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International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial and Mechatronics Engineering Vol:7 No:12, 2013
I. INTRODUCTION
T. Singh is with the Shahhed Bhagat Singh State State Technical Campus,
Ferozepur, Punjab, India (phone: +918288012011; fax: 01632242138; e-mail:
tejeetsingh@rediffmail.com).
H. Singh was with Amritsar College of Engineering and Technology,
Amritsar, Punjab, India.
ra
V ( r ) = Vmax
[Vmax Vmin ]
ba
(1)
V avg =
2 rV
(r )dr
(b a ) 2 l
(2)
Putting the value of V(r) from (1) into (2) and integrating,
we get,
Vmin =
(3)
where is the ratio of inner radius (a) and outer radius (b).
III. CREEP LAW AND CREEP PARAMETERS
For aluminum matrix composites (AMCs), undergoing
steady state creep, the functional relation between effective
1411
e = A
0
Q
exp
E
RT
1/ n
(4)
e = [ M ( r ) ( e o ( r ) ]
r =
(8)
(9)
radial displacement.
where r and
(5)
rd
= r
dr
(10)
RT
n is taken as 5.
The symbols M(r) and o (r) are known as creep
parameters and can be obtained from following equations by
substituting the values of particle size P, particle content V(r)
and operating temperature T at the corresponding locations.
M ( r ) = 0 .0 2 8 7 6
d
d r
0 .0 0 8 7 9 1 4 .0 2 6 6 6 0 .0 3 2 2 3 6
+
P
T
V (r )
(6)
(11)
(12)
r = r
(7)
(13)
r + + z = 0
(14)
e
[2 r z ]
2 e
(15)
e
[2 z r ]
2 e
(16)
z =
e
[2 z r ]
2 e
(17)
r =
d r
dr
e is
rate invariant.
The von Mises [8] effective stress invariant e is given as
below,
e =
1412
1/2
1
( r )2 +(r z )2 +(z )2
2
(18)
r =
T (r )
r
a
z = 0
(19)
C
r
(27)
(20)
C
r = 2
r
r =
(21)
C
r2
T (r )
P (r )
.dr + C l
r
r
a
.dr
n+2
n
n+2
n
.dr
r
a
P (r )
.dr p
r
(28)
(22)
T (r )
n +2
n
.dr
P(r )
T (r )
.dr 2 P(r ) p
r
rn
(29)
z =
r +
(23)
z =
T (r )
e =
3
( r )
2
(24)
( r ) =
4 e C
.
.
3 e r 2
(25)
n +1
2n
1/2
4
P(r ) = . 0 (r )
3
(30)
TABLE I
DESCRIPTION OF CYLINDERS IN PRESENT STUDY
Reinforcement Content
(vol %)
Type of Cylinder
Vmax
Vmin
Vavg
Uniform Composite Cylinder (UCC)
20
20
20
Functionally Graded Linear Cylinder
30
12
20
(FGLC)
Functionally Graded Non-Linear Cylinder
30
12
20
(FGNLC)
(26)
C1/ n
.
M (r )
P (r )
T ( r ) P (r )
p
.dr 2
r
2
2r n
where,
4
T (r ) =
3
in (25), we obtain,
T (r )
+ P (r )
r 2/n
.dr
( r ) =
n+2
n
A. Validation
Before discussing the results obtained in the present study,
it is necessary to check the accuracy of analysis carried out.
To accomplish this task, following present analysis, the
tangential strain rates have been computed for a cylinder made
of copper, for which the results are reported in the literature
(Johnson et al. [9]). The dimensions of the cylinder, operating
pressure and temperature, and the values of creep parameters
1413
32
30
28
26
V (vol%)
24
1.2e-11
22
20
Present Study
16
9.0e-12
14
(s-1)
12
10
6.0e-12
25.40
30.48
35.56
40.64
45.72
50.80
r (mm)
C1 - 20Vol. % at 350oC
C2 - 30 Vol.% at 350oC
C3 - 30 Vol.% at 350oC
30.5
35.6
40.6
45.7
50.8
r (mm)
3.0e-12
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
25.40
30.48
35.56
40.64
45.72
r (mm)
C1 - 20 vol% at 350oC
C2 - 30 vol% at 350oC
C3 - 30 vol% at 350oC
1414
50.80
r , MPa
-20
C. Creep Stresses
To study the effect of the particle gradient on steady state
creep behavior of uniform composite cylinder and FG
cylinders (FGL and FGNL), the steady state stresses have
been determined by procedure outlined in Section IV, for three
different composite cylinders as mentioned in Table I, and are
also plotted in Figs. 5-8. The cylinder taken for investigation
in the present work is having same dimensions as that of
cylinder used by Johnson et al. [9] in their work.
The radial stress, Fig. 5 remains compressive (negative)
throughout the cylinder, with maximum value at the inner
-40
-60
-80
-100
25.40
30.48
35.56
40.64
45.72
50.80
r (mm)
C1 - 20 Vol% at 350oC
C2 - 30 vol% at 350oC
C3 - 30 Vol% at 350oC
1415
60
50
40
z , MPa
30
110
20
10
100
0
-10
90
, Pa
-20
25.40
30.48
35.56
40.64
45.72
50.80
r(mm)
80
C1 - 20 Vol.% at 350o C
C2 - 30Vol.% at 350oC
C3 - 30 Vol.% at 350oC
70
60
160
140
50
25.40
30.48
35.56
40.64
45.72
50.80
r (mm)
120
C1 - 20 vol% at 350oC
C2 - 30 vol% at 350oC
C3 - 30 vol% at 350oC
, MPa
e
100
80
60
40
25.40
30.48
35.56
40.64
45.72
50.80
r(mm)
C1 - 20 Vol.% at 3500C
C2 - 30 Vol.% at 3500C
C3 - 30 Vol.% at 3500C
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The study undertaken has led to the following conclusions;
1. The nature of radial stress is compressive in the composite
Al-SiCp cylinders. The compressive value of radial stress
decreases parabolically throughout the three cylinders.
2. The tangential stress remains tensile throughout and is
observed to increase parabolically from inner radius to
outer radius of composite cylinders.
3. The tangential stress significantly increases near inner
radius but decreases near outer radius due to presence of
particle gradient (linear or non-linear).
4. The axial stress in all composite cylinders changes its
nature from compressive (negative) at the inner radius and
it becomes tensile (positive) at the outer radius.
5. The effective stress remains tensile throughout in all
composite cylinders. Further, the magnitude of effective
stress decreases for the entire radial distance in all the
three composite cylinders (UCC, FGLC and FGNLC by
incorporating particle gradient.
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REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
1417