CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM
Introduction
Millions of people travel every day. Going to work, school or just
going to the mall, whatever the reason is, travelling is a necessity for
us. Along with this, traffic has been a part of our daily lives especially
during peak hours. It has been the problem of the country since we
adapted to change and embraced modernization.
Traffic on roads are consist of pedestrians, vehicles, streetcars
and other conveyances while using the public way for purposes of
travel. The occurrence of traffic accidents has a big impact to the
community specifically in the safety of the motorists and passengers
as well as to our economy. Traffic is formally organized in many
jurisdictions, with marked lanes, junctions, intersections, interchanges,
traffic signals, or signs.
Traffic and congestion has negative impacts to the community in
different aspects. Time of motorists and passengers are wasted. This
delay may result to the late arrival for employment, meetings and
education, resulting in lost business, disciplinary action and personal
loses such as salary deduction for employees as well as the stress
brought by the delays. Traffic is also a hindrance during emergencies,
blocked traffic may interfereinthe passage of emergency vehicles

travelling to their destinations. The stopping and starting in traffic jams

burns fuel consumption that costs commuters additional money for
fuel. The emissions released by the vehicles during traffic and
congestion create air pollution which is a contributor in global
warming.
Traffic laws govern traffic and regulate vehicles. Organized traffic
generally has well-established priorities, lanes, right-of-way, and traffic
control at intersections. Organized management in cooperation with
the drivers and passengers typically produces travel safety.
Under Republic Act.No.4136 known as the "Land Transportation
and Traffic Code."Section 2. This act shall control, as far as they apply,
the registration and operation of motor vehicles and the licensing of
owners, dealers, conductors, drivers, and similar matters. This act
intensifies the concern of the government to improve the traffic safety
as well as management in the country.
In Naga City, the Public Safety Office (PSO) is the local agency
which in charge of the transport and traffic. They implement the law
under 93-049 also known as The Transport and Traffic Code of Naga
City. It is an ordinance amending section 144, an ordinance governing
all vehicles and public conveyances in Naga City.

The

transport

department

has

been

entrusted

with

the

responsibility of providing a smooth public transportation system on

roads. This department functions by implementing traffic rules and
regulations and then monitor and regulate the functioning of the
transport in the city.
Responsibilities for traffic management, however, should not just
be relied upon the government agencies but a collaborative effort
among the policy makers, implementers as well as the ordinary people,
even children in grade school to senior citizens. Every citizen has to be
educated about road traffic safety rules and signs thats why Rep.
Narciso D. Santiago III has filed House Bill 4745 which aims to have a
separate subject integrated in the grade school and high school

curricula that includes the teaching of road traffic safety rules and
signs

since

young

people

are

the

easiest

to

train.

Organized traffic management generally has well-established

priorities, lanes, right-of-way, and traffic control at intersections. It
typically produces a better combination of travel safety and efficiency.
Events which disrupt the flow and may cause traffic are road
construction, collisions and debris in the roadway.

complete

breakdown of organization may result in traffic congestion. To avoid

complete congestion, rules of the road and driving etiquette are the
general practices and procedures that road users should be followed.
These rules are applied to all road users.
The capacity of the researchers to look into the level of
information dissemination of the Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga
City is completely significant to come up with an effective measure to
improve it.

Statement of the Problem

This study determined the problems encountered and the level of
implementation of the traffic rules and regulation as well as the
commonly committed traffic violation in Naga City, Calendar year
2013-2014. Specially is answered the following question.
1. What is the traffic accident statistic in Naga City?
2. What is the level of implementation of traffic rules and regulation in
Naga City?
3. What are the commonly committed traffic violation in Naga City

4. What are the perceived problems encountered by the PSO in

implementing the traffic rules and regulation?
5. What

measures

can

be

proposed

to

improve

the

level

of

implementation of the traffic rules and regulation in Naga City?

Assumption
This study assumes that:
1. There is varied traffic accident committed in Naga City from
2013-2014.
2. The perception of the drivers on Traffic Rules and Regulation
are different from one another.
3. There are varied of traffic accident committed in Naga City.
4. Theres a lot of problem encountered by PSO in Implementing
traffic rules and regulation.
5. There are potential measures that can be instituted to improve
the implementation of Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City.
Importance of the Study
This study is deemed important to the following:

Public Safety Office. This study will enable the PSO to become
more effective and efficient in disseminating the Traffic Rules and
Regulation to reduce traffic accidents and congestion.
Land Transportation Office. This study will give an insight to the
LTO an appropriate measure to utilize for the improvement of the
dissemination of Traffic Rules and Regulation.
Community. This will provide awareness to the community of the
level of the dissemination of Traffic Rules and Regulation and
encourage them to participate in increasing the level of information
dissemination to lessen traffic incidents.
Drivers. This will help them to realize the importance of Traffic
Rules and Regulation and be able to increase their cooperation for their
safety and for the passengers.
Future Researchers. This study will serve as basis for future
researchers to expound the level of dissemination of Traffic Rules and
Regulation and be able to arrive to a related variable to improve it.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study is centred on the level of implementation of the Traffic

Rules and Regulation of the Public Safety Office in Naga City. There
were 84 personnel in the Public Safety Office; the researcher selected
the personnel who are the field of Traffic Management Section were
chosen to perceived the problems encountered by the agency in the
implementation of it. The researcher also randomly selected tricycle;
jeepney drivers and pedestrian were chosen as respondents to know
the level of implementation of Traffic Rules and Regulation.
Definition of Terms
In order to have an understandable view of this study, following
terms are defined conceptually and operationally:
PSO Personnel. They are employees of Public Safety Office who
are responsible in the managing the road traffic system in Naga City.
They are contractual, regular, job order and casual employees.
Dissemination. The

act of

distribution and spreading

the

knowledge on traffic rules and regulation.

Implementation.The process of putting into practice certain rules
and regulation.

Traffic Rules and Regulation. These are the guidelines to be

followed by motorists and pedestrians.
Congestion.The overcrowding of vehicles resulting to vehicle
jamming or traffic.
Traffic.A situation in which large numbers of road vehicles are
prevented from moving or proceeding to their destination freely.
Investigation .A comprehensiveinspection in order to determine
the facts about the present status of the level of information
dissemination of the Traffic Rules and Regulation.
Drivers. This refers to an individual who operates a motor
vehicle.
Pedestrian. This term refers to the people walking along the road.
Padjak. This refers to a three-wheeled vehicle used as a means of
transportation in some areas in Naga City.

Notes
Sigua, R. Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering, University of the
Philippines Press
Shopov, M. Assessment of Road Safety in the ASEAN REGION
Tolentino, Francis People Centric Intelligent Cities, Manila Bulletin
Lee, Morgan. The Effects of Traffic Congestion, Demand Media
www.wikipilipinas.com

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter discusses the literature and studies significant to
this study. The researchers conducted a thorough search in the
libraries to look for books, magazines, and newspapers to gather
related literature and studies connected to this study. This chapter
presents the theories used in the theoretical framework and also the
conceptual framework.
Causes of Traffic
Kerner wrote that uncontrolled traffic comes in the absence of
lane markings and traffic control signals. On roads without marked

lanes, drivers tend to keep to the appropriate side if the road is wide
enough. Drivers frequently overtake others. Obstructions are common.
Intersections that have no signals or signage, and a particular road at a
busy intersection may be dominant. In some places traffic volume is
consistently, extremely large, either during periods of time referred to
as rush hour. Exceptionally, traffic upstream of a vehicular collision or
an obstruction, such as construction, may also be constrained,
resulting in a traffic jam. Such dynamics in relation to traffic congestion
is known as traffic flow. Traffic engineers sometimes gauge the quality
of traffic flow in terms of level of service.
Based from a speech in Vienna Convention on Road Signs and
Signals. As a general rule, drivers are expected to avoid a collision with
another vehicle and pedestrians. In addition to the rules applicable by
default, traffic signs and traffic lights must be obeyed, and instructions
may be given by a police officer, either routinely or as road traffic
control around a construction zone, accident, or other road disruption.
Signs, signals, markings and other features are often used to make
priority explicit. When there are no signs or markings, different rules
are observed depending on the location. These default priority rules
differ between countries, and may even vary within countries. Trends
toward uniformity are exemplified at an international level by the,

which prescribes standardized traffic control devices (signs, signals,

and markings) for establishing the right of way where necessary.
Effects of Traffic Accidents and Congestion
Based from study conducted by UP Diliman (2012),, Traffic
congestion has cost the economy quite heavily in terms of the
slowdown in the movement of goods and delivery of services,
increased vehicle operating costs, and otherwise productive man-hours
consumed as travel time, which may be quantified. The daily strain on
the quality of life of the urban populace, including the labor force,
students, and other regular commuters, may be difficult to quantify but
they cannot be ignored. Moreover, the negative impact of traffic
congestion on public health and the environment is expected to
translate to economic costs in the long run. Therefore there is a need
to introduce more efficient alternative public transport modes to curb
the increasing number of private cars.
Lim-Quizon( 2003 )revealed in his study that numerous number
of death in the Philippines is attributed to road traffic accidents. This
problem of is expected to be more serious for the other types of
accidents, namely, injuries and property damage only accidents. The
record of road accident fatalities revealed different factors including
the low information dissemination of the traffic rules and regulation.

How to Reduce Traffic Accidents and Congestion

According to Sigua (2008 )traffic management is a term used to
embody the activities undertaken by a highway transportation agency
to improve roadway system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for
both providers and consumers of transportation services. There are
two distinct types of traffic management. The first one utilizes
traditional traffic engineering tools or simple devices to regulate or
control traffic. The second relies more on advanced technology.
According to Derek Jensen,( 1995 )there are ten ways in reducing
traffic fatalities. These are:
a. Improve signage
Every motorist is trying to get somewhere, and many of them
aren't sure how to get there. While interstate signage is more or less
uniformly good in that it is more or less uniform, rural highway and
suburban signage is often quite poor.
b. Raise speed limits on safe roads
This would be cheap and effective. By and large, major
interstates are broad, well-maintained, smooth-flowing, and wellmarked. Raising the speed limit on these roads for cars in daytime and
good weather, would encourage motorists to leave dangerous back

roads where they know they can drive fast because of limited police
patrols. Moving traffic from back roads to major highways was a factor
in the decrease of traffic accidents.
c. Get drunk drivers off the road
Similarly cheap and similarly effective, discouraging people from
driving drunk or otherwise impaired is a proven method of reducing
traffic accidents.
d. Implement better roadway lighting
One major factor in motor accidents is poor visibility especially at
intersections, where most accidents occur. If more rural highway
intersections were lit, accidents at those intersections would go down.
Target intersections with a history of accidents first for best effect and
least cost.
e. Create more turn-only lanes
Every car that is stopped in the road to make a turn is an
accident waiting to happen. An impaired or inattentive driver colliding
with a car preparing for a turn is a major percentage of traffic
accidents. Turn-only lanes require little extra roadway but can reduce
accidents significantly, especially at intersections with poor visibility
for oncoming traffic.
f. Improve driving conditions

Bad weather always causes a spike in traffic accidents and the

cause often gets labelled as "driving too fast for conditions." State
transportation

departments

could

greatly

reduce

accidents

by

improving crumbling and pot-holed roads and clearing roads of debris,

snow, and ice more efficiently.
g. Eliminate stops
Highways are for driving. Any feature that brings all traffic from
70 MPH to 0 MPH is a 10-car pileup waiting to happen as well as a
woefully inefficient use of roadway. On urban and suburban roads,
creating better crosswalks with warning lights that pedestrians can
activate can reduce pedestrian traffic accidents significantly.
h. Create more divided highways
Any road in which a median separates oncoming lanes of traffic
is far safer than ordinary roads. It creates a barrier or buffer that goes
a long way toward keeping inattentive and impaired drivers from
drifting across the center line and creating a head-on collision, which is
nearly always fatal.
i.

Redesign bad intersections

If a crosswalk or lighting doesn't do the trick, a troublesome

intersection may simply be designed badly. Paring back vegetation and

signage, changing the angle at which the roads meet, or creating a jug

handle or overpass are all options that can change the dynamics of
traffic at that intersection and save lives.
j. Redesign bad roads
Redesigned whenever there is an opportunity and when traffic
snarls and accidents make it urgent. Just designating a highway as a
limited-access highway can reduce suburban sprawl around them and
avoid the installation of stop lights.
Improvements to vehicle safety, such as side-impact airbags,
would also help, but are hard to mandate. Teaching young people to
drive earlier using go-karts would also help by enabling them to better
understand the limits of traction and the need for attention to the road.
And vehicle safety inspections, although hard to implement, would
help to reduce dangerous highway breakdowns.
Wenzhe Chen (2012)emphasized that analysis for the road traffic
accident is the dissemination of summary analysis of road traffic
accidents. All types of traffic into the causes and recommends a
system can reduce the effective theory of road traffic accidents. Road
traffic safety depends on people, vehicles, roads, environment and
road traffic management in all aspects of an integrated system for coordination. Characteristics for the occurrence of traffic accidents, road
traffic accident on an analysis and research of the impact-spread of
road traffic accident, to investigate the microscopic properties of a

traffic accident on the traffic flow, emissions, noise impact and the
dissemination of the law, analyzing the past, the scene of the accident
the speed of other vehicles and drivers of the physical distribution
psychological reaction to speed up the disposal of road traffic
accidents, to reduce road traffic accidents on traffic flow and avoid the
second derivative disasters, the elimination of road accident black
spots, build a smart urban road traffic command system, to reduce
pollutants in automobile exhaust emissions to protect the natural
ecological environment, thus contributing to building a harmonious
ecological city transport network.
Dhilemon wrote that nowadays, the rate of road accidents keeps
increasing. This may be due to the increase in the number of people
using cars. This problem can be solved using three steps which are law
enforcement, education and by improving the road. Road accidents can
be reduced and solved by enforcing the law. The authorities should
make the traffic laws stricter. Punishment for those who disobeys the
traffic rule should be more threatening. The reason people keep
disobeying traffic rule is because they do not feel the punishment as a
threat. More policemen should be assigned for the enforcement of
these laws. Other than that, the infrastructure on the road can also be
improved. More overhead bridges should be built. Building overhead

bridges can reduce traffic jams thus reducing the risk of accidents.
Roads could be widened. Widening the roads can reduce traffic
congestion.
Francis Tolentino of Manila Bulletin wrote a news report that for
the improvement of traffic management in Manila the MMDA, the
agency primarily responsible in managing the daily concerns of the
metropolis, despite of the modest budget given to us every year, we
still manage to incorporate technology in our services which have
become integral to the daily lives of Metro Manilans. The goal of the
project is to create a people-centric metropolis to benefit as many
people possible through the use of technology that will eventually
result in the increased productivity, inclusivity, and resiliency of the
population. Cities around the world use technology to manage urban
congestion, maximize energy efficiency, enhance public security. The
MMDA launched the countrys first digitized traffic navigator in
partnership with a major TV network. This application provides users
with real time traffic information. Aside from it, it also provides
information of on-going construction activities, road accidents and
flooding that causes heavy traffic congestion in a particular area.
Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

This study is corresponding to the stated related literature and

studies because they gave stressed on the traffic rules and regulation
and suggestive measures in reducing traffic accidents and congestion
which composed of the study of Dhilemon, Sigua, Shapov, Francis
Tolentino, Wenzhe Chen and Derek Jensen.
The study of Sigua and Shappov pointed out the implementation
of the rules and regulation to make the traffic more organized. These
established direct contact to the driver and help making ride easy and
controlled by delivering information which complements the laws,
guiding directions, speed limits and parking zone.
According to Dhilemon he cited that road safety campaigns
should be organized. By organizing campaigns, the will participate
more and active thus providing them information on how important is
to obey traffic rules and safety.

Gap Bridged of this Study

This study wanted to create a progress in the level of information
dissemination of traffic rules and regulation by suggesting a program
that will enhance it to lessen traffic accidents and congestion.

This study also intended to boost the positive reception of the

community for the efforts of the PSO and the other traffic agencies in
improving the traffic management.
This study also searched for possible measures on the usual
problems encountered by the PSO in disseminating traffic rules and
regulation.

Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of the study is shown in Figure 1. This
study is associated with B.F. Skinners Behaviorism theory and Albert
Banduras social learning theory.

Behaviorism Theory

B. F.Skinner believed that the best way to understand behavior is

to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this
approach operant conditioning.
Skinner's

theory

of

operant

conditioning

was

based

onE.Thorndike s theory known as the 'Law of Effect.Skinner introduced

a new term into the Law of Effect - Reinforcement. Behavior which is
reinforced tends to be repeated; behavior which is not reinforced tends
to die out-or be extinguished.
B.F. Skinner coined the term operant conditioning. It means
roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is
given after the desired response.
According to Skinner, positive reinforcement strengthens a
behavior by providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding.
The removal of an unpleasant reinforcer can also strengthen behavior.
This is known as negative reinforcement because it is the removal of
an adverse stimulus which is rewarding. Negative reinforcement
strengthens behavior because it stops or removes an unpleasant
experience. Punishment is defined as the opposite of reinforcement
since it is designed to weaken or eliminate a response rather than
increase it.

Like reinforcement, punishment can work either by directly

applying an unpleasant stimulus like a shock after a response or by
removing a potentially rewarding stimulus. There are different types of
positive reinforcements. Primary reinforcement is when a reward
strengths a behavior by itself. Secondary reinforcement is when
something strengthens a behavior because it leads to a primary
reinforce.
Social Learning Theory
In social cognitive/ learning theory of Albert Bandura, human
behavior is extensively motivated and regulated by the ongoing
exercise of self- influence. The major self- regulative mechanism
operates through three principal subfunctions. These include selfmonitoring of ones behavior, its determinants and its effects;
judgment of ones behavior in relation to personal standards and
environmental

circumstances;

and

affective

self-

reaction.

Self-

regulation also encompasses the self- efficacy mechanism, which plays

a central role in the exercise of personal agency by its strong impact
on thought, affect, motivation, and action. The same self-regulative
system is involvedin moral conduct.

In social learning system, new patterns of behavior can be

acquired through direct experience or by observing the behaviors of
others. The more rudimentary form of learning is rooted in direct
experience, is largely governed by the rewarding and punishing
consequences that follow any given action. People are repeatedly
confronted with situations wherein they must deal with. It commonly
believed

that

responses

are

automatically

and

unconsciously

strengthened by their immediate consequences. Simple performances

can be altered to some degree through reinforcement without
awareness of the relationship between ones actions and their
outcomes. However, mans cognitive skills enable him to profit more
extensively from experience than if he were an unthinking organism.
Within the framework of social learning theory, reinforcement primarily
serves

informative

functions

although

it

also

has

response-

strengthening capabilities.
As

used

in

this

study,negative

reinforcement

strengthens

behavior. Traffic rules and regulation are implemented to avoid traffic

accidents and congestion. People are ought to follow these rules or
else they will be consequences for the violations they will commit. As a
result, for them not to do such consequences, they will follow the rules
and regulations mandated by the law. Another thing is positive

reinforcement strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence to

an individual who finds it rewarding and as for the Public Safety Office
personnel, it is their duty disseminate traffic rules and regulations.
Good implementation of traffic rules and regulation and high level of
information dissemination will reduce traffic accident and congestion.
This will be rewarding on their part and they will continue to effectively
do their job.
People learn by direct experience or by social observation as
stated in Albert Banduras theory. Drivers and Traffic enforcers learn
the

causes

of

congestion

and traffic

accidents

through

direct

experience in driving and observation of what things are needed to

avoid such results. Following rules or disregarding it may cause
responses in punishing or rewarding way.
These theories gave the researchers the ideas to come up with a
theory about the level of information dissemination of the traffic rules
and regulation.

Behaviorism Theory
(B. F Skinner)(1905)
Positive and Negative
Reinforcement
Social Learning Theory
(Albert Bandura)(1977)
Direct experience and
Social Observation

Level of implementation
of traffic rules and
regulation in Naga City

Participation in
the suggested
implementing
measures to
improve the level
of
implementation
of traffic rules and
regulation

Figure.1
THEORETICAL PARADIGM
Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework present the analytical tool used in the
study and shows the possible result of this study.
Input

This

study

seeks

to

identify

the

level

of

information

dissemination of traffic rules and regulation in Naga City. There are

some factors that the researchers thought of in order to attain the

objective. One of these is the identification of the level of information

dissemination of the traffic rules and regulation in Naga City to lessen
traffic accidents and congestion. Next is how the drivers see the traffic
rules and regulation. And lastly is the identification of problems
encountered of the PSO in implementing the traffic rules and
regulation.
Process The procedure startedwith a letter sent to the head of the
PSO for the approval of conducting the study, followed by gathering
the data using a questionnaire, observations and unstructured
interviews. Gathered information was calculated through percentage
technique and weighted mean. The data gathered was interpreted.
Output The result of the interpreted data was used to arrive to a
suggestive measure will be given to improve the implementation of
traffic rules and regulation

1. The level of
information
disseminati
on of the
Input
Traffic Rules
and
Output
Regulation
by the PSO
2. How drivers
and
pedestrian
perceive
the traffic
rules and

1. Gathering of
data
Questionnaire
Unstructured
interview
Observation
2. Processing of
data
Percentage
technique
Weighted
mean
3. Interpretation
of data

Program that will

improve the level
of implementation
of Traffic Rules
Process
and Regulation in
Naga City

FEEDBACK

Figure 2
CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM

Notes
Sigua, R. Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering, University of the
Philippines Press

Shopov, M. Assessment of Road Safety in the ASEAN REGION

Sigua, R.Generation and dissemination of Traffic Information
University of the Philippines Press
Jensen, Derek ,How to Reduce Traffic Accidents
Tolentino, Francis People Centric Intelligent Cities, Manila Bulletin
UP Diliman, Economic Impact of Traffic Congestion in Metro
Manila
Lee, Morgan. The Effects of Traffic Congestion, Demand Media
www.albert.bandura.com
www.behaviorist.skinner

CHAPTER III
METHODS AND PROCEDURE

This chapter presents the research methodology used in

this study.
Methods used
Descriptive method is used to interpret the data of this study.
Descriptive in the sense that the present condition related to the level
of information dissemination of traffic rules and regulation in Naga City
is presented in descriptive form.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study were the personnel of the Public
Safety Office of Naga City. There are 47 casual employees 3
contractual, 11 regular employees and 23 job order personnel in their
department. The researcher randomly selected 30 drivers which are 15
tricycle 15 jeepneydrivers and 15 pedestrians. All of these personnel
were selected as respondents to this study.
Table 1
Distribution of the Study
Respondents
Frequency
Casual
47
Regular
11
Job order
23
Tricycle Driver
15
Jeepney Driver
15
Pedestrians
15
Total
126
Procedure of Investigation

Percentage
37.30
8.73
18.25
11.90
11.90
11.90
100%

A letter was sent to seek for the approval of the head of the
Public Safety Office for the researchers to conduct the study. A
questionnaire was constructed by the researchers and given to the
respondents to answer. The researchers were not able to conduct a
sampling procedure because of the insufficient time they have in
conducting the study. However, the distribution of questionnaire was
personally done by the researchers to retrieve the data immediately.
This gave the opportunity to the researchers to conduct an observation
and the unstructured interview to support the data from the
questionnaires. The questionnaires were gathered to get the result of
the procedure. The result was treated and interpreted with an
appropriate statistical tool.
Data Gathering Tools
There were three tools used the data gathering. These are the
questionnaire, observation and unconstructed interview.
Questionnaire. This primary tool in data gathering asked for the
level of information dissemination of Traffic Rules and Regulation.
Observation. This method was used to study and take note of the
physical and mental behavior of the respondents.
Unstructured Interview. These were the attention-grabbing facts
that were used by the researchers to supplement the data from the
questionnaire.

Statistical Tool
There were two statistical tool used in this study, the percentage
technique, and the weighted mean.
Percentage Technique. The frequency of each item is multiplied
by 100 and then divided by the total number of respondents. The
formula is:
P= f
n

X 100

where:
P= is the percentage
f= is the frequency
n= is the total number of respondents
Weighted Mean. This tool was used to find out the level of
information dissemination of the Traffic Rules and Regulation through
the responses of the respondentsThe formula is:
MW= fx
n
where:
MW= is the weighted mean
= is the summation
f= frequency
x= is the total number of the responses
n=is the total number of respondents

CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the result of this study, as well as the
interpretation derived from the products of the document analysis,
questionnaire, to the respondents.
Profile of Traffic Accident in Naga City
Table 2
Vehicular Incident in Naga City C/Y 2013-2014

2014
Period

Total

9.78

94

13.4
1

28

7.61

62

8.84

5.71

40

10.87

59

8.42

22

6.60

29

7.88

51

7.28

4.5

Concepcion Grande

20

6.06

31

8.42

51

7.28

4.5

Cararayan

20

6.06

30

8.15

50

7.13

Bagumbayan Sur

21

6.31

21

5.71

42

6.10

Del Rosario

20

6.06

17

4.62

37

5.28

Peafrancia

22

6.61

10

2.72

32

4.56

Mabolo

12

3.60

17

4.62

29

4.14

10

Balatas

13

3.90

13

3.53

26

3.71

11

Barangay

2013
Frq

Frq

Pacol

58

17.42

36

San Felipe

34

10.21

Concepcion Pequea

19

Carolina

Tabuco

13

3.90

2.17

21

3.00

12

Panicuason

1.20

13

3.52

17

2.42

13

Dayangdang

2.70

1.63

15

2.14

14

Abella

1.20

10

2.72

14

2.01

15

Sta. Cruz

1.20

2.17

12

1.71

16.
5

Liboton

0.90

2.45

12

1.71

16.
5

San Insidro

1.50

1.08

1.28

18.
5

Trianglo

1.80

0.82

1.28

18.
5

San Francisco

0.60

1.63

1.14

20

Calauag

2.10

0.00

1.00

21.
5

Igualdad

0.60

1.36

1.00

21.
5

Sabang

0.30

1.09

0.71

23.
5

Tinago

0.60

0.82

0.71

23.
5

Dinaga

0.30

0.82

0.57

25

Lerma
TOTAL

0
333

0.00
100

2
368

0.54
100

2
701

0.28
100

26

Pacol was the accident prone area in Naga City with ninety four
(94) vehicular accidents was recorder in the year 2013-2014 Pacol was
the upper barangay in Naga City with the percentage of thirteen point

forty one (13.41%). Bagumbayan Sur had also forty two (42) vehicular
accident was recorded with the percentage of six point ten (6.10%).
Del Rosario was also an upper barangay but less vehicular accident
was recorded than Pacol with thirty seven (37) with the percentage of
five point twenty eight (5.28). Then Tinago, Dinaga and Lerma is the
least vehicular accident barangay in Naga City with almost five to two
were recorded traffic accident by the Public Safety office in Naga City.
Table 3
Level of Implementation of Traffic Rules and Regulation
Indicators
Drivers License
Suspension for
serious offenders
Penalties for Traffic
Offenders
Alcohol Breathalyzer
test
Enforcing Speed
Limits
Bicycle lanes
Enforcing tail gating
Pedestrian path
Mandatory headlights
Mandatory helmets
Childrens seat
Traffic lights for
pedestrian crossing
Total

Tricycl
e
3.17

Jeep

AWM

3.90

Pedes
.
3.33

R.

3.47

Inte
.
VSI

3.07

3.57

3.07

3.24

SI

3.17

3.33

3.2

3.23

SI

3.10

3.20

3.33

3.21

SI

3.20
3.00
2.97
3.07
2.93
2.93
2.80

3.40
2.83
3.17
3.23
3.40
2.70
2.20

2.93
3.53
3.13
2.93
3.06
3.13
3.06

3.18
3.12
3.09
3.08
3.03
2.92
2.69

SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI

5
6
7
8
9
10
11

3.04

3.18

3.15

3.12

SI

Legend: 3.26-4.00 Very Strictly Implemented (VSI) - 2.51- 3.25 Strictly Implemented
(SI) - 1.76- 2.50 Less Implemented (LI) - 1.00- 1.75 Least Implemented (LtI)

Table 3.This table shows the level of implementation of traffic

rules and regulation in Naga City as perceived by selected tricycle,
jeepney drivers and pedestrian which is always in the road of Naga.
Drivers license suspension for serious offenders was top among this
rules and regulation with three point forty seven (3.47) which is very
strictly

implemented.

Children

seats

in

naga

city

is

strictly

implemented with the rank of 10 with awm of two point ninety two
(2.92). Traffic light for pedestrians crossing was last among the rules
and regulation implemented in Naga City as perceived by the selected
tricycle, jeepney drivers and pedestrian of Naga with the awm of two
point sixty nine which is Strictly Implemented by the PSO.
Table 4
Commonly Committed Traffic Violations in Naga City
C/Y 2013

Common Violation
Driving without license
Expired license
Illegal Parking
Loading/Unloading
No crash helmet
No ID/Expired ID
Noncompliance to traffic rules
Student Permit
Unregistered
trimobile/padyak/bicycle
Wearing of slippers/short/sando
Wheel clamp ordinance
(Motorcycle)
Wheel clamp ordinance (4 wheels)
Total

Frq.
213
154
151
145
140
138
137
135
130

%
12.39
8.96
8.78
8.44
8.14
8.03
7.97
7.85
7.56

Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

129
126

7.50
7.33

10
11

121
1719

7.04
100%

12

Table 4. This table shows the commonly committed traffic violation in

Naga City in the year 2013. Driving without license were top among the
violation committed with two hundred thirteen were recorded by the public
safety office of naga city with percentage of twelve point thirty nine and
driving with the expired license which is second to the common traffic
violation committed in naga city with almost one hundred fifty four violator
drive a vehicle with expired license with the percentage of eight point ninety
six and the violation of wheel clamp ordinance for motorcycle is the latter
violation committed in naga city with nearly one twenty six driver park
illegally in the city of naga and also wheel clamp for the 4 wheels vehicle with
almost one twenty one cars violated the wheel clamp ordinance here in naga
city.

Table 5
Commonly Committed Traffic Violations in Naga City
C/Y 2014

Common Violation
Expired license
Driving without license
No crash helmet
Loading/Unloading
Student Permit
No ID/Expired ID
Noncompliance to traffic rules
Illegal Parking
Unregistered
trimobile/padyak/bicycle
Wheel clamp ordinance (4 wheels)
Wheel clamp ordinance (Motorcycle)
Total

Frq.
220
193
186
175
168
161
153
146
132

%
12.63
11.06
10.68
10.05
9.64
9.24
8.78
8.38
7.58

Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

113
95
1742

6.49
5.45
100%

11
12

Table 5. This table show the common traffic violation committed

in naga city. Expired license was top among the violation committed in
naga city with almost two hundred twenty (220) was recorded by the
Public Safety Office of Naga with twelve point sixty three and driving
with student license was on rank five in the common traffic violation
committed in naga city with one hundred sixty eight (168) with nine
point sixty four (9.64) and Wheel clamp ordinance in motorcycle was
last among the traffic violation committed in naga city with 95
motorcycle violated this ordinance with percentage of five point forty
five.
Problems encountered by PSO in implementing the Traffic
Rules and Regulation
The next table presents the problems encountered by the PSO
Naga City in implementing the Traffic Rules and Regulations in Naga
City.
Table 5
Problems encountered by PSO in implementing the Traffic
Rules and Regulation
Problems encountered by PSO
WM
Lack of personnel
3.80
Insufficient trainings and seminars 3.10
for personnel
Not enough Road signs and
2.75
signals
Lack of trainings and seminars for
2.65

Interpretation
VSP
SI

Rank
1
2

SI

SI

drivers and pedestrians.

Inadequate road space especially
2.12
LI
during peak hours .
Total
2.88
SI
Legend:
3.26-4.00 Very Serious Problem (VSP)
2.51- 3.25 Serious (S)
1.76- 2.50 Less Serious (LS)
1.00- 1.75 Least Serious (LtS)

The table revealed that the problem on lack of personnel ranked

first with the weighted mean of 3.80 and interpreted as very serious.
Insufficient trainings and seminars for personnel ranked second with
weighted mean of 3.10 and interpreted as serious. Not enough Road
signs and signals ranked third with the weighted mean of 2.75 and
interpreted as serious. Lack of trainings and seminars for drivers and
pedestrians ranked fourth with the weighted mean of 2.65 and
interpreted as serious. Inadequate road space especially during peak
hours ranked fifth with the weighted mean of 2.12 and interpreted as
moderately serious. The researchers deduce from the results that the
PSO has serious problems in implementing the Traffic Rules and
Regulation in Naga City with 2.88 weighted mean.
Wenzhe Chen emphasized that analysis for the road traffic
accident is the dissemination of summary analysis of road traffic
accidents. All types of traffic into the causes and recommends a
system can reduce the effective theory of road traffic accidents. Road
traffic safety depends on people, vehicles, roads, environment and

road traffic management in all aspects of an integrated system for coordination. Characteristics for the occurrence of traffic accidents, road
traffic accident on an analysis and research of the impact-spread of
road traffic accident, to investigate the microscopic properties of a
traffic accident on the traffic flow, emissions, noise impact and the
dissemination of the law, analyzing the past, the scene of the accident
the speed of other vehicles and drivers of the physical distribution
psychological reaction to speed up the disposal of road traffic
accidents, to reduce road traffic accidents on traffic flow and avoid the
second derivative disasters, the elimination of road accident black
spots, build a smart urban road traffic command system, to reduce
pollutants in automobile exhaust emissions to protect the natural
ecological environment, thus contributing to building a harmonious
ecological city transport network.
Measures that can be constituted to improve the
implementation of Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City
The researchers recommend the following: (1) The Public Safety Office
as the agency which is in charge of implementing the Traffic Rules and
Regulation in Naga City should have a strong collaboration through an
open communication with other agencies such as Land Transportation
Office and the Department of Public Ways and Highways along with the
Local Government of Naga City. (2) the Local Government should

provide support in implementing the Trafic Rules and Regulation by

giving out funds for hiring qualified traffic enforcer and identify those
personnel who are involve in bribery and give them the proper
sanction to strengthen the manpower of the agency. (3) The PSO along
with the Local Government should work together with the Department
of Education to include in their lesson information about Traffic Rules
and Regulation.

PROJECT PROPOSAL
TITLE OF THE ACTIVITY:

TRAFFIC RULES AND ROAD SAFETY

THEME:

Driver Enhancement Program

PROPONENT:

RUSTY REMOROZA
KIMUEL PONTANILLA
DHAN ANTHONY PALLES
MC KEVIN PUSO

TARGET PARTICIPANTS :

Selected Public Utility Vehicle Driver

EXPECTED PARTICIPANTS: 40
VENUE:

Naga College Foundation

BUDGET:

P 1,450.00

This seminar is designed to inform the Public Safety Office about

the result of the study conducted by the researcher.
The research titled Traffic Rules And Regulation Implementation
In Naga City , made by proponent revealed that based on the findings
it was conclude that the Public Safety Office had a very serious
problem encountered in their implementation of traffic rules and
regulation which indicates that these areas should be given additional
attention to address these problem.
This finding was based on the analyzed date of the questionnaire
given to the respondent. The researcher recommends that coordinates
with the BFP to conduct firefighting tactics to the volunteer fire brigade
of Naga City.
I DISCUSSION
Safety measure in Naga City has been organized for giving
protection to the people for the purpose of safety. Certain practices
such as road safety, incident stabilization and property conservation,
while others, such as defensive driving such as when a human life is at
stake an interior attack is mandated and Dependent on jurisdiction,
driver age, road type and vehicle type, motor vehicle drivers may be

required to pass a driving test (public transport and goods vehicle

drivers

may

need

additional

training

and

licensing),

conform

to restrictions on driving after consuming alcohol or various drugs,

comply with restrictions on use of mobile phones, be covered
by compulsory

insurance,

wear seat

belts and

comply

with

certain speed limits. Motorcycle riders may additionally be compelled

to wear a motorcycle helmet.
II OBJECTIVE:
This seminar aims to enhance the knowledge and skills of Public
Utility Driver and how to respond follow the traffic rules and regulation
without prejudice.
III EXPECTED OUTPUT
At the end of the seminar the participants are expected to be
able:
1. Follow the traffic rule and regulation implemented in Naga City
2. Can inform his/her family about the traffic rule and regulation
here in Naga City.
IV METHODOLOGY
All topics will be presented and discussed
III PROGRAM Fire Run
TIME

ACTIVITY

PERSON INVOLVED

7:00 8:00
8:00 9:00

Registration
Opening Program
Invocation
National Anthem
Welcome and Opening
Remars
Key note Address:
Traffic Rules and
Regulation
Snack
Open Forum

9:00 10:00

10:00 10:30
10:30 11:30
11:30 12:00

Closing program and

closing remarks
Awarding of
Certificates of
Appreciation and
Participation

Kimuel Pontanilla
Dhan Anthony Palles

Mr. Nicasio Garcia

Mr. Nicasio Garcia and

Participants
Dr. Marilyn F. Balares

IV BUDGETARY REQUIRMENT
PARTICULA

UNIT

UNIT COST

NO. of UNITS

AMOUNT

R
Streamers
Certificates
Plaque
Token
Snacks

Pieces
Copies
Speakers
Speakers
Speaker and

250.00
50
200
200
30

1
41
1
1
40

250.00
500.00
200.00
200.00
300

Participants
Total

1450.00

V EVALUATION
Evaluation will be administered at the end of the seminar to
measure it effects
VI - RECOGNITION
Certification to the winner will be awarded to the participants.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECCOMMENDATION
This chapter represents the summary of findings of this study
that arrived to the findings, conclusion and recommendation of the
researchers.
Summary
The researchers conducted the study to answer the following
specific questions: (1) What is the traffic accident profile in Naga City?
(2) What is the level of implementation of traffic rules and regulation in
Naga City? (3) What are the perceived problems encountered by the
PSO in implementing the traffic rules and regulation? (4) What

measures can be proposed to improve the level of implementation of

the traffic rules and regulation in Naga City?
Descriptive method is used in this study to interpret the data. It
is descriptive in the sense that the present condition related to the
level of implementation of traffic rules and regulation in Naga City is
presented in descriptive form.
A questionnaire was constructed by the researchers and given to
the respondents to answer. The researchers were not able to conduct a
sampling procedure because of the insufficient time they have in
conducting the study. However, the distribution of questionnaire was
personally done by the researchers to retrieve the data immediately. It
gave the researchers the opportunity to conduct an observation and
the unstructured interview to support the data from the questionnaires.
The level of information dissemination and how drivers, pedestrian
perceived

the

traffic

rules

and

regulation

and

the

problems

encountered were treated with weighted mean. Percentage technique

was used to treat the data of the respondents. The findings were used
to

draw

measures

that

can

be

constituted

to

improve

implementation of Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City

Problem 1.What is the traffic accident statistic in Naga City?
Finding

the

The study revaealed the findings that Pacol was the accident
prone area in Naga City with ninety four (94) vehicular accidents was
recorder in the year 2013-2014 Pacol was the upper barangay in Naga
City with the percentage of thirteen point forty one (13.41%).
Bagumbayan Sur had also forty two (42) vehicular accident was
recorded with the percentage of six point ten (6.10%). Del Rosario was
also an upper barangay but less vehicular accident was recorded than
Pacol with thirty seven (37) with the percentage of five point twenty
eight (5.28). Then Tinago, Dinaga and Lerma is the least vehicular
accident barangay in Naga City with almost five to two were recorded
traffic accident by the Public Safety office in Naga City.

Conclusion
Based on the finding we found out that Pacol is most accident
prone barangay in naga city therefore we conclude that PSO should
make a plan to address rampant of vehicular accident in barangay
pacol.

Recommendation

The researcher highly recommend that PSO should mandatory

inform or train the divers in defensive driving or safe driving to lessen
the Vehicular accident in Naga City.

Problem 2.What is the level of implementation of traffic rules and

regulation in Naga City?
Finding
The implemented rule and regulation in Naga City wherein
suspension of drivers license for serious offenders (AWM 3.47).,
Mandatory headlight (AWM 3.08) and Mandatory helmets (AWM 3.03),
Children seats (AWM 2.92) and lastly Traffic light for pedestrian
crossing with the (AWM 2.69)
Conclusion
According to the finding we found out we conclude that Tricycle,
Jeepney Drivers in Naga City perceive the traffic rules and regulation as
moderately high. This confirmation that the PSO lack of efficiency on
how they are going to decrease traffic and congestion.

Recommendation
The researchers believe that to increase the knowledge of drivers
and pedestrian in traffic rules and regulation, the Public Safety Office
should be strict and firm in implementing it. Seminars for the

pedestrian and drivers will also be a great help to increase their

knowledge and at the same time their cooperation in reducing traffic
accidents and congestion.

Problem 3. What is the commonly committed traffic violation in Naga

City?

Finding
The table revealed the common traffic violation committed in
Naga City which is Driving without license, Noncompliance of traffic
rules, Student Permit, Wheel clamp ordinance (Motorcycle), Wheel
clamp ordinance (4 wheels).

Conclusion
The data revealed that theres a lot of common traffic violation
committed in Naga City therefore the researcher concludes that PSO
make an strategic planned to lessen the committed traffic violation in
Naga City.

Recommendation
The researcher highly recommends that PSO should have a
campaign programed to inform the community about the Traffic Rules
and Regulation so that it can lessen the commission of the traffic
violation in Naga City

Problem

4.

What

are

the

problem

encountered

by

PSO

in

implementing the Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City?

Finding
The table revealed that the problem on lack of personnel ranked
first with the weighted mean of 3.80 and interpreted as very serious..
Lack of trainings and seminars for drivers and pedestrians ranked
fourth with the weighted mean of 2.65 and interpreted as serious.
Inadequate road space especially during peak hours ranked fifth with
the weighted mean of 2.12 and interpreted as moderately serious. The
researchers deduce from the results that the PSO has serious problems
in implementing the Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City with 2.88
weighted mean.

Conclusion
The researchers conclude from the results that the PSO has
serious problems in implementing the Traffic Rules and Regulation in

Naga City. They have insufficient number of personnel, and seminars

for them and for drivers and pedestrian.
Recommendation
Since the result of the findings shows that PSO has serious
problems in implementing the Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga
City, they should increase the number of their personnel by hiring
qualified traffic officers. And before they will be on field work, they
should

have

undergone

series

of

seminars

assessment which are along with their field of work.

and

training

and

TRAFFIC RULES AND REGULATION IMPLEMENTATION

IN NAGA CITY
______________________________
A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Criminal Justice Education
Naga College Foundation
Naga City
_________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

________________________________
By:
Rusty Remoroza
Kimuel Pontanilla
Dhan Anthony Palles
Mc Kevin Puso

2015