Chapter 11 Practice Test

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. Why were changes to manufacturing needed in the mid-1700s?

a. Factory owners were not satisfied with the size of their profits.
b. Demand was greater than the available supply of goods.
c. Workers were not satisfied with the level of their daily wages.
d. Traders faced higher shipping prices for smaller amounts of goods.
2. Which small, inexpensive machine revolutionized the manufacture of cloth?
a. the cotton gin
c. the water frame
b. the spinning jenny
d. the Pawtucket loom
3. Who was Richard Arkwright?
a. Inventor of the water frame, he lowered the cost of cotton thread and increased the speed
of production.
b. British mechanic and entrepreneur, he brought his skills to New England and the Industrial
Revolution to the U.S.
c. Inventor of the spinning jenny, he introduced the ability to produce numerous threads to
homes across England.
d. American manufacturer, he would come to own all or part of 13 textile mills between 1790
and his death in 1835.
4. Why were more American textile mills built in the North than in the South?
a. The South charged higher taxes on industry.
b. The North had more rivers to provide power.
c. The North attracted skilled English immigrants.
d. The South was devoted to the farming of cotton.
5. What was Eli Whitneys greatest contribution to American manufacturing?
a. He designed a way to produce inexpensive clocks.
b. He mass-produced muskets for American soldiers.
c. He came up with the idea of interchangeable parts.
d. He argued that factories deserved better technology.
6. How did the War of 1812 help American manufacturing?
a. The government built factories to produce needed uniforms and weapons.
b. Tariffs on foreign goods encouraged Americans to buy domestic goods.
c. Foreign goods were stolen by the Barbary Pirates
d. The government boycotted Spanish products that Americans also produced.
7. How did textile manufacturers successfully keep the costs of running a mill low?
a. They bought cheap cotton and cut back on maintenance of machinery.
b. They hired children to perform simple tasks and paid them very little.
c. They trained apprentices in exchange for many years of their labor.
d. They fed workers three meals a day rather than paying wages in cash.
8. What happened to workers in the textile industry as a result of Francis Cabot Lowells introduction of a new
system?
a. Many mill workers were laid off because Lowells power loom did the work of two
different types of machine.
b. Women opened their own mills.
c. Male mill workers came to resent female mill workers because Lowell paid women more
than he paid men.

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d. More mill workers were hired because Lowells power loom excited investors, who helped
his operation expand.
Which statement best describes working conditions at the mills?
a. Workers were fired after a single absence, forcing untrained replacements to operate
machinery they were not properly trained to use.
b. Each worker was free to choose the time at which the workday began so long as 12 to 14
hours of work a day were completed.
c. The equipment was set at increasingly higher speeds, causing the worker to appear in its
control, rather than the other way around.
d. Workers were fed twice a day to keep them strong and their health was a top priority of
caring managers and investors.
What was a trade union?
a. an organization of workers with a specific skill or from a single factory who tried to
improve pay and working conditions for members
b. a combination of skilled and unskilled workers who appealed to the courts and police for
assistance against employers
c. a group of angry workers who staged protests and shouted at their employers until their
demands were met
d. an alliance of workers who wanted to prevent their employers from competing with other
manufacturers
Who was Sarah G. Bagley?
a. She set the record for time spent by a Lowell girl in the original Waltham textile mill.
b. She fought to bring the 10-hour working day of public employees to private business
employees.
c. She banned from the labor movement any worker who contracted to work longer hours.
d. She presented a case against child labor to textile mill owners throughout New England.
Why was the steamboat well suited to river travel?
a. It traveled well upstream.
c. It relied on wind power.
b. It was helped by the current.
d. It was meant to serve as a ferry.
What did the Supreme Court decide in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden?
a. Aaron Ogden could monopolize the steamboat business in New York.
b. Thomas Gibbons federal license had priority over Aaron Ogdens state license.
c. Travel licenses had to be granted by the federal government to be legitimate.
d. Thomas Gibbons had to share use of the New York waterway with Aaron Ogden.
What first drove the pace of railroad construction in the United States?
a. government funding for industry efforts to aid western expansion
b. growing demand for faster travel and more rail connections
c. the steel industrys desire for railroad companies to lay more track
d. the publics awe at the sight of the fastest machines in the world
Railroad companies changed the environment in all of the following ways, except which?
a. They blasted through rock to level the land and lay tracks.
b. They caused towns to spring up around train stops.
c. They began using wood rather than coal for fuel.
d. They helped the logging industry perform deforestation.
No places stature rose more as a result of the American Transportation Revolution than that of the
a. urban hub.
c. mill town.
b. train stop.
d. port city.
Why was coal a more appealing fuel source than wood?
a. It burned more cleanly.
c. It was easier to obtain.

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b. It produced more energy.

d. It was lighter to carry.
The most important thing about the telegraph was
a. enabled people to send news quickly from coast to coast.
b. helped the railroads to expand more quickly to the West.
c. benefited from the work of international scientists.
d. made its inventor a very wealthy and famous man.
What effect, if any, did technological advancements have on the distribution of industry throughout America
in the 1800s?
a. Technological advancements did not change the fact that the majority of American
industry was based in New England.
b. Technological advancements did cause factories to set up closer to the sources of raw
materials in order to reduce shipping costs.
c. Technological advancements did lure industry to rural areas where young and unskilled
farmhands were willing to work for low wages.
d. Technological advancements did not bring Northern labor reforms to the South, causing
newer steam-powered textile mills to set up there.
To promote their products, inventors of labor-saving devices did all of the following except
a. hold free giveaways.
c. provide free repairs.
b. let customers buy on credit.
d. give public demonstrations.
Which of the following explanations of American manufacturers disadvantage against the British would not
have been given by Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin?
a. The high availability of land keeps Americans on farms rather than in factories.
b. Urban areas are too unappealing to attract American workers from rural areas.
c. Because they have more workers the British can charge lower prices for goods.
d. The scarcity of workers discourages American investment in new factories.

____ 22. Most American textile mills were located in the Northeast because this region had
a. lower business taxes.
c. many cotton fields.
b. many rivers and streams.
d. more women workers.
____ 23. The United States had a shortage of manufactured goods in 1812 because
a. the government limited manufacturing.
b. the country was at war with France.
c. British ships blockaded eastern seaports.
d. factory workers went on strike.
Completion
Complete each statement.
24. Growth in manufacturing and transportation caused a growth in ____________________. (cities/farms)
25. The Transportation Revolution created a boom in business across the United States, particularly by reducing
shipping time and ____________________. (distances/costs)
26. To meet the lumber needs of New Englanders, Midwestern settlers harvested so many trees that they caused
____________________. (inflation/deforestation)
27. U.S. farmers used the inventions of Cyrus McCormick and ____________________ to plant and harvest their
crops. (Elias Howe/John Deere)

Matching
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or place that matches each description. Some answers will
not be used.
a. coal
g. Sarah G. Bagley
b. craftspeople
h. strike
c. Francis Cabot Lowell
i. telegraph
d. Industrial Revolution
j. Thomas Gibbons
e. Rhode Island system
k. trade unions
f. Robert Fulton
l. water
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Slaters strategy of hiring families and dividing factory work into simple tasks
New England businessman whose ideas completely changed the textile industry
A refusal to work until employers meet demands
Millworker who led the campaign for a 10-hour workday
A period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing and production