reward yourself for all that work. Go to the cinema,
go for dinner with friends. Whatever you decide, you deserve it.
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Questions
Answer the following questions:
RESPUESTAS
Stress
Adrenalin
Aggression
Anger
Anxiety
Deadline
Depression
Emotionally unstable
Hassle
Humiliation
Immune system
Irritable
Mental Health
Mood (good / bad)
Performance
Adrenalina
Agresin
Ira
Ansiedad
Fecha lmite
Depresin
Emocionalmente inestable
Jaleo, lata, rollo
Humillacin
Sistema inmunolgico
Irritable
Salud mental
Humor (bueno / malo)
Desempeo
Pressure
Reaction
Research
Stressful
Tension
Threat
Traffic jam
Vulnerable
To appraise
To cope
To depress
To hinder
To weaken
Presin
Reaccin
Investigacin
Estresante
Tensin
Amenaza
Atasco circulatorio
Vulnerable
Valorar
Enfrentarse
Deprimir
Entorpecer
Debilitar
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Test your vocabulary

Match a word from the vocabulary section with its corresponding definition.
RESPUESTAS
Lesson 14: Telephone & Social English
Answering the Phone
There are a number of phrases and idioms that are used when telephoning. We are now
going to look at how to answer the phone (as a secretary or receptionist).
Company Greeting - Response to greeting - Reply to question / greeting
Company Greeting:
- Good morning / afternoon Queens English College (or name of company), how can I help
you?
Responses to greeting:
1. Good morning, yes can you put me through to Mr________ / extension ________ .
2. Sorry, could you tell me if Mrs ________ has arrived?
3. Yes, could you please tell me your Companies fax No.
Reply to question / greeting:
1. One minute, your call is being transferred / I'm sorry he is not here today. Can I take a
message?
2. Yes, she arrived at 10:00 or No she still hasn't arrived.
3. Of course, the no is ________
Taking Messages
When taking down messages it is very important that you get certain facts right, for
example, the name, address and telephone number of the caller. If necessary you will have
to ask for them:
1. Information to be clarified:
Could you tell me exactly what you said?
2. Ask for repetition:
Could I have your name again please?
Could you repeat that?
I'm sorry I didn't catch that
3. Ask for spelling:
Sorry, could you spell that for me please?
4. Show understanding:
I see
Right
5. Confirm:
Let me just repeat that, ...
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Practice
A) Complete these dialogues:
B. Choose the most appropriate response:
RESPUESTAS
B. Choose the most appropriate response:
Lesson 14: Introductions and Greetings
Introductions and Greetings (in person)

Introductions often include these steps:
Greeting - Introduction - Response to greeting
For Example:
Hello - Let me introduce myself, my name's ...
Pleased to meet you. I'm ...
Or:
Good morning/Good afternoon - My name's ...
Nice to meet you. Mine's ...
Or:
How do you do? - I'm ...
Nice to meet you. I'm ...
Introducing someone else
Now we are going to take a look at how to introduce someone else:

Request for information - Introduction - Response
For Example:
Excuse me, could you introduce me to your colleague?
Of Course, Let me introduce you to ...
Nice to meet you!
Or:
Excuse me; I haven't met your colleague
I'm sorry, this is ...
Very nice to meet you.
Or:
I don't know anyone here. You'll have to introduce me.
Of course, I'll introduce you to ...
Nice to meet you.
Remember!
1. Some introductions are more formal than others. The use of the first names indicates
informality.
2. In English-speaking countries, people usually shake hands on first meeting.
Presenting Yourself
It is very common to present yourself in terms of your job. The job defines the person. This
is usually the pattern:
Question/Comment - Response - Comment / Question
For Example:
What do you do for a living?
I'm in fashion
Oh, that's interesting!
Or:
Do you work?
Yes, I'm a teacher
Not a bad job!
Or:
What do you do in your company?
Oh, I work in the marketing department
What about you?
Lesson 14: Grammar
Grammar Point
Remember:
1. We use the Present Simple to express our jobs.
2. We use different prepositions to indicate work relationships. E.g.:
I work at Harrods (the place)
I work for Harrods (they are my employers)
I work with Harrods (in the sense of collaboration)
I work in fashion (general type of work)
I'm in the Human Resources Department (specific place of work)
Complete the following sentences so that they mean the same as the original sentence.
RESPUESTAS
Lesson 14: Starting Conversations
Starting Conversations
When you meet somebody for the first time and start a conversation, it is important to find
points in common interest so that the conversation can run smoothly.
Successful conversation depends on finding a topic both people can easily talk about. One
way of reaching this point is to follow a number of steps until a topic of common interest is
found.
1. Opening question
2. Immediate answer
3. Follow-up question
4. Immediate answer
5. Additional comment
6. Next question
7. Topic of common interest

For Example:
-How was your trip?
-Fine, thanks
-How long are you staying in Paris?
-Two days but I would like to stay longer
-What have you visited so far?
-Oh, I have been to the Eiffel Tower and that's about it.
-The Eiffel Tower was great wasn't it.....
- Etc.
The following two dialogues are in the wrong order. Rearrange them to make a natural
conversation.
(Haga click sobre los dilogos para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
Dialogue 1
Dialogue 2
RESPUESTAS
Dialogue 2
Telephone & Social English

Appointment
Appropriately
Business trip
Committee
Convenient
Current
Engagement
Event
Hopefully
Response
Personal Assistant
To arrange
To be based
To fix
To manage
To respond
To set up
Cita
Apropiadamente
Viaje de negocios
Comit
Conveniente
Actual
Compromiso
Acontecimiento
Esperemos que...
Respuesta
Asistente Personal
Organizar
Estar basado
Fijar
Manejar
Responder
Establecer
Lesson 15: Writing E-mails
How to start an e-mail
Writing e-mails is an increasingly important aspect of e-commerce. An e-mail must have a

good reason for being sent; otherwise it's better to not send it.
Keep the e-mail short. From the subject line to the farewell, the e-mail should offer the
reader the most relevant information in as few words as possible.
Customers are busy, and many feel overwhelmed by a long e-mail. Messages that are short
and to the point are more likely to be read.
Do choose words carefully.
Don't think that having a lot of space means that you should use it all.
State the most important things first
Customers will start reading an e-mail from the beginning and read the introduction to see
if it's worth spending more of their time. Readers tend to pay less and less attention to what
is written as they scan more quickly through the rest of the e-mail.
To make sure customers read the most relevant information, put the most important
information at the top, followed by the most important supporting information. Each
successive paragraph will receive less and less of the reader's attention and should contain
less and less important information.
First line of the e-mail
A bad first line of an e-mail will be the only part of the e-mail the customer reads. However,
a strong and informative first line, clearly stating the benefit of reading the full e-mail, will
increase the chance that more customers will at least scan most of the message.
RESPUESTAS
Lesson 15: Letter vs. E-mail
Differences between writing a letter and an e-mail

1. E-mails are generally less formal.
A normal letter may start Dear Mr Smith or Dear Sam.
In an e-mail a friendlier greeting is usually used e.g. Hi Bob.
However - BE CAREFUL - if you don't know the person you are writing to ALWAYS use
Dear Mr or Dear Ms.
2. E-mails are usually short - about one screen long. They are short because people don't
like to read long letters on their computer.
3. Due to the fact that e-mails are short it is easy to sound rude or impolite.
E.g. inviting somebody to a BBQ - in a normal letter you may write:
Dear Maria,How are you?
I hope you are well. As you are probably aware on Friday 13th August it is my birthday! I
am going to be 25 I can't believe it! Anyway I was thinking of having a BBQ at my house at
20:00.
I would really appreciate it if you could come. If you can please bring along a bottle of
wine and some glasses as I don't think I have got enough!
Let me know if you can come ASAP.
Thanks
Katie
However if I were writing an e-mail I would probably write:
Hi Maria,
Would you like to come to my party Friday 13th August at 20:00? Bring some wine and
glasses.
RSVP Kt xx
Katie has tied to make the e-mail as brief as possible, but the line, bring some winesounds
like an order. So, BE CAREFUL!
After you write an e-mail, read it back to yourself. Make sure there is not threatening
language in the e-mail or words whose meaning could be ambiguous.
Lesson 15: Abbreviations
Often in e-mails the author will use abbreviations instead of writing the whole word. This
method is used to save time. The most common abbreviations are as follows:
approx.
asap
Attn.
av.
bfor.
C.A.
Chq
Comm.
Corp
def.
dft
disc
e.g.
encl.
esp.
f.a.c
f.x.
g.a.
gr.
hgt.
H.O
i.e.
incl.
I.O.U
Ltd.
Max
N/A
nos.
p.
Pat.
PAYE
Pcl.
pp.
qty
Approximately
As soon as possible
Attention
Average
Before
Chartered accountant
Cheque/check
Commission
Corporation
Deferred
Draft
Discount
For example
Enclosed
Especially
Fast as can
Foreign exchange
General average
Gross
Height
Head Office
That is
Inclusive
I owe you
Limited
Maximum
Not applicable
Numbers
Page
Pend Patent pending
Pay as you earn
Parcel
Pages
Quantity
Re.
Ref.
RSVP
tel.
UGT
Vat
yrly
In regard to
Reference
Please reply
Telephone
Urgent
Value added tax
Yearly
Lesson 15: Writing
How to start an e-mail

Make these letters into an e-mail using and e-mail style and all of the abbreviations
necessary.
(Haga click sobre los textos para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
A) Letter
B) Letter
RESPUESTAS
B) Letter
Lesson 16: How to make a speech
Techniques
When we are giving a presentation, there are certain key words we use to 'signpost'
different stages in our presentation. These words are not difficult to learn but it is
absolutely essential that you memorize them and can use them when you are under pressure
giving a presentation.
When you want to make your next point, you 'move on'.
Moving on to the next point.
I'd like to move on to the next point if there are no further questions.
When you want to change to a completely different topic, you 'turn to'.
I'd like to turn to something completely different.

Let's turn now to our plans for next year.
When you want to give more details about a topic you 'expand' or 'elaborate'.
I'd like to expand more on the problem that has effected London.
Would you like me to expand a little more on that or have you understood enough?
When you want to refer back to an earlier point, you 'go back'.
Going back to something I said earlier, the situation in Chicago is serious.
I'd like to go back to something Jane said in her presentation.
To just give the outline of a point, you 'summarize'.
If I could just summarize a few points from John's report.
I don't have a lot of time left so I'm going to summarize the next few points.
To repeat the main points of what you have said, you 'recap'.
I'd like to quickly recap the main points of my presentation.
Recapping quickly on what was said before lunch,
For your final remarks, you 'conclude'.
I'd like to conclude by leaving you with this thought
If I may conclude by quoting
-------- ooo O ooo -------Exercise
Put the matching sentences together
RESPUESTAS
Lesson 16: Writing
Taking into account what is said above:

1. Make a speech about the housing situation in your country.
2. Make a speech concerning the political situation in your country.

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Lesson 1: Recruitment

Lesson 1: Reading Comprehension

-------- ooo O ooo --------

achievement, but it tends to be less personality-driven. German companies want candidates

-------- ooo O ooo --------

Lesson 1: The Curriculum Vitae

-------- ooo O ooo --------

University of the West of England

-------- ooo O ooo --------

2. In spite of his hard work, he could not finish the job.

-------- ooo O ooo --------

-------- ooo O ooo --------

Test your Vocabulary

Lesson 2: The Interview

Lesson 2: The Letter of Application

The Letter of Application

1. Why you are writing

Although I am presently 3.________ by a non-profit making organisation, it has always

-------- ooo O ooo --------

Lesson 2: The Interview

In your previous job what kind of pressures did you encounter?

How do you go about making an important decision affecting your career?

Firstly...... / in the long term...... / besides......

4. What is your long-term employment or career objective? What is your professional

What does she say wrong?

2.- Join each pair of sentences using a relative pronoun

Aviso a corto plazo

Lesson 3: Management Styles

Lesson 3: Reading Comprehension

Take a practical approach to management.

Appreciate low-level decision-making.

1.- Decide which country the following statements refer to:

2.- Find synonyms in the text for the following words:

-------- ooo O ooo --------

Test your Vocabulary

3. A competent person in charge of a workplace or who has authority over a worker

4. The amount of money paid for some specified quantity of labour.

Lesson 4: Advertising & Marketing

In what other ways can we advertise?

Hollywood Stars Come to Spain

2006: Claudia Schiffer (Mango)

-------- ooo O ooo -------Questions

Synonyms (click sobre las preguntas para ver las respuestas)

Coca Cola to drop advertising in schools

-------- ooo O ooo --------

Coca-Cola to drop advertising in schools

-------- ooo O ooo --------

Listen and answer the following questions.

Lesson 4: Word puzzle

1. The ..... to the new product has been very good.

We franchise only to individuals and not to partnerships, corporations, absentee investors

-------- ooo O ooo --------

-------- ooo O ooo --------

1. Female Franchising Pioneer

FASTSIGNS International is an international franchisor of sign and graphics centres, and

-------- ooo O ooo --------

2. Prontaprint Brighton Rocks

-------- ooo O ooo --------

Test your Vocabulary

Lesson 6: Accounting & Banking

Accounting deals with recording, summarizing and reporting a company's transactions.

-------- ooo O ooo --------

Lesson 6: Don't bank on it!