Calculation of Transmission Line Parameters From Synchronized Measurements

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Calculation of Transmission
Line Parameters From
Synchronized Measurements
Robert E. Wilson, Gary A. Zevenbergen, Daniel
L. Mah, A. Jay Murphy
Published online: 30 Nov 2010.
To cite this article: Robert E. Wilson, Gary A. Zevenbergen, Daniel L. Mah, A. Jay
Murphy (1999) Calculation of Transmission Line Parameters From Synchronized
Measurements, Electric Machines & Power Systems, 27:12, 1269-1278, DOI:
10.1080/073135699268560
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Calculation of Transmission Line Parameters

From Synchronized Measurements
ROBERT E. WILSON
GARY A. ZEVENBERGEN
DANIEL L. MAH
Western Area Power Administration

US DOE
Golden, Colorado, USA
A. JAY MURPHY
Macrodyne, Inc.
Clifton Park, NY, USA
Accurate knowledge of transmission system parameters, such as series impedance, optimizes distance relay settings and impedance-based fault location.
A new method is developed to measure transmission line impedances and admittances from synchronized phasor measurements. Power system voltage and
current phasors were recorded during commissioning tests of a 525 kV transmission system containing shunt and series compensation. Steady-state phase
angles ( d ) and magnitudes of line-side voltages and currents were measured
relative to a satellite-based global time standard at two substations. Pairs of
synchronized measurements were used to directly calculate real-time steadystate ABCD parameters. For comparison, two-port ABCD transmission system
parameters were derived by classical methods and from an ElectroMagnetics
Transients Program (EMTP) transmission system design model.
To verify the accuracy of the measured parameters, a new method comparing eld measured with calculated power ows was developed. Sending-end
power ow was measured from accurate recordings and was compared with
power ow calculated using the three estimates of ABCD parameters, sendingend voltages, and receiving-end voltages. Close agreement was found between
eld-measured power ows and calculations using the measured ABCD parameters.
Introduction
Computer programs that calculate line impedances and admittances (parameters)

use tower geometries, conductor dimensions, and engineer estimates of actual line
lengths, conductor sag, and other factors. This paper discusses, for the rst time,
the use of synchronized steady-state phasor measurements to measure transmission
system parameters of an actual system. The transmission system studied consists of
transposed transmission line sections with dierent geometries that have series and
Manuscript received in nal form March 5, 1999.
Address correspondence to Robert E. Wilson.
1269
1270
R. E. Wilson et al.
shunt compensations. Eects of the instrument transformers at each terminal were

included in the measurements, reecting what is actually seen by distance relays,
other protective relays, impedance-based fault locators, watt and VAr meters, and
other substation instruments.
Two-port ABCD parameters present the most general method to characterize a
transmission system. The term parameters (instead of impedances) are used to indicate that the ABCD parameters have units of no dimensions, ohms, and siemens.
ABCD parameters can easily be converted to pi-equivalent models. ABCD parameters were obtained by three independent methods: classical EMTP-based, and
synchronized measurements. ABCD parameters were rst calculated by proven software using classical methods where tower geometries, conductor types, and other
factors are input to the program. The EMTP-based ABCD parameters were calculated by applying simulated short and open circuits to an EMTP design model.
Highly accurate, synchronized recordings of voltages and currents from opposite
ends of the transmission system were used in a new method to calculate ABCD
parameters (these ABCD parameters will be called Measured ABCD ).
While searching for a way to investigate the accuracy of ABCD parameters
derived by the three dierent transmission methods, the authors developed a new
method that uses ABCD parameters and synchronized voltage measurements to
calculate transmission line power ows. Measured sending-end power ow was obtained from voltages and currents recorded on a high-accuracy synchronized phasor
measuring unit. The three independently produced ABCD parameters were then
used in the new power ow method to calculate sending-end power ows. The
measured transmission system parameters produced power ows that agreed most
closely with measured power ows.
Researchers have advocated the use of synchronized measurements for a variety of advanced power system applications (Denys et al., 1992; Stanton et al.,
1995), including the enhancement of performance of state estimators (Phadke et al.,
1985). Recent work by several researchers has shown that parameter errors can affect state estimators more than errors in measurement (Slutsker et al., 1996; Liu
and Lim, 1995). (Slutsker and Mokhtari, 1995) advocate the idea of comprehensive
estimation, where network state, breaker status, and parameters are estimated.
(Koglin, 1994) proposed to use recording from digital relays to estimate line parameters. Koglin points out that accurate knowledge of line parameters, especially
the zero-sequence parameters, is needed for adaptive protection and fault location.
(Phillippot and Maun, 1995) point out that there are two methods to calculate
line impedances: calculations based on Carsons formulae, and parameter estimation based on the measurement of open-circuit and closed-circuit voltages and
currents. Phillippot and Maun obtained synchronized measurements from a 12-bit
(plus sign) digital fault recorder (DFR) recordings of transmission line switching
events. Phillippot and Maun devoted one channel of the DFR to recording a special
signal synchronized by the NAVSTAR-Global Positioning System (GPS), and the
transmission line measurements were post-synchronized. The measurements used in
this study are 16-bit and GPS synchronized at the time of recording. (Meliopoulos
and Fardanesh, 1995) used GPS-synchronized data and state estimation techniques
to identify transmission line resistive and reactive parameters. Their estimates of
voltage on a 765 kV line had a high quality of estimates, but the quality of estimated
line resistance was low and unusable.
1271
Experimental M ethods
The transmission system studied is part of the California-Oregon Transmission

Project (COTP), a 330-mile, 525 kV AC transmission line from the southern Oregon border to central California in the United States. Figure 1 shows the 190-mile
portion of the transmission line used in this study between Olinda Substation in
northern California and Tracy Substation in central California. Before the COTP
was placed in service, 11 high-voltage, short-circuit staged-fault tests were performed at various locations on the transmission system. As part of the testing, the
authors installed two phasor measurement units, one at Olinda and one at Tracy
Substations. In the following sections, the Olinda terminal is called the sending-end;
Tracy is called the receiving-end.
Measuring units were installed temporarily near existing digital transient recorder switchboard sections, which contained all currents and voltages of interest.
The high input impedance ( > 100,000 ohm) measuring unit current channel inputs were connected in parallel to transient recorder inputs across existing current
shunts. As shown in Figure 1, each instrument recorded the real and imaginary
parts of the line-side voltages (P1) and line currents (P2) (Wilson et al., 1993).
Simultaneous measured values used in this study are listed in Table 1.
Figure 1. COTP transmission system.

Table 1
Measured positive-sequence values
Event
E1
E2
E5
E6
E8
E9
E10
E11
V (l n)
Send (kV)
52 .76 + j
311 .4 + j
187 .6 + j
129 .8 j
294 .6 + j
269 .9 j
68 .43 + j
287 .9 j
305 .9
1 .80
244 .4
280 .6
309 .9
158 .3
302 .2
111 .2
Send (A)
84 .29 + j
471 .84 j
354 .6 + j
351 .6 j
73 .5 + j
399 .4 + j
133 .6 + j
666 .6 j
413 .2
22 .10
499 .7
612 .7
316 .6
85 .3
480 .6
453 .8
V (l n)
Recv. (kV)
83 .61 + j
307 .7 j
219 .8 + j
174 .6 j
5 .20 + j
259 .4 j
104 .3 + j
302 .3 j
297 .4
33 .3
215 .9
251 .4
313 .9
178 .7
289 .7
53 .8
1272
R. E. Wilson et al.
All CCVTs were of identical manufacturer and model number. The authors
estimated that the signal delay through the CCVTs would be roughly equal. The
stated accuracy of the CCVTs is 1.2% for voltage magnitudes and 1 for phase
angles. (Burnett et al., 1994) estimated that the phase angle errors introduced by
the instrument transformers would be small at load levels.
The phasor measurement units use GPS to synchronize within one microsecond
digital sampling of currents and voltages within one phasor measurement unit at
dierent substations nearly simultaneously, providing magnitude and phase angles
(phasors) of power system quantities (Slavinsky et al., 1992). An integral GPS receiver recovers Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and produces a timing pulse
that phase locks the sampling hardware of the instrument. The delay through each
channel of the measuring unit is very stable and well known. An internal algorithm
estimates phasor quantities. Phase angles of input signals are measured to better
than 0 .02 relative to UTC at each substation (60 Hz systems). Because measurements at dierent substations are synchronized to UTC, the phase angle across
a transmission system is found by subtracting receiving values from sending values. Thus, wide-area phase angle measurements can be made to 0 .04 . The phasor
magnitude is accurate to 0 .5% of full scale amplitudes.
Only prefault periods, when the power system is in steady-state and usual
phasor methods can be used, were analyzed. All work in this paper uses positive sequence values. Future work will analyze zero-sequence values. Out of 11
staged faults, usable simultaneous prefault data were recorded for eight events. The
tested transmission system was in two states. For six events, the 190 MVAr Olinda
shunt reactor was in service; for two events the Olinda shunt reactor was out of
service.
During the eld testing, no absolute measurements using a traceable standard were performed because laboratory-grade instrument transformers were not
installed nor were the substations instrument transformers calibrated.
Transmission System Parameters
In the rst subsection, the results from a standard transmission line parameter
calculation program are present. The second subsection shows how ABCD parameters were calculated from a carefully constructed EMTP design model. The third
subsection develops a new method using synchronized data to measure the ABCD
parameters. The zone of measurement was identical to the zone of protection of
the transmission line relays. The zone included the series capacitors at Maxwell
Substation, the shunt reactors at Tracy, and for all but Events E9 and E11, the
shunt reactors at Olinda.
During steady-state operation any system element, such as a transmission line,
reactor, or series capacitor, may be characterized by complex-valued two-port parameters, such as the ABCD transmission parameters. As given by (Stevenson,
1982), sending- and receiving-end quantities are related by:
V s = A V r + B I r volts,
I s = C V r + D I r amps.
(1)

3.1
1273
Classical M ethod to Obtain A BCD Parameters
This rst subsection uses proven methods to establish an order of magnitude or

benchmark value of the parameters. A standard and popular transmission line calculation program was used to calculate line impedances from tower geometries, conductor dimensions, estimates of conductor sag, etc. (Chen, 1993; Dommel, 1985).
The hyperbolically corrected pi-equivalent impedances and admittances produced
by the software for the Olinda-Maxwell and Maxwell-Tracy lines were converted
to equivalent ABCD parameters using modern data manipulation software (Moler,
1992). The ABCD parameters of the Olinda and Tracy shunt reactors and Maxwell
series capacitors were calculated from nameplate values. The ve complex-valued
ABCD parameters were multiplied together to produce an overall system ABCD
parameter matrix. The values are listed in column 2 of Table 2.
3.2
EM TP-Derived A BCD Parameters
To aid in the design of the COTP, a complete model of the transmission system
was developed within the EMTP. From equation (1):
A = V s =V r for I r = 0,
(2)
B = V s =I r for V r = 0 ohm,
C = I s =V r for I r = 0 siemens,
D = I s =I r for V r = 0 .
To evaluate the parameters, the sending and receiving ends of the complete model
were driven by current or voltage sources at one end; the opposite end is open or
short circuited as required by equation (2). The results are shown in column 3 of
Table 2.
Table 2
Transmission parameters
With
reactors
A
B (ohms)
C (S)
D
No
reactors
A
B (ohms)
C (S)
D
Classical
0.9744 @
76.00 @
4.23E-4 @
0.9933 @
0.0996
86.73
89.92
0.012
Classical
0.9744 @
76.00 @
0.0012 @
0.9364 @
0.0996
86.73
90.03
0.21
EMTP-Derived
0.9746 @
75.18 @
4.25E-4 @
0.9932 @
0.102
86.57
89.97
0.01
EMTP-Derived
0.9747 @
75.18 @
0.00116 @
0.9367 @
0.10
86.6
90.11
0.21
Measured
0.967 @
75.86 @
4.52E-4 @
1.004 @
0.05
87.30
91.82
0.11
Measured
0.968 @
74.52 @
0.001 @
0.9400 @
0.12
87.18
90.63
0.30
1274
3.3
R. E. Wilson et al.
M easurement of A BCD Parameters
ABCD parameters for a power system element can theoretically be determined by

measuring the phasor voltages and currents at both ends of the transmission system at two independent operating points and solving the resulting four real-valued
equations using Cramers Rule. With the advent of synchronized instruments, it is
now possible to assure the measurements at both ends of the line are simultaneous.
Therefore, system parameters can be computed from data.
For any two measurements 1 and 2 of phasors at ends of the system and for
sending-end (s) and receiving-end (r) quantities, the complex-valued equations are
A = ( I r 1 * V s2
I r 2 * V s 1 ) = det,
B = ( Vr 2 * V s1
V r 1 * V s 2 ) = det ohm,
(3)
C = ( I r 1 * I s2
I r 2 * I s 1 ) = det S ,
D = ( I s 1 * Vr 2
I s 2 * V r 1 ) = det,
where det = I r 1 * V r 2 I r 2 * V r 1 .
Measured complex sending-end and receiving-end voltages from two events were
used in Cramers Rule to solve for the ABCD parameters. The results are shown
in column 4 of Table 2. Events E6 and E8 were used to calculate the parameters
because these events diered the most in power ow and would be the most linearly independent. The determinant in nonzero (det = 1.012E8 + j 7.025E7 watts),
showing that the events are not linearly dependent. The entire Western Systems
Coordinating Council transmission system itself forced dierent watt and VAr ows
from hour to hour on the COTP system over the 2-day commissioning period and
produced the linear independence needed for solution.
Verication of Results
The question remains of how to determine which set of ABCD parameters is most
accurate. To answer this question, the following method of comparing recorded
power ows with power ows calculated from ABCD parameters was developed.
Accurate values of sending-end voltages and current were available from the recordings made on the phasor measuring unit (in eect, the unit was used as a 16-bit watt
and VAr transducer). Because all channels are sampled within a microsecond of one
another, angle information, as well as magnitude information, can be recovered from
the recordings of the real and imaginary parts of the positive sequence quantities.
Measured sending-end power was calculated by simply multiplying the sendingend (Olinda) voltage times, the sending-end current times, the angle between the
current and voltage times appropriate instrument, and three-phase scaling factors.
The following shows the new technique for the calculation of sending-end power
S s using ABCD two-port parameters and wide-area-synchronized measurements of
the magnitude and angle of the sending- and receiving-end voltages. By denition,
*
S s = P s + j Q s = V s I s MVA.
(4)
Using equations (1) and (4), the following expression results:

*
S s = V s Vr (C
*
*
2
*
A D = B ) + | V s | ( D =B )
*
= V s V r ( 1= B ) + | V s | ( D =B ) .
(5)
1275
The three values of ABCD parameters were then used in equation (5) with measured
sending-end voltage V s and receiving-end voltage V r , to calculate sending-end total
power.
Comparisons between recorded power ows and power ows calculated from
ABCD parameters developed by classical methods are listed in Table 3. The row
labeled Avg lists the average dierence between recorded and calculated power
ow values, while the row labeled Var lists the variance of data. Events E9 and
E11 are separated in Tables 3, 4, and 5 because the 190 MVAr Olinda shunt reactor was out of service during these events. With the reactors in service, the average
dierence was 5 .40 + j 17 .11 MVA, but the variance of the dierences was 6 .75 + j
271 .0 (MVA) 2 . The large MVAr variance was due to heavy megawatt ow (E10)
when the classical parameters overestimated the megavar ow. Without the reactors, the average was 7 .35 j 20 .1 MVA, with variances of 19 .80 + j 3 .24 (MVA) 2 .
Using the EMTP-derived parameters, columns ABCD/ EMTP and RecordedABCD/ EMTP of Table 4 show the results of the comparison. The average dierence was 4.53 + j 21 .85 MVA, with variances of 3 .84 + j 4 .28 (MVA) 2 . The authors
believe the improved megavar estimates were obtained because the EMTP-ABCDs
were a time-domain solution of the COTP system with shunt eects uniformly
distributed along the transmission line. The classical technique uses pi-equivalent
models of the transmission line with shunt-connected eects modeled as a lumped
element at each end of the line.
Columns ABCD/ Meas. and Recorded (ABCD/ Meas.) of Table 5 show the
results. The results from Events E6 and E8 are not signicant because these events
were used to calculate the parameters. Inclusion of these events would have produced a circular argument. The row labeled Avg was calculated using four independent events: E1, E2, E5, and E10. When the calculated ABCD parameters
were compared with four independent measurements, the measured and calculated
Table 3
First comparison of power ows
Recorded
MVA
P1
Classical
ABCD
Q1
P2
Q2
Recorded
classical
P1-P2
Q1-Q2
E1
E2
E5
E6
E8
E10
Avg
Var
395.1
439.7
530.09
654.1
301.3
464.0
12.0
24.0
7.0
57.9
40.3
21.6
391.1
432.6
522.3
649.5
294.0
463.2
9.3
2.2
18.3
31.7
63.4
41.1
4.00
7.10
8.60
4.60
7.30
0.80
5.40
0.00
21.30
26.20
25.30
26.20
23.10
19.50
17.10
271.01
E9
E11
Avg
Var
283.9
730.2
259.5
170.3
281.0
718.4
277.8
192.2
2.90
11.80
7.35
19.80
18.30
21.90
20.10
3.24
1276
R. E. Wilson et al.
Table 4
Second comparison of power ows
Recorded
MVA
ABCD/ EMTP
Event
P1
Q1
P3
E1
E2
E5
E6
E8
E10
Avg
Var
395.1
439.7
530.9
654.1
301.3
464.0
12.0
24.0
7.0
57.9
40.3
21.6
398.9
443.6
532.6
661.1
304.9
471.2
E9
E11
283.9
730.2
259.5
170.3
284.7
726.9
Q3
Recorded
(ABCD/ EMTP)
P1-P3
Q1-Q3
6.0
0.6
16.1
33.8
62.3
1.1
3.80
3.90
1.70
7.00
3.60
7.20
4.53
3.84
18.00
23.40
23.10
24.10
22.00
20.50
21.85
4.28
281.2
194.9
0.80
3.30
21.70
24.60
Table 5
Third comparison of power ows
Recorded
MVA
ABCD/ Meas.
Event
P1
Q1
P4
Q4
E1
E2
E5
E6
E8
E10
Avg
Var
395.1
439.7
530.9
654.1
301.3
464.0
12.0
24.0
7.0
57.9
40.3
21.6
394.2
438.5
527.1
654.1
301.4
465.9
16.4
23.5
7.4
58.3
40.3
24.1
E9
E11
283.9
730.2
259.5
170.3
See
See
text
text
Recorded
(ABCD/ Meas.)
P1-P4
Q1-Q4
0.90
1.20
3.80
0.00
0.10
1.90
1.00
4.07
4.40
0.50
0.40
0.40
0.00
2.50
1.70
3.62
power ows agreed closely, with an average dierence of 1 .0 j 1 .7 MVA, with

variance of 4.07 + j 3 .62 (MVA) 2 . No data are listed with the Olinda reactors out
of service because a third independent measurement was not available.
Conclusions
This study has shown that synchronized measurements at opposite ends of a transmission system can be used to actually measure transmission system parameters.
The measured parameters produced improvements in calculations of watt ow and
1277
an order of magnitude improvement in calculations of VAr ow. A strength of

this parameter measurement technique is that errors in the measuring unit and instrument transformers became part of the measured ABCD parameters. Accurate
measurements of system parameters, as viewed through the same instrument transformers used to measure the parameters, could improve the accuracy of impedancebased fault locators. The actual parameters of a system could be an input to a
distance relay, an adaptive relay, a state estimator, or other applications. In the
future, transmission system parameters could be measured periodically, say, once
every hour, or after the transmission system changed. A change in the transmission
system could be identied by a supervisory system alarm indicating, for example,
switching of a shunt or series element.
Because laboratory-grade instrument transformers were not available, this study
did not measure the actual parameters of the high-voltage system; however, this
technique could be valuable in future parameter-measuring experiments. If errors
of the instrument transformers were known, the errors could be programmed into
this technique for measuring parameters.
For total estimation applications, if synchronized measuring units are not installed in every substation, synchronized measurements could produce a subset of
measured branch parameters. Comprehensive estimation software could assign a
high value of condence to the branches with measured parameters.
In the future, the authors will be testing this technique at a master station
that continuously receives synchronized data from both ends of a two-terminal line
(Overholt et al., 1995). Software in the master station will periodically calculate system parameters and compare the results with single-ended measurement of power
ow. Other future work will calculate zero-sequence system parameters.
A cknowledgment
When the rst author was with the University of Wyoming, the work was supported
by Western Area Power Administration, U.S. DOE, under contract numbers AAPO10841-16814 and AA-PO-10593-19197.
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Electric Machines and Power Systems, 27:12691278, 1999