ACCELERATOR PHYSICS

PD Dr. HansPeter Beck

Definition of a particle accelerator

Cambridge Dictionary A particle accelerator is a machine
which makes extremely small pieces of matter travel at
very high speeds, so that scientists can study the way they
behave
Encyclopdia Britannica any device that produces a beam of
fast-moving, electrically charged atomic or subatomic
particles. Physicists use accelerators in fundamental

research on the structure of nuclei, the nature of nuclear

forces, and the properties of nuclei not found in nature
I hope that after this course, you will know better....

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

Resources and Literature

an introduction to
PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
Edmund Wilson Head of CERN Accelerator School
OXFORD University Press
ISBN 0-19-852054-9

5th General CERN Accelerator School, CERN 94-01, 26 January

1994, 2 Volumes, edited by S.Turner
http://schools.web.cern.ch/Schools/CAS/CAS_Proceedings.html
Some pictures from Rdiger Schmidt Cern
Head of SPS and LHC Machine Protection Working Group
Some pictures from Klaus Wille Professor at TU Darmstadt

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

Overview

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

Introduction and Overview

Accelerator basics

Beam dynamics and stability

Accelerating and bending of particles

Cockroft-Walton - Greinacher cascade
Van de Graaff
Collider vs fixed target
Luminosity
Livingston plot
The Large Hadron Collider LHC
Event rates and multiplicities

LINAC
Cyclotron
Betatron
Synchrotron
Weak and Strong focusing

Focusing
Twiss matrix
FODO lattice
Betatron motion

Electrostatic acceleration
1 eV : kinetic energy gained by a unit charged particle after
passing an electrostatic potential of one volt
1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J

E-Field = V/d

[Joule]

eV E kin
( 1)mc 2

V = 1 Volt

d= distance anode
to kathode

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

mc 2
1
c
2
eV mc

V
d
eV

F eE e
Fd E kin

Energie [eV] Velocity

Energie
[eV]

Energie
[Joule]

Velocity
Electron [511keV/c2]

Velocity
Proton [938 MeV/c2]

1 eV

1.6 x 10-19 J

593 km/s
0.002 c

14 km/s
0.00005 c

1 keV

1.6 x 10-16 J

18730 km/s
0.062 c

438 km/s
0.0015 c

1 MeV

1.6 x 10-13 J

282128 km/s
0.94 c

13832 km/s
0.046 c

1 GeV

1.6 x 10-10 J

299792 km/s
0.9999998 c

262338 km/s
0.88 c

1 TeV

1.6 x 10-7 J

299792 km/s
0.9999999999998 c

299792 km/s
0.9999996 c

7 TeV

1.1 x 10-8 J

299792 km/s
0.999999999999997 c

299792 km/s
0.999999991 c

7 TeV (Energie of protons in the LHC accelerator start: summer 2008):

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

High voltage generation:

Cockroft Walton

Sir John Douglas Cockcroft

* 27 May 1897, Todmorden ,UK
18 September 1967, Cambridge, UK

Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton

* 6 October1903, Dungarvan, Ireland
25 June 1995, Belfast, Ireland

Nobel Price 1951

"for their pioneer work on the
transmutation of atomic nuclei by
artificially accelerated atomic particles"

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

High voltage generation:

Greinacher Circuit

Heinrich Greinacher
* 31 Mai 1880, St. Gallen
17 April 1974, Bern

Cockroft- Walton High Voltage

generator
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

Greinacher cascade

High voltage generation:

Greinacher Circuit

DC

Bern 1919
AC

Greinacher circuit
Greinacher cascade

original Greinacher cascade

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

Greinacher

Route Greinacher at Cern

First stage of an accelerator. Greinacher cascade

(i.e. Cockroft-Walton) on the right.
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

Greinacher cascade on a palm

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Heinrich Greinacher
Greinacher war das einzige Kind des Schuhmachermeisters Heinrich Greinacher und seiner
Ehefrau Pauline geborene Mnzenmayer.
Er besuchte das Gymnasium in St. Gallen und studierte Physik in Zrich, Genf und Berlin.

Am Konservatorium Genf lie Greinacher sich auch zum Pianisten ausbilden.

Ursprnglich deutscher Staatsbrger, wurde er 1894 in St. Gallen eingebrgert.
In Berlin besuchte Greinacher Vorlesungen bei Max Planck und promovierte 1904 bei Emil
Warburg.
Seine Habilitation folgte 1907 an der Universitt Zrich.
Greinacher wurde 1912 Titularprofessor in Zrich.
Von 1924 bis 1952 war er dann ordentlicher Professor fr Experimentalphysik an
der Universitt Bern und Direktor des Physikalischen Instituts
(vormals Physikalisches Cabinett).
Die Heinrich-Greinacher-Stiftung in Bern wurde 1988 aus dem Nachlass des Ehepaars
Frieda und Heinrich Greinacher gegrndet. Zinsertrge des Stiftungskapitals werden fr den
Heinrich-Greinacher-Preis und zur Frderung von Nachwuchsforschern verwendet.
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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Das Physikalische Institut zur Zeit von Heinrich Greinacher

Das Haus wurde 1876/77 auf der grossen Schanze neben der Universitt am
Standort des heutigen Gebudes fr Exakte Wissenschaften gebaut.

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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High voltage generation:

Van de Graaff Generator

The tandem Van de Graaff accelerator at Western

Michigan University is used mainly for basic research,
applications and undergraduate instruction.
Vmax = 25 MV
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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Tandem Van de Graaff Accelerator

A tandem Van de Graaff accelerator provides a
beam with twice the energy that could be
achieved by one application of the high voltage.
An ion source yields a beam of negative
hydrogen ions by the addition of two electrons
The beam of negative ions is then accelerated
toward the positive high-voltage terminal.
In this terminal, the particles pass through a thin
carbon foil that strips off the two electrons,
changing many of the negative ions back into
positive ions (protons).
These, now repelled by the positive terminal, are
further accelerated through the second part of
the tube.

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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Van de Graaff generator

1929: first model was demonstrated
1931: 1 MV reached
1970: 14 MV reached using a tandem Van de
Graaff that used a tank of high pressure
sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas to prevent
sparking by trapping electrons.
today: 25 MV tandem Van de Graaff

Robert Jemison Van de Graaff

* 20. December 1901
16. January 1967

Van de Graaff generator being demonstrated by

Robert J. Van de Graaff, himself.
Joined Van de Graaff
PD
Dr. HP Beck
/ HS
2007 surface
generator
larger

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PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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Koffler accelerator at the

Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot
Israel

14 MV Pelletron
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) with
14C, 7Be, 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, 41Ca,
44Ti, 59Ni, 90Sr, 129I, 236U, 239Pu,
240Pu, 242Pu, 244Pu

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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From DC acceleration to RF

Limit for DC voltages few MV

Gustaf Ising 1924

Rolf Widere 1928

Ernest Lawrence 1931

today

future

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

complex devices
sparks

proposes to use RF for acceleration

demonstrated first LINAC using RF

demonstrated first ring accelerator

almost all accelerators using RF

LINACs as pre-accelerator
Ring accelerator as main machine
e.g. LHC
LINAC
e.g. ILC, CLIC (2020? / 25??)
Ring accelerator
e.g. muon storage ring (20??)

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Particle accelerator
First ring accelerator
1930 Ernest Lawrence
in Berkeley, USA.

Ernest Lawrence
* 8. August 1901
27. August 1958

Modern Accelerator/ Collider

acceleration elements, bending magnets and particle detectors
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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Accelerating charged particles

V

E ds

Fz zV e

E
E

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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ds

Bending charged particles

dp
R
FLorentz
ev B e B v
dt

p
d
1 ds
dp
p
p

dt
dt
R dt
R
p dp
ds Rd

dp

p dp

dp p d

p
eBv v
R

BR Tm 3.3356p GeV

RLHC 4.25 km
p 7000 GeV
B 5.5 T

LHC: B=8.4 T, not only bending magnets in tunnel, but also straight sections for acceleration,
focussing
magnets
PD Dr. HP Beck
/ HS 2007(quadrupoles, hexapoles, octopoles), injection, beam dump (septum), etc.

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Fix target accelerator vs. collider

Etot: 7 TeV + 7 TeV = 14 TeV

Etot: 7 TeV + 0 TeV = 0.118 TeV
+ 6.882 TeV lost due to momentum conservation
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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Fix target accelerator vs. collider

E1, p1
E2 , p 2

2
2
s (E1, p1 ) (E2 , p2 ) E1 E2 p1 p2

2
2
Etot

E
with:
p

,cm
1
2
1
2
2
2
s Etot

E
,cm
cm
2

2
Ecm E1 E2 p1 p 2

Fix Target
Collider

c 1

Lorentz invariant
Lorentz
invariant

E 2 p2 m 2

E1, p1 ELab , p Lab

FT
2 4
2 4
2
2

Ecm m1c m2c 2ELabm2c 2ELabm2c

E 2 , p 2 m2 , 0

E1, p1 ELab , p Lab

Ecm 2ELab
E2 , p 2 ELab , p Lab

E1 7 TeV

Fix Target

E2 mPr oton

E1 7 TeV

Collider

7
TeV
2
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

Ecm 2 7000 1 118 GeV

Ecm 2 7000 14 ' 000 GeV
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Livingston Plot
FT
2
E Lab
Ecm
2mp
1 EeV

LHC

100 PeV
10 PeV

Tevatron

1 PeV

SppS

100 TeV
HERA

10 TeV

LEP

ISR

1 TeV
100 GeV
10 GeV
1 GeV
100 MeV
10 MeV
1 MeV
1930

1950

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

1970

1990

2010

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Luminosity
N Events

s

cm 2s 1

High Luminosity: find rare physics processes in finite time

N1

nb N 1 N 2 f
4 x y

N2
A 4x y
x , y gaussian beam profiles

Luminosity is a pure machine parameter:

It can be increased by having:
many bunches nb
many particles per bunch N1 and N2
small cross section A; i.e. excellent focussing at interaction point
many bunch crossings per second
(f =revolving frequency for 1 bunch; LHC: f=c/26.7 km = 11228 Hz 89 s)
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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The biggest accelerator is the universe

1 particle/m2/s

1 particle/m2/year
knee
10000 particles/km2/year

LHC
1 particle/km2/year
ankle

Cosmic ray particles bang on the higher atmosphere at energies far higher than
the LHC can provide but at low rates and unknown directions

At the LHC 109 collisions take place every second

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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ISR Intersecting Storage Ring

Proton Proton Collider

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

s=62 GeV
=1.3x1032cm-2s-1

1971-1984 at Cern
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HERA

Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage: Elektron-Proton collider s=340 GeV; =7.5x1031cm-2s-1; 19922007
Positron Elektron Tandem Ring Anlage: s=38 GeV; =2x1030cm-2s-1; 1978 1990
At Deutschen Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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Tevatron

Proton Anti-Proton collider s=2 TeV;

1987-2009 at Fermilab near Chicago, USA
=1.7x1032cm-2s-1
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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CERN
Conseille Europnne pour la Recherche Nuclaire

PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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CERN Accelerator Chain

SPS: protons, anti-protons, heavy ions, electrons, positrons; 1974 today

SppS: proton-antiproton collider s=540GeV; =2.4x1030cm-2s-1 1981-1984

LEP: Large Electron Positron Collider s=90GeV 208GeV; =1.3x1032cm-2s-1; 1989 2000
LHC: Large Hadron Collider s=14000 GeV; =1034cm-2s-1; 2008-202x
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007

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